Simultaneous horizontal and vertical acoustic sounding of the atmospheric boundary layer

Some preliminary results from a series of experiments of simultaneous horizontal and vertical acoustic sounding of the atmosphere are described and discussed. The novel horizontal configuration offers some potential for investigating thermal plume motion and characteristics within the boundary layer. It could also be of use in assessing the importance of excess attenuation in quantitative acoustic sounding.     

A kite based atmospheric sounding system

A newly developed kite based atmospheric sounding system is described that can be deployed under a wide range of weather conditions. The Delta Kite system can be flown in wind speeds ranging from 4 to 25 ms^-1, while the exceptional lift capabilities of the kite allow several kilograms of payload to be attached to the kite and/or tether. In conjunction with its battery powered winch, the Delta Kite atmospheric sounding system is ideally suited to meteorological studies in remote locations where vehicle access may not be possible.     

Radio wave propagation and acoustic sounding

Radio wave propagation of the decimetric and centimetric waves depends to a large extent on the boundary layer meteorological conditions which give rise to severe fadings, very often due to multipath propagation. Sodar is one of the inexpensive remote sensing techniques which can be employed to probe the boundary layer structure.In the paper a historical perspective has been given of the simultaneously conducted studies on radio waves and sodar at various places. The radio meteorological information needed for propagation studies has been clearly spelt out and conditions of a ray path especially in the presence of a ducting layer have been defined as giving rise to fading or signal enhancement conditions. Finally the potential of the sodar studies to obtain information about the boundary layer phenomena has been stressed, clearly spelling out the use of acoustic sounding in radio wave propagation studies.     

AIRS资料反演大气温度廓线的通道选择研究

通过引入信息容量的概念,给出了一种对高光谱大气探测资料所包含各种大气参数有效信息进行描述的方法;然后以信息容量为指标,设计了利用"逐次吸收法"进行通道选择的计算方案;最后针对利用大气红外探测器(AIRS Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)探测资料反演大气温度廓线进行了通道选择试验.从将本文试验选择结果与NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) DAAC(Distributed Active Archive Center)进行AIRS产品反演时所使用通道进行比较的结果表明,利用信息容量为指标,并按照"逐次吸收法"进行通道选择是可行的.     

Application of sodar sounding to atmospheric dispersion—Mixing depth and concentration at the ground

It is the intent of this paper to illustrate how to apply acoustic radar data on the variation of mixing depth in the study of atmospheric dispersion. The box model, as an example of the routine usage of acoustic sounding, has been modified. A case of the development of the structure of mixed layer, resulting from some synoptic process is discussed and the results show that the ordinary model calculations regarding atmospheric dispersion will mislead the assessment of air quality if no remote techniques, such as the acoustic radar, are associated with.     

Potential of occultation atmospheric sounding using an extended radiation source

A possibility is considered of measuring the ozone in the upper atmosphere of the Earth using solar occultation sounding without mechanical scanning of the solar disk. The estimates are given of the error and vertical resolution of atmospheric transmission function profile retrieved from the solar radiation measurements carried out by the instrument with the field of view of more than 0.5°. These algorithm elements are computed using the Backus-Gilbert method. It is shown that using the measurements in UV spectrum region carried out in this way, it is possible to retrieve transmission functions with the vertical resolution of 3–4 km and error of not more than 0.003.     

The diurnal variation of wind direction at Calgary

The winds at Calgary airport show a diurnal variation. Night winds tend to be northwest, with afternoon winds from the Southeast. Other data show that this variation is not associated with local topography, but seems to be an effect of the Rocky Mountains to the west.     

声雷达探测在大气扩散研究中的应用(2)——混合层深度及对应的地面浓度

本文介绍如何将声雷达探测的混合层深度的变化应用于大气扩散问题.并用实例说明当某一天气过程引起混合层结构的特殊变化时,通常的模式计算不能合理地描述地面浓度特征,而利用声雷达探测的信息则能给出较合理的结果。     

偏差订正方法在IASI辐射率资料同化中的应用研究

根据IASI(Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer)的资料特征和GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)同化系统的具体情况,建立了适用于业务使用的关于IASI辐射率资料的偏差订正方案,该方案包括扫描偏差订正和气团偏差订正。统计表明,IASI资料的扫描偏差不像微波资料一样具有明显的纬度依赖性,但在2x2的像元内存在某种特殊的扫描偏差,临边测量相对于星下点的扫描偏差可以用"扫描角"作为自变量而消除,而2x2的像元内的偏差只能通过稀疏化来规避;气团偏差主要根据当时的天气条件进行订正,利用模式背景场作为预报因子定量给出天气条件,采用1 000~300 h Pa的厚度、200~50 h Pa的厚度、50~20 h Pa的厚度以及模式地表温度作为预报因子。订正方案的试验结果显示,偏差能够长时间维持在比较低的稳定水平,订正结果显著。     

A quantitative comparison of horizontal and vertical acoustic sounding with in-situ measurements

In this paper, we present some results on an experiment to test the accuracy and utility of a horizontally-aimed acoustic sounder. A high-frequency, high-resolution mini-sounder was mounted on the mast of the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory aimed in the cross-wind direction. Measurements of C _T ², wind velocity and temperature and velocity variances were obtained under both stable and unstable conditions. These measurements were found to be in agreement with the equivalent values obtained, where appropriate, by the tower-fixed instrumentation and a vertically-pointed sounder, confirming the accuracy of the horizontal sounder. In addition, some information into the horizontal structure of plumes and gravity waves was obtained along with evidence of lack of excess attenuation at least for lengths within the unambiguous range of mini-sounders.     

