The development of integrated water resource information management system in arid regions

Water and land-use tension are growing with the growing population of the world especially in arid region. To develop an efficient, sustainable, and integrated water and land-use resource management policy, accurate and complex information about available resources and demand centers is required. Geographical information system (GIS) provides a means of representing the real world through integrated layers of constituent spatial information using overlaying and indexing operations. In Abu Dhabi, Water Resources Information System (AWRIS) was developed. AWRIS is a centralized, GIS-based, Web-enabled integrated information management system that allows storage and management of all water resource information. The system integrates a comprehensive set of tools and applications that facilitate the efficient management of the water resources of the Emirate. All historical water resource information from more than ten existing databases and 10,000 Excel workbooks have now been compiled, quality controlled, and migrated into the central database. AWRIS is built as an Integrated Information Management System and hence designed to improve productivity by linking all relevant applications for data handling to a centralized data repository and management system. This paper outlines the main features of AWRIS which are three-folds. First, it provides full support for the Arabic language. Second, it is the first of its kind in bringing unrestricted data types into a centralized information management system, and third, it provides a wide range of tools to effectively manage information on water resources.     

System dynamics approach for simulating water resources of an urban water system with emphasis on sustainability of groundwater

Water resources management is an important driver in social and economic development. Water shortage is one of the most critical issues threatening human welfare, public health, and ecosystems. This issue has turned into a major challenge in many river basins all around the world due to the imbalance in water supply and demand. Use of simulation models can be effective tools in providing water managers with scientifically supported decisions in dealing with complex and uncertain water resource systems. System dynamics approach serves as a management tool and may play an important role in understanding the cause–effect in water resources systems. In the present study, system dynamics approach was applied to simulate management strategies dealing with Tehran metropolitan water resources systems. In the developed model, the trend of water storage in the next 30-year period and the effectiveness of water supply strategies were simulated. The results showed that, despite the growing shortage of the water resources, optimal use of existing resources under appropriate strategies could reduce water deficit within the next 30 years.     

加强水在自然资源要素耦合作用中的观测研究探究山水林田湖草生命共同体统一管理

水是自然界中最活跃、最关键的要素,是地球各圈层间、各自然要素间相互作用的主要桥梁和纽带,也是资源系统中联系各种资源的桥梁和纽带.从生态水文学研究发展动态角度出发,提出了自然资源要素综合观测要加强水作用过程的观测研究;从生态平衡、生态环境、资源环境3个术语的科学内涵角度,阐明了生态、资源、环境观测-监测研究的本质.     

西北内陆河流域水资源特点初析

依据西北各省 (自治区)的有关资料,对西北内陆河流域的水资源特点进行了综合分析,提出了西北内陆河流域水资源的四大特点:①内陆河流域径流主要形成于山区,散失于山前平原盆地,径流的补给源主要是降水、冰雪与地下水;②冰雪资源对内陆河地表水资源有较大的调节作用;③降水、地表水与地下水转化关系特征明显;④内陆河区水平衡状态,易受人类活动影响等。     

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of Gonghe basin based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

Gonghe Basin belongs to arid and semi-arid climatic zone, where water resource is relatively scarce and desertification is serious, so it is necessary to find out water resources carrying capacity. By using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the assessment on water resources carrying capacity in Gonghe Basin was conducted: Water resource carrying capacity of Gonghe County is less, while that of Guinan County and Chaka Town of Wulan County are greater; water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 652.6 thousand acres and grassland of 2 368.6 thousand acres respectively in 2020, water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 948.2 thousand acres and grassland of 2 247.6 thousand acres respectively in 2030.     

