江西乐安江流域稻田土重金属累积变化与德兴矿集区关系

对乐安江流域稻田表层土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的分布特征进行分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,依据土壤环境背景值标准和国家土壤环境质量标准对乐安江流域稻田土壤的重金属进行评价。结果表明,矿集区上游水稻田土壤重金属综合污染指数等级尚在安全范围内,矿集区周边Cd和Cu的单项污染指数大于1,综合污染指数达到7.82,属于重污染;矿集区下游接近警戒值。研究表明,矿集区矿业开发释放的重金属元素对乐安江中下游流域水稻田土壤的重金属累积具有重要影响。     

基于污染指数法和GIS技术评价江西德兴矿区土壤重金属污染

以江西德兴大型矿区为例,进行大尺度的土壤环境调查和重金属污染评价。系统采集该区域919个土壤样品,在应用X荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪为主体的分析配套方案分析土壤样品中重金属含量的基础上,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,分别从原始含量、污染指数以及基于GIS的污染空间分析3个方面进行该矿区的土壤重金属污染评价。结果表明,矿山开采对该区的土壤环境造成了不同程度的As、Cd、Zn、Cu重金属污染。污染区域主要分布在德兴铜钼和铅锌矿区、乐安河下游乐平附近的煤矿区以及南部电化学厂附近。     

锦州市土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

以锦州市为研究区,分析8种土壤重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的污染特征,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定锦州市土壤重金属污染程度,评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明,锦州市土壤重金属Cd和Cr含量高于全国土壤及辽宁省土壤背景值,Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量高于辽宁省土壤背景值.采用单因子污染指数评价,Cd为中度污染,Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu为轻度污染.经地累积指数法评价,Cd为轻中度污染,其他重金属为无污染.内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2.25,为中度污染等级.研究区综合潜在风险指数平均值为157.34,处于中等生态风险,造成局部地区土壤潜在生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Hg.     

柿竹园矿山东河区域土壤重金属含量分布特征分析

柿竹园矿区有色矿产资源丰富,矿山地质环境问题严峻,土壤重金属污染尤其突出。本文使用数理统计分析等方法对研究区土壤环境介质中的重金属元素的组分含量和空间分布特征进行分析。通过组分含量特征分析可知:土壤重金属呈正偏离态分布,Pb、Cd、As、Cu、Zn属于空间强变异,Cr、Hg属于空间弱变异; Cd-Zn、Cu-As、CuZn、Cu-Cd、Cd-As相关性显著,表明土壤Cd、Zn、As和Cu主要受矿山开采活动控制。通过空间分布特征分析可知:矿集区易向土壤中释放Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和As并且输入量较大,尾砂库、矿集区和选矿厂向土壤中释放Cr的能力较小;尾砂库、矿集区和选矿厂没有向土壤中释放Hg。研究结果对柿竹园矿山流域的水资源、土地资源、矿山资源及生态资源的开发与保护具有借鉴意义。     

山区小流域矿集区土壤重金属污染生态风险评价基准与模型

【研究目的】矿集区小流域属重金属天然高背景区,传统重金属污染评价的统一基准值或标准值已不能满足矿山生态环境监管过程中生态环境服务功能影响评价和矿区恢复治理、土壤污染修复要求;以地球系统科学理论指导开展山区矿集区重金属污染调查评价具有重要意义。【研究方法】本文阐述了以小流域为单元评价山区土壤重金属污染的必要性,对矿集区土壤重金属污染生态风险评价的基准确定与模型方法进行了系统总结。【研究结果】山区矿集区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价的关键在于调查评价单元的划分,评价基准——地球化学基线的厘定和评价数学模型的确定。【结论】本文梳理了矿集区重金属污染评价基准的三类确定方法：环境质量标准法、地球化学基线法和生态效应法;论述了重金属污染与生态风险评价模型的分类和发展现状及各模型的优缺点及其适用性,评价模型主要有一般指数法、模型指数法和考虑生物有效性与健康风险的评价方法;展望了流域地球关键带调查监测技术框架下的小流域矿集区土壤重金属基线调查评价新技术、新方法的应用,以期为确定已扰动环境下重金属环境地球化学基线特征,回溯土壤环境重金属本底特征,揭示土壤重金属元素的污染来源和迁移转化机制,流域生态环境污染...     