A study of gravity waves in the planetary boundary layer by acoustic sounding

Gravity waves associated with stably stratified layers were observed in the planetary boundary layer at two locations in France. Using an array of three monostatic Doppler acoustic sounders, the wave speeds and directions were found. A quantitative study of the waves has been performed to determine their physical characteristics. Based on their dynamics, a classification into three types was possible. Most were found to be trapped beneath a critical level.     

大气红外间接遥测方程的估计解和验前限制

在线性估计调整方法中研究如何考虑验前信息的方法,是发展估计算法的重要途径.为此,在文中根据十五通道理论权重函数和五个不同估计方法所得到的模拟数值试验结果,从估计模式所涉及的信息形式、不同形式验前限制的效应以及估计解的实际可解性等对估计解的精度和验前限制的内在联系进行了数值分析,确认TPRD1的解和验前信息之间具有最佳的统计结构.     

四川小麦锈病成因及生产对策

小麦锈病是由锈菌生理小种变异，丧失抗性而引发的一种病害。锈菌的越夏、越冬、传播侵染、流行与气象环境条件密切相关。四川麦区作为全国条锈病的重发区近年爆发流行，对小麦生产造成危害，潜在威胁很大。本文从农业气象角度探讨其发病规律并采取相应对策，以期解决这一生产问题，对粮食安全有着实际意义。     

四川小麦锈病成因及生产对策.

小麦锈病是由锈菌生理小种变异,丧失抗性而引发的一种病害.锈菌的越夏、越冬、传播侵染、流行与气象环境条件密切相关.四川麦区作为全国条锈病的重发区近年爆发流行,对小麦生产造成危害,潜在威胁很大.本文从农业气象角度探讨其发病规律并采取相应对策,以期解决这一生产问题,对粮食安全有着实际意义.     

A phase-sensitive acoustic sounder for the detection of atmospheric temperature

An acoustic interferometer was built and operated during nocturnal temperature inversions to detect atmospheric temperature differences between the surface air and that at 50 m above the ground. The system departs from earlier succesful designs by using a time-multiplexed two-sided approach to attempt to correct for phase fluctuations caused by wind. Preliminary results from the apparatus indicate that the signals lack the necessary phase stability to permit calculation of temperature, even when subjected to averaging over 20-min intervals. It is concluded that simultaneous insonification of the scattering volume is a requisite for stable phase measurements in such a system.     

Returnable upper-air sonde based on unmanned or remotely-piloted aerial vehicles for atmospheric balloon sounding

Worked out are the models of returnable upper-air sondes based on unmanned and remotely-piloted aerial vehicles for the atmospheric balloon sounding. Carried out are the field tests of the models. Accomplished is the successful return of upper-air sonde prototypes after their lift using balloons in both remote control and autopilot modes. Measured is the vertical distribution of temperature and pressure up to the height of 10200 m.     

Wind regime in the lower atmosphere over Moscow from the long-term acoustic sounding data

Presented are the results of the sounding of the lower atmospheric 500-meter layer for the period of 2004–2012 carried out at the Meteorological Observatory of the Moscow State University (MSU) with the MODOS Doppler acoustic radar (sodar) produced by METEK (Germany). Discussed is the methodological basis of the sodar wind data analysis. It is demonstrated that in the air layer up to 200 m the maximum values in the annual course of the wind speed are observed more often in autumn and winter, and the minimum values, in summer; this is associated with the fact that during the cold period of the year Moscow is often located in the zones of intense gradient currents. The diurnal course of the wind speed is characterized by the daytime maximum and night-time minimum in the layer up to 40–60 m from the surface; it is poorly pronounced and characterized by the minimum in the morning in the layer of 80–120 m; and the daytime minimum and night-time maximum are observed above 140–160 m. The layer from 80 to 120 m approximately corresponds to the height of the wind rotation. The amplitude of diurnal variations of the wind speed increases from 0.3 m/s at the height of 7 m and 0.6 m/s at the height of 15 m, to 4.5 m/s at the height of 400 m; however, its secondary minimum (0.5 m/s) associated with the rotation height is registered at the altitude of 80 m. The statistical relationship between the wind speed and surface air temperature is direct during the cold season, inverse during the warm season, and is absent in April and October. The average maximum wind speed over Moscow for ten minutes in the layer up to 500 m from the surface reaches 30–35 m/s in some cases if two conditions concur: the capital is located on the periphery of vast pressure formations (usually of deep cyclones) and the local low-level jet stream is present in the wind profile.     

NMHC in the marine atmosphere: Preliminary results of monitoring at Amsterdam Island

Between January 1984 and May 1987, C₂ to C₅ NMHC concentrations, and Radon-222 activities were measured at Amsterdam Island in the Indian Ocean. A large variability of about one order of magnitude was observed in the NMHC concentrations. Most of the samples were collected under marine influence. Using ethene as a reference compound for marine emissions, it appears that the NMHC/ethene composition of the air and its variability directly reflect the composition of dissolved gases in surface seawater. Only the ethane/ethene ratio presents a significant deviation from this typical composition and this can be attributed to a continental component. At sea level, the reation frequency of OH radicals with the NMHC is similar to that of methane and carbon monoxide. Thus, the contribution of marine NMHC should be taken into account in the modelling of oxidants in remote atmospheres.