Political and legal implications of water scarcity in Southwestern United States and alternatives of its proper utilization

The significance of this study has been to give an overall view of the use of water in the arid western United States and to evaluate the key geographical, political, and legal factors that affect the water resource development in the region. This study includes the availability of water resources; usage of water, especially for irrigation, industry, urban, and household consumption; and methods of conservation to meet the growing demands for scarce water resources. The solutions for conservation are interbasin transfers with appropriate apportionment among western states; conserving water through drip irrigation; desalination of saline water; decreasing demand through increasing efficiency; and establishing cooperation among the western states for equitable distribution of water. The western states have to realize that scarce water in the West should be used judiciously and conservation practices have to be followed strictly to meet the future need for water. In recent years, the federal government is becoming hesitant to extend large amount of money for water projects in the West because of growing federal deficits. Water may play an important role in maintaining the standard of living for the fast growing population in the sunbelt and in accelerating the pace of economic development in the western United States.A paper presented at the International Symposium on the Exploration and Utilization of Natural Resources in Arid Areas held under the auspices of the Chinese Academy Science, ISEUNRAA, Xinjiang, Urumqi, China, from August 7–13, 1985.     

国际上水资源综合管理进展

中国近年实施最严格水资源管理制度、全面推行河长制等一系列政策,不断探索完善水资源综合管理的体制和机制。为加强对水资源综合管理的认识,推动中国水资源综合管理的实施,结合国际社会对水资源综合管理认识和实践新成果,主要梳理总结水资源综合管理理念的形成过程、主要组成、实施状况、存在问题和发展趋势。结果显示:(1)随着对传统水资源管理存在分散化等问题的认识,水资源综合管理的理念逐渐形成,并已被国际社会所接受;(2)水资源综合管理实施"综合"途径管理水资源,强调通过完善实施的环境条件、机构框架、具体管理手段和稳健的水基础设施投资机制,实现用水效率、社会公平、环境可持续的均衡;(3)许多国家已把综合管理的理念和措施纳入到其水资源管理政策和体制框架设计中,并在水管理的实践过程中取得新进展;(4)国际上水资源综合管理理念和经验为进一步完善中国水资源管理提供了启示和借鉴;(5)未来水资源综合管理将进一步得到推广实施,从理念到解决具体水问题的实践过程将进一步加强,并呈现多样性和动态性特征。尽管面临由于气候变化影响和水与社会经济交互作用导致的不确定性、复杂性等问题的挑战,随着水资源综合管理的实践和水科学研究进步,水资源管理将进一步采用整体、多学科和可持续的途径,助力可持续发展目标的实现。     

河西走廊疏勒河流域水资源管理问题分析

从水资源管理体制、配置程序、市场化管理等方面探讨了河西走廊疏勒河流域水资源管理及存在的问题。目前流域已建成较健全的用水者协会体系,水价和水权在不断调整以适应水资源管理的需求。其管理存在以下问题：受地方行政、企业等多方权力博弈的影响,地表水和地下水处于双线管理状态,未能实现流域水资源的全面统一管理;用水者协会的职能未得到充分发挥,公众参与水资源管理不积极;流域内水价、水权制度不完善。建议如下：应在甘肃省水利厅和酒泉市政府之间形成协调机制,以协调各相关方的权益,完善流域管理局和地方政府统一协调的水资源管理体系,实现流域水资源的集成管理;加强流域机构立法,实现流域水资源的统一管理与调配;将协会的职责和义务融入到村委会的职务中,并完善水价制度,建立水权交易市场,以调动公众的自我管理和实现水资源的高效利用。     

国际河流的水权及其有效利用和保护研究

国际河流水资源由于其自然跨越一个或多个国家而成为流域内各国共享的自然资源,这意味着国际河流水资源的所有权也将为多国共同享有,即多国共同享有河流水资源的所有权(简称"水权")。通过对国际河流水权特点的分析,为实现水资源的有效利用,对国际河流水权市场化和水权保护进行了初步探讨,认识到各国的国际河流水权具有:有限的水资源利用权,水资源的保护义务,在一定条件下进行水权交易的权利,提出:各国的国际河流水权应保持相对的稳定,流域国间应建立一定的水权协议和水权有效利用的监督机制等。     

区域水资源承载能力资产负债分析方法

水资源承载能力涉及到自然资源、社会经济、生态环境等众多方面,具有动态、综合、空间差异等复杂系统特征。结合区域水资源承载能力特点,提出了一种基于资产负债分析的水资源承载能力评判方法,应用于湖北省随州市曾都区,得到了该区水资源可持续利用的满意方案。     

需水管理的定义与内涵

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用.     

