北部湾北部滨海湿地水体和表层沉积物中营养元素分布与污染评价

2009年4～5月,对北部湾北部滨海湿地水体和表层沉积物进行了取样调查,研究水体中营养盐和表层沉积物中碳、氮和磷元素含量、分布及其影响因素,并在此基础上评价了滨海湿地水体富营养化水平和表层沉积物的污染状况.研究区水体中的溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)、活性磷酸盐PO43-—P和化学需氧量(CODMn)平均含量分别为(211.84±37.44) μg/L、(11.01±12.11) μg/L和(0.92±0.32) mg/L;表层沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)的平均含量分别为(373±355) μg/g、(232.28±157.34) μg/g和(0.45±0.46)％.北部湾北部滨海湿地水体中的DIN含量和PO43-—P含量在茅尾海和廉州湾东部西场海区都很高,且水体富营养化比较严重,大规模的海水养殖可能是造成该现象的主要原因.研究区水体中CODMn含量空间分布呈近岸高、远岸低的特征.研究区铁山港顶部、南流江口、大风江口、钦江和茅岭江口较细的表层沉积物中的TN、TP和TOC含量较高.研究区表层沉积物的TOC/TN值分布表明,钦江口、钦州港区、防城港、企沙港区和珍珠湾东北部的沉积物有机质含量受到了强烈的陆源影响.根据加拿大安大略省环境质量评价标准,除了钦州湾顶部的龙门港区、大风江口中部和铁山港顶部西北角一小部分区域的表层沉积物中的TOC、TN和TP含量分别略高于1％、550μg/g和600μg/g,已被明显污染,而处于最低级别或严重危害级别,会对部分底栖生物产生影响外,其他绝大部分区域都属安全级别,为清洁或部分已被轻微污染.     

神农架大九湖表层泥炭碳、氮、磷含量的空间分布特征及其控制因素

为了解亚热带泥炭地碳氮磷含量的空间分布模式及其影响因素,在神农架大九湖泥炭地采集147份表层泥炭样品进行总有机碳含量(TOC)、总磷含量(TP)和总氮含量(TN)测试和理化参数分析,探究表层泥炭碳氮磷的空间分布特征及其控制因素。结果表明:大九湖表层泥炭TOC含量变化范围为3.51%~37.93%,TP含量变化范围为0.37~2.75 mg/g,TN含量变化范围为0.59~1.6mg/g。相关性分析表明:TOC含量与含水率(r=0.45,P<0.01)和TP含量(r=0.27,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,TP含量与干容重呈显著正相关(r=0.32,P<0.05),TN含量与各种理化参数的相关性均不显著。通过对比亚热带、热带、北方泥炭地的碳氮磷含量,发现相对于热带和北方泥炭地,亚热带泥炭地的TOC含量和TN含量更低,而TP含量更高。本研究为亚热带泥炭地的生态保护提供了关键的基础数据和参考。     

达里诺尔湖沉积物粒度及营养盐垂直分布特征变化

通过对达里湖湖中心柱状沉积岩芯总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)和粒度指标的测试与分析,探讨其垂向分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,营养盐TN、TP和OM的含量分别为2.12~3.71 g/kg、0.48~0.74 g/kg和4.71%~7.97%,平均值分别为2.98 g/kg、0.64 g/kg和6.29%。1832~1941年,TN、TP和OM含量较为稳定且含量较低;1941~1965年,TN和TP含量不同程度上先增加后减小,OM含量呈减小趋势;1965~2011年,TN、TP和OM含量整体上表现为增加趋势。沉积物中C/N值显示有机质及营养盐的主要来源为浮游动植物,沉积物粒级组成以粘土为主。沉积物中OM与TN和TP极显著相关,说明沉积物中氮主要以有机氮的形式存在,有机质与磷的生物地球化学循环也有相当紧密的关联;TN与TP表现出极显著相关性,说明沉积物氮、磷在沉积行为上有一定的相似性。沉积物中TN、TP和有机质与粒径小于4μm的颗粒正相关,与其它粒径的颗粒负相关。     