潮白河流域土壤重金属生态风险评价方法研究

为了研究潮白河流域某段土壤重金属环境质量现状及潜在生态风险评价,系统采集了42件土壤样品,对其7种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd和As)进行了测试分析,利用《土壤环境质量标准》评价土壤重金属污染现状,并参考北京市土壤重金属背景值,采用环境质量指数与环境潜在生态危害指数、内梅罗综合指数法相结合的方法,探讨土壤中7种重金属的累积污染现状及潜在生态风险。研究表明,土壤样品中Cu、Zn、Cr含量超标分别为97.62%、100%、100%;Cu、Zn、Cr含量重度污染等级以上的分别占2.38%、2.38%、4.76%;潜在生态危害指数法评价表明,Cu、Zn、Cr含量处于轻微生态危害等级分别占97.62%、100%、100%,Cu含量2.38%处于强生态危害等级。内梅罗综合指数法评判表明,所有样点均已污染,其中达到轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染的样点分别占28.57%、42.86%、28.57%;而潜在生态危害指数法评价显示土壤样品点中97.62%处于轻微生态风险等级,根据悲观原则可以判断该段流域重金属污染均处于轻度污染以上。     

基于模糊数学的广东大宝山矿横石河下游土壤重金属元素污染评价

对广东大宝山矿横石河下游地势平坦的农耕区上坝村表层土壤中6种重金属元素进行测试分析,并构建模糊数学污染评价模型对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果显示,研究区土壤受到重金属Cd、Cu、As的复合污染,显示为重度污染,Cd污染最为严重,Cu、As为轻度污染,传统的综合污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示为轻度和重度污染。模糊数学污染评价法有多个影响因子引入,更加符合矿区及周围地区重金属污染的现状,因而能够在矿区及周边地区土壤重金属的污染评价中得到应用,该方法基于传统的污染评价法进行优化和改良,因此具备良好的可操作性和广泛的适用性。     

基于模糊数学的广东大宝山矿横石河下游 土壤重金属元素污染评价

对广东大宝山矿横石河下游地势平坦的农耕区上坝村表层土壤中6种重金属元素进行测试分析,并构建模糊数学污染评价模型对重金属的污染程度进行评价。结果显示,研究区土壤受到重金属Cd、Cu、As的复合污染,显示为重度污染,Cd污染最为严重,Cu、As为轻度污染,传统的综合污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价显示为轻度和重度污染。模糊数学污染评价法有多个影响因子引入,更加符合矿区及周围地区重金属污染的现状,因而能够在矿区及周边地区土壤重金属的污染评价中得到应用,该方法基于传统的污染评价法进行优化和改良,因此具备良好的可操作性和广泛的适用性。     

西藏尕尔勤矿床区域性土壤重金属元素地球化学特征及来源解析

研究矿床开采前土壤重金属地球化学背景及其来源对后续矿床开采环境保护工作具有重要的指导意义。尕尔勤矿区位于多龙矿集区东南部,隶属于西藏改则县物玛乡。前人研究成果主要集中在多龙矿集区成矿理论、地球化学、成矿流体方面,而环境方面的研究匮乏。本文以尕尔勤矿区为例,在研究区系统采集835件土壤样品,测定了土壤样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 7项重金属元素含量和pH值,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法对尕尔勤矿区环境现状进行评价,并结合GIS技术、多元统计学来研究矿区土壤重金属元素地球化学特征及重金属来源。结果表明,研究区土壤呈碱性-强碱性,Cu、Pb、Hg的最大值含量均低于土壤环境质量GB15618—1995Ⅲ级标准,仅Cr的平均值超过Ⅲ级标准;尕尔勤矿区土壤重金属累积程度具有CrAsCdZnCuPbHg的特征,内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为1.96,表明有一定程度的累积;除Hg无空间变化特征外,其余6种元素均有一定程度空间分异特征。综合相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析结果将土壤重金属来源划分为具有相似地球化学过程的4组:(1)Pb、Zn、As、Cd主要来源于黄铁矿化学反应过程;(2)堆积的砂金矿尾矿是Cu的主要来源;(3)Cr具有大气沉降和母岩双重来源;(4)Hg来源于岩石自然风化。     

豫西金矿集区矿业活动对周边农田土壤重金属影响研究

矿业活动会促进重金属向生态系统扩散,并在周边农田土壤中累积而引发潜在生态风险。豫西金矿集区矿业生产历史悠久,但在长期的矿产资源开采、选冶、加工生产过程中,缺乏对矿区周边农田土壤重金属元素的累积、空间分布和生态风险的关注,矿业活动对环境的影响程度尚不清楚。为掌握该矿集区矿业活动对周边农田土壤重金属的影响程度,支撑服务矿集区生态修复和周边农业安全生产,本文在金矿集区周边农田采集375件土壤样品,采用冷蒸气原子荧光光谱法(CV-AFS)、氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)检测了样品中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、As、Hg、Cd、Cr重金属元素含量。用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法研究了矿集区周边农田土壤中重金属元素的累积特征、空间分布和生态风险,分析评价了矿集区矿业活动对周边农田土壤重金属的影响。研究结果表明：(1)矿集区周边农田土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、As、Hg、Cd、Cr含量平均值都低于国家农田土壤重金属污染风险筛选值,但均高于背景值,分别是背景值的1.47、3.24、2.06、1.05、1.03、1.52、2.77、1...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.