论实行最严格地下水资源管理

2011年元月,中共中央国务院发布了一号文件:"关于加快水利改革发展的决定",强调要实行最严格的水资源管理制度。地下水是公共生活供水和工农业用水的最佳水资源,是防旱抗旱最为可靠的后备水资源,尤其值得注意的是地下水是保证国家安全的战略水资源。根据目前我国地下水遭遇日益严重的过量超采和水质污染,并引发一系列地质灾害。要加强对全国地下水资源的科学管理,提出6点建议:1)开展水文地质补充勘察和调查;2)强化地下水综合监测网的建设;3)把监测和水质保护作为新时期加强地下水管理的重要内容;4)加强地下水的科学研究;5)要建立和完善保障地下水安全和合理开发的法规体系;6)理顺地下水专业人才培养渠道,培养高级专业人才。     

Possibilities for water conservation in Bulgaria

The drought during the last 10 years in Bulgaria caused the interruption of water supply to more than 70% of the population of the country. Investigations on recent water demand showed that the role of water losses and irrational use so considerable that existing water resources became inqdequate. Bringing new water to existing supply systems is connected with considerable investments, time, and controversy. Water conservation could solve some water supply problems by providing more reasonable water consumption and additional time for development of new resources. In this paper the possibilities for reducing water use in Bulgaria and the need for developing a national conservation program are discussed. An analysis of the variables which effect water use is performed. The reasons for the water losses and using more than the necessary water quantities are discussed. Developing of water-use efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures and conservation-oriented water rates and measures are proposed.     

Challenges in urban water management in the United States

The growing intensity of use of water in the urban environment of the United States is posing significant challenges for its supply, utilization, and protection. The development of traditional water sources is becoming more difficult, and water suppliers are turning to conservation and reuse as alternatives. Price disincentives and better water use management are being utilized to attempt to deal with limited capacity for distribution of water in periods of high demand. Urban runoff presents significant localized flooding problems. Management of floods and floodplains is given focus under the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, which has as its goal the deterrence of development in flood-prone areas. Water quality goals, being developed and pursued under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, are becoming more encompassing as the breadth of pollutants identified in the urban environment expands. Wastewater control strategies developed under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 are expanding their emphasis upon nonpoint source pollution, as opposed to traditional emphasis upon point source pollution. Integrated management of the water resource will become increasingly necessary to adequately address water problems in the urban environment. State and local responsibilities for urban water management and control will likely increase.     

Environmental fragility framework for water supply systems: a case study in the Paulista Macro Metropolis area (SE Brazil)

Water resources availability is increasingly constrained, considering the quality and quantity available for use. There is an urgent need of recovering this availability, focusing on the planning and management process of water supply systems. One of the main threats to water resources is related to erosion effects, namely widespread pollution load and the silting of watercourses and reservoirs useful life reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate water supply systems environmental fragility within the Paulista Macro Metropolis area and to use the results to develop environmental zone classes to orient territorial planning. The study was conducted in seven superficial water supply systems of the aforementioned region. Environmental fragility evaluation was focused on four environmental variables that represent natural vulnerability to erosion, and 2015 land cover map to delineate human influence on erosive processes. Results indicate that Tietê River water supply systems, namely Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) and Itupararanga systems, can be considered the most fragile water supply systems in the study area. The environmental fragility map was used to derive the environmental zoning map, including conservation and priority areas, suitable regions for agriculture expansion, and areas with high needs for restoration efforts. In addition, environmental fragility framework herein can be viewed as a model with high replication potential for regional planning and management in that land cover can be manipulated to minimize environment natural vulnerability, guiding territorial occupation toward a more sustainable landscape design, which subsidizes water resources multiple uses.     