楚科奇海表层海水颗粒物组成与来源

对研究区内第五次北极科学考察所取的表层海水颗粒物的浓度、显微组成、有机碳、氮含量及其同位素组成进行了分析。结果表明,楚科奇海域表层海水颗粒物浓度介于0.56—4.01 mg·L-1,具有冰区边缘高于开阔水域的特点。陆架区颗粒有机质相对含量高(TOC:9.78%—20.24%;TN:0.91%—2.31%),有机碳、氮同位素值相对重(δ13C:-23.29‰—-26.33‰PDB;δ15N:6.14‰—7.78‰),有机质主要来源于海洋生物,含有部分陆源有机质;陆坡及北冰洋核心区的颗粒有机质含量,除SR15站外,相对低(TOC:8.06%—8.96%;TN:0.46%—0.72%),有机碳、氮同位素值轻(δ13C:-26.93‰—-27.78‰PDB;δ15N:4.13‰—4.84‰),颗粒物有机质以陆源为主。陆坡区SR15站表层海水颗粒物中异常高的陆源有机质(TOC:27.94%,TN:1.16%;δ13C:-27.43;δ15N:3.81)可能来自源于东西伯利亚的穿极洋流。海冰携带的颗粒物(包括冰藻)是冰区边缘表层海水颗粒物的重要来源,在陆架区海冰融化,向水体中释放了大量生物体;而陆坡区和北冰洋核心区,海冰对颗粒物的贡献以碎屑矿物和黏土矿物为主。     

滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物中有机碳的来源

通过对滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物TOC、TN、C/N、δ13C及粒度等指标的测定,分析了沉积物中有机碳的主要来源及其变化趋势。结果表明:水体中不同位置沉积物有机碳来源并不相同,距三岔河入库河口相对较近的沉积柱芯A中C/N比值介于2.93~11.73,δ13C值介于-23.66‰~-21.78‰,有机碳主要来源于水生生物,陆源输入贡献较小,有机碳含量受粒径大小影响显著;距三岔河入库河口相对较远的沉积柱芯B中,其TOC和TN含量较高,分别介于14.62~24.93 g?kg-1和2.11~3.3 g?kg-1,δ13C值变化范围为-28.36‰~-26.36‰,粒度以黏土和细粉砂为主,有机碳主要来源于水库周边陆源输入,受人类活动影响强烈。     

基于210Pb测年法的楚科奇海陆架北缘有机碳沉积通量研究

有机碳沉积作用在一定时间尺度上形成海洋碳汇作用的最终净效应,北冰洋陆架的有机碳沉积作用在全球碳循环中有着尤为重要的地位。为了测定楚科奇海陆架的有机碳沉积通量,本文应用210Pb测年法对中国第3次北极考察R17站位的沉积物样品的年龄及沉积速率进行了分析测定,并结合表层沉积物中有机碳的含量计算得到了楚科奇海陆架北缘的有机碳沉积通量。结果显示,该站位的沉积速率为0.6 mm/a,表观沉积质量通量为0.72 kg/m2/a,有机碳沉积通量为517 mmol C/m2/a。经估算,真光层输出的有机碳中约有29 %被长期封存在沉积物中,远高于中低纬度的正常值（~10 %）,说明楚科奇海陆架区具有高效的碳汇作用。     

北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆晚第四纪生源沉积物及其古海洋学意义

通过北冰洋西部楚科奇海盆M03孔晚第四纪以来生源沉积物,有孔虫丰度和冰筏碎屑(Ice．Rafted Detritus,IRD)的综合研究表明,海洋氧同位素(Marine Isotope Stage,MIS)7期以来,碳酸钙(CaCO )含量和浮游有孔虫丰度在间冰期的增加和冰期的降低,分别指示大西洋水输入的加强和减弱。而有机碳(TOC)和生源蛋白石(Biogenic Opa1)含量的变化可能主要与输入到海底的TOC降解和Opal溶解作用与底层水中的溶解氧有关。间冰期低的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚
科奇海盆海冰覆盖减少,营养盐供给多,表层生产力增加,通气作用好,底层水富氧,降解和溶解作用增强,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal减少;而冰期相对高的TOC和Opal含量可能反映楚科奇海盆海冰覆盖时间较长,营养盐供给少,表层生产力较低,通气作用差,底层水少氧,降解和溶解作用减弱,保存在沉积物中的TOC和Opal增多。     

长江口外海域沉积物中有机物的来源及分布

通过分析长江口外海域不同区域有机碳和氮的分布特征及其影响因素,了解了底部沉 积物中有机碳和氮同位素的生物地球化学特征,探讨二者对长江口外海域底部沉积物中有机 物来源的指示意义。运用质量混合模型,计算了长江输入的陆源有机物的贡献及其空间变化。结果表明,长江口外海域沉积物中TOC 和TN 的分布和东海陆架的环流体系有着密切关系, 与环流的分布相对应,如果大致沿31^oN 和123^oE 作为分界线, 整个研究区的TOC 和TN 的分布可划分为4 个具有不同分布特征的区域。TOC、TN、δ¹³C 和δ¹⁵N 分别与沉积物的平均粒 径呈线性相关关系,因此,粒度效应是控制长江口外海域沉积物中有机物分布和稳定同位素 碳、氮的一个重要因素。研究区内的C/N 比值能够在一定程度上体现有机物的来源信息,但δ¹⁵N 表现出了与C/N 和δ¹³C 不同的区域分布和变化特征。陆源有机物来源比重较高的区域与 长江口外海域赤潮突发频率最高的地区相对应。长江口附近沉积物中的陆源有机物来源最高, 超过了50%,且等值线呈舌状向东北方向凸出,表明了长江冲淡水的影响。陆源颗粒态有机物沉海底后,要不断经历早期成岩作用和生物作用,因此在在相同地点,陆源有机物对沉积物中有机物的贡献,要明显小于对悬浮颗粒态有机物的贡献。     

川中丘陵区土壤养分含量及其与易氧化有机碳的关系

以川中丘陵区的典型紫色土为主要研究对象，对丘陵区不同成土母质的土壤养分含量特点及其与土壤易氧化有机碳的相互关系分析。结果表明：研究区内土壤有机碳平均含量8．10g／kg，属中等水平，主要集中在4．00-15．00g／kg。土壤易氧化有机碳的含量在0．65～3．98g／kg。全氮含量在0．185～1．074g／kg，平均值为0．413g／kg，含量偏低。且三者不同成土母质的含量规律均为：遂宁组〉蓬莱镇组〉自流井组〉沙溪庙组；土壤全磷含量总体在0．26—3．04g／kg，不同母质的含量与前面三者的分布既相似又存在局部差异性：遂宁组〉蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组〉自流井组；土壤有效氮含量总体在15．6—68．3mg／kg，其含量与土壤全氮略有不同：蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组〉遂宁组〉自流井组；土壤有效磷的含量在3．0—15．4mg／kg：遂宁组〉自流井组〉蓬莱镇组〉沙溪庙组。对于川中丘陵区土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、有效氮（AN）、全磷（TP）、有效磷（AP）与易氧化有机碳（ROC）之间的关系分析，得出5个一元线性回归方程。由相关系数可知易氧化有机碳对土壤碳、氮、磷作用强度的顺序依次为：土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤有效氮、土壤有效磷、土壤全磷。     

互花米草引种对苏北潮滩湿地TOC、TN和TP分布的影响

分析了TOC、TN和TP在苏北潮滩湿地不同生态带沉积物和植被中的分布状况,结果表明:TOC和TN的水平和垂向平均含量以互花米草滩为最高,其次分别为盐蒿滩、芦苇滩和光滩。TP的平均含量以光滩为最高,依次由海向陆逐渐减小。在生物量最大期间(秋季),单位面积上互花米草体内TOC、TN和TP的累积量远大于盐蒿和芦苇。互花米草主要通过以下4个方面对研究区潮滩湿地TOC、TN和TP的分布产生影响:(1)互花米草滩面较高的沉积速率;(2)互花米草对整个潮滩湿地不同植被分布格局的改变;(3)互花米草有着高生产力以及巨大的地下生物量;(4)互花米草的生长特性使其在生长过程中对磷的需求量很大。     

吉林东部山地沼泽湿地土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征

湿地土壤有机碳、氮和磷含量变化显著影响着湿地生态系统的生产力。为阐明吉林东部山地沼泽湿地土壤养分的空间分布特征,以吉林省敦化市4种典型山地沼泽湿地：落叶松-苔草湿地(T1)、莎草湿地(T2)、小叶章-甜茅湿地(T3)和沼泽化草甸湿地(T4)为研究对象,研究了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量及其化学计量比的空间分布特征及影响因素。结果表明：4种山地沼泽湿地类型土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均值分别为343.11 mg/g、28.03 mg/g和4.00 mg/g,变异系数为有机碳(9.26%)<全氮(16.52%)<全磷(48.64%)。在0~40 cm土层内, T1、T2和T3土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量随土壤深度的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,在10~20 cm土层出现累积峰; T4土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量随土壤深度的增加而减少。土壤有机碳、全氮含量的变化趋势为T1相似文献   