水资源承载力预警研究进展

针对水资源承载力预警方法的研究,通过揭示水资源-社会经济-生态环境复合系统间各要素的相互作用机制,可有效地对水资源承载力的突发和异常状况进行事前行为评价和预警,是资源环境承载能力预警研究的关键组成部分。为此,借鉴有关学科领域对预警系统现有的研究成果,立足于水资源承载力预警系统的概念和机制,从诊断、预测、评价和调控方面对水资源承载力预警的主要方法进行综述,并提出水资源承载力预警未来研究重点和主要发展方面的建议,包括:① 进一步完善水资源承载力预警系统的概念界定;② 构建水资源承载力预警指标体系;③ 深入水资源承载力预警系统的整体研究;④ 重视实现水资源承载力预警动态性预测;⑤ 进一步加强水资源承载力调控措施方面的研究。     

甘肃省水资源足迹与消费模式分析

阐述了水资源足迹的概念和计算方法,以甘肃省为例,运用产品虚拟水研究方法核算并分析了1989-2003年的水资源足迹及其变化。结果表明,1989年以来甘肃省全社会的水资源足迹总量基本稳定在220亿～240亿m3/a,总体上呈现微量的下降趋势,人口增加和消费水平提高并没有增加对水资源系统在数量上的压力。从消费模式分析看,随消费结构多样化的增加,人均虚拟水消费量呈现不断下降的趋势,因而,增加消费结构的多样性有利于减少对水资源系统的压力。讨论分析了水资源足迹核算的意义,指出了进一步研究需要注意的问题。     

基于生态优先的水资源承载力分源评价及应用——以河北保定平原为例

水资源是保障区域发展的重要因素,是维持生态环境的关键要素。保定平原区作为京津冀地区的重要区域,其水资源承载能力对于区域生态和社会经济发展具有重要意义。本文以生态优先为基本理念,基于不同供水来源与不同用水类型的供给与利用关系,采用定额计算和线性加权目标规划相结合的方法,对保定平原区水资源承载力进行分源评价,并与地方规划相对比,进行了水资源承载力分级。结果表明:在保证生态需水和农业灌溉用水的基础上,保定平原区在持续枯水年条件下城镇生活和工业生产2025年可提供水量为4.63×10~8m~3、水量缺口0.52×10~8m~3,2030年可提供水量为6.96×10~8m~3、水量缺口0.56×10~8m~3;持续平水年条件下,城镇生活和工业生产2025年可提供水量为5.81×10~8m~3、水量盈余0.66×10~8m~3;2030年可提供水量为8.14×10~8m~3、水量盈余0.62×10~8m~3。该项研究旨在为保定平原地区发展规划制定提供科学依据。     

水资源资产价格模糊数学综合评价指标体系构建——以黑河中游张掖市为例

针对水资源本身的模糊性和不确定性,基于模糊数学综合评价模型,从水量、水质、人口、社会经济和生态环境5个方面选取18个评价指标,结合AHP法与熵权法确定指标权重,对张掖市2010-2014年的水资源价格进行动态评价,水价计算模糊数学模型由水资源价值评价和水资源价格计算两部分组成.结果表明：采用水资源价值模糊综合指数对水资源价值进行测算,5 a间张掖市水资源模糊综合指数介于水资源价值指数的“中等”与“偏低”之间,说明张掖市水资源价值属于中等偏低;在2010-2014年5 a间水资源价格呈明显上升趋势,核算期初的2010年为2.12元·m^-3,证实了张掖市目前水资源价格偏低,水资源资产价格存在较大的上升空间,而核算期末的2014年最高达4.96元·m^-3.基于熵权与AHP相结合确定权重的水资源价格模糊数学综合评价模型,评价结果更客观合理,为下一步水资产负债表编制中水资产与负债价值核算提供数据支持.     

New water for old? Geology and the long view on water resources

Water used to be regarded as a classic renewable resource, on the reasonable grounds that (in most places, at least) it has a tendency to keep on falling from the sky. However, in recent decades concerns have begun to mount that water is being used consumptively (in some places, at least). This article examines the concept.