长江中游网湖沉积物营养元素变化特征及其影响因素

在放射性核素¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb精确计年的基础上,建立了长江中游网湖近代沉积物年代序列。通过对沉积物中TOC、TN、TP、孢粉、重金属元素、粒度等指标的测定,结合相关文献资料,分析了百年来网湖沉积物中营养元素的分布特征,物源变化以及主控因子。结果表明:百年来网湖沉积物中TN和TOC含量显著相关,呈不断上升趋势,存在2个明显的演化阶段,主控因子为流域人类活动强度,气候波动对其有影响,但影响不大。TP的变化与TN和TOC明显不同,波动较大,规律不明显,主要受人类活动强度以及径流侵蚀输移入湖物质变化两大因子控制。     

新疆石河子草滩湖湿地沉积物地球化学特征及其古环境分析

以新疆石河子草滩湖湿地作为研究地点,采用化学分析手段,获取该地区4 000 a B.P.以来有机质和总氮TN等数据,并结合孢粉数据,综合探讨古气候变化特征。在500-1 080 a B.P.和2 190-3 800 a B.P.期间,有机质和TN含量较高,此时气候较为湿润,泥炭累积;而在1 080-2 190 a B.P.期间,有机质和TN含量均处于剖面最低值,可能出现一次干旱事件,不利于泥炭堆积。湿地开垦为农田,其有机质和TN含量变化迅速减少,养分大量损失,可见开垦活动是引起湿地退化的原因之一。     

Late glacial environment and climate development in northeastern China derived from geochemical and isotopic investigations of the varved sediment record from Lake Sihailongwan (Jilin Province)

Total organic carbon (TOC) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, stable nitrogen isotope (δ¹⁵N) and stable organic carbon isotope (δ¹³C_org) ratios were continuously analysed on a high resolution sediment profile from Lake Sihailongwan (SHL), covering the time span between 16,500 and 9,500 years BP. Strong variations of the investigated proxy parameters are attributed to great climatic fluctuations during the investigated time period. Variations in organic carbon isotope ratios and the ratio of TOC/TN (C/N ratio) are discussed with respect to changing proportions of different organic matter (OM) sources to bulk sedimentary OM. Phases of high TOC content, high TN content, depleted δ¹³C_org values and high δ¹⁵N values are interpreted as times with increased productivity of lacustrine algae in relation to input of terrigenous organic matter. Two distinct phases of enriched nitrogen isotope ratios from 14,200 to 13,700 and 11,550 to 11,050 years BP point towards a reduced phytoplankton discrimination against ¹⁵N due to a diminished dissolved inorganic nitrogen pool. The combination of geochemical (TOC, TN, C/N ratio) and isotopic (δ¹³C_org, δ¹⁵N) proxy parameters points to a division of climate development into four stages. A cold and dry stage before 14,200 years BP, a warm optimum stage with high phytoplankton productivity from 14,200 to 12,450 BP, a colder and drier stage from 12,450 to 11,600 BP and a stage of climatic amelioration with high variability in TOC and TN contents after 11,600 BP. These results are discussed in relation to monsoon variability and Northern Hemisphere climate development of the late glacial.     

A geochemical record of recent anthropogenic nutrient loading and enhanced productivity in Lake Nansihu, China

Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N), total phosphorus (TP) and organic phosphorus (OP) were measured in surface sediments and two short cores (DU-3 and WS-4) from Lake Nansihu, China to infer historical changes in anthropogenic nutrient inputs and corresponding shifts in lake primary productivity. Results indicate that organic matter preserved in the sediments is mainly autochthonous and that analyzed sediment variables were affected little by post-burial diagenesis. Increasing TOC, TN, OP and TP concentrations since the 1940s reflect increased P loading and elevated lake productivity. The δ¹³C values varied from ?21.5 to ?26.6‰ in the two sediment cores. Values were relatively more negative before the 1940s, but thereafter increased until the mid-1980s, reflecting elevated lake productivity. Since the mid-1980s, δ¹³C values remained relatively constant in core WS-4 and decreased in core DU-3, perhaps reflecting a change in the phytoplankton community. The δ¹⁵N values ranged from ?0.5 to 1.3‰ in core DU-3 and from 1.2 to 2.5‰ in core WS-4 before the mid-1980s, and increased to between 2.1 and 8.0‰ and 5.2 and 7.8‰, respectively, thereafter. Topmost sediments in the two cores display δ¹⁵N values similar to those recorded in the surface sediments (5.5–7.5‰). Higher δ¹⁵N values in recent deposits correspond to greater nitrogen concentration in water, and likely indicate anthropogenic nitrogen input, mainly from human and animal wastes.     

苦海沉积物有机质反映的过去840年来青藏高原东部环境变化

青藏高原对全球气候变暖响应敏感,研究青藏高原近千年来环境演化过程、规律与驱动机制对预测其未来气候可能发生的变化有重要参照意义。通过位于青藏高原东部的苦海沉积物总有机质相关指标[总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总有机碳与总氮比值(TOC/TN)和总有机碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)]的研究重建了该区域过去840年来的环境演化过程。研究结果表明,苦海沉积物中的有机质主要来自于湖泊内源水生植物。由于暖期(冷期)时黄河上游径流量较高(低),苦海水位随之升高(降低),湖泊水动力增强(减弱),浅水区沉水植物对研究岩芯中有机质的贡献率提高(降低),导致沉积物TOC、TN、TOC/TN升高,δ¹³C_org值正(负)偏。人类活动导致的青藏高原近50年气候异常变暖可能是～1950 AD之后δ¹³C_org反映的黄河上游径流量变化与重建的中国温度记录之间的关系发生转变的原因。苦海沉积物δ¹³C_org记录与万象洞石笋δ¹⁸     

Spatial variation and driving mechanism of soil organic carbon components in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River

Alluviation and sedimentation of the Yellow River are important factors influencing the surface soil structure and organic carbon content in its lower reaches. Selecting Kaifeng and Zhoukou as typical cases of the Yellow River flooding area, the field survey, soil sample collection, laboratory experiment and Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis methods were applied to study the spatial distribution characteristics and change mechanism of organic carbon components at different soil depths. The results revealed that the soil total organic carbon(TOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and nonactive organic carbon(NOC) contents ranged from 0.05–30.03 g/kg, 0.01–8.86 g/kg and 0.02–23.36 g/kg, respectively. The TOC, AOC and NOC contents in the surface soil layer were obviously higher than those in the lower soil layer, and the sequence of the content and change range within a single layer was TOCNOCAOC. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the TOC, AOC and NOC contents were commonly influenced by structural and random factors, and the influence magnitudes of these two factors were similar. The overall spatial trends of TOC, AOC and NOC remained relatively consistent from the 0–20 cm layer to the 20–100 cm layer, and the transition between high-and low-value areas was obvious, while the spatial variance was high. The AOC and NOC contents and spatial distribution better reflected TOC spatial variation and carbon accumulation areas. The distribution and depth of the sediment, agricultural land-use type, cropping system, fertilization method, tillage process and cultivation history were the main factors impacting the spatial variation in the soil organic carbon(SOC) components. Therefore, increasing the organic matter content, straw return, applying organic manure, adding exogenous particulate matter and conservation tillage are effective measures to improve the soil quality and attain sustainable agricultural development in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River.     

Assessment of nutrient sources and paleoproductivity during the past century in Longgan Lake,middle reaches of the Yangtze River,China

Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were determined in combination with stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ¹³C_Org, δ¹⁵N) in a 63 cm sediment core from Longgan Lake, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China. These geochemical and isotopic records provide a continuous history of lake productivity and trophic state of Longgan Lake since 1890. Variations of δ¹³C_Org, TOC, TN and TP indicate that primary productivity of Longgan Lake increased continuously during the last century and that the trophic state of the lake shifted from oligotrophic to mestrotrophic conditions accordingly. Anthropogenic sources of organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were distinguished from their natural background in the sediments using mass accumulation rates. Element mass accumulation rates suggested increased human activities in the lake’s catchment since 1950s, were especially the utilization of artificial fertilizers amplified the anthropogenic input of N and P into the lake. In the course of the improved availability of dissolved nutrients also primary productivity of Longgan Lake increased, resulting in an increase of the Suess-effect corrected organic carbon isotope ratios. δ¹⁵N of bulk sediments show a marked shift towards lower values around 1950 that has been attributed to the input of nitrogen from chemical fertilizers characterized by relatively depleted isotopic signatures into the lake.