基于动摩擦应力下调滑移弱化机制，利用地表破裂同震位移约束2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震破裂传播速度

利用2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震现场观测所提供的地表破裂同震位移数据,使用简单滑移弱化破裂模型,估算了发震主断层上的破裂传播速度. 该模型中考虑了断层破裂时动摩擦过程中应力上调和下调机制对地震波辐射能量分配的影响. 对比Bouchon和Valleacute;e有关昆仑山口西地震主断层破裂传播速度超过剪切波速度,甚至达到P波速度的结果, 采用动摩擦应力下调时的滑移弱化模型 (分数应力降模型),结果表明,伴随较高的地震波辐射效率,主断层的平均破裂传播速度等于或小于瑞利波速度,这与许力生和陈运泰的体波反演结果,以及陈学忠震源应力场估算的结果是一致的. 最后,联系到由地表破裂现象所反映出的断层力学特征,如与视应力相关的分数应力降 (动摩擦应力下调), 基于滑移弱化模型, 讨论了可能的震源破裂机制.      

Constraints on rupture speed of the 2001 M S 8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake by co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements based on the slip-weakening mechanism with frictional undershoot involved

With co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimates the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on a simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallée, in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of fault, our results show that, under a slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. Associated with the surface rupture mechanism, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed.     

震源辐射效率计算的一致性方法

根据能量分配原理,推出计算震源辐射效率的一般性方法,克服了以往计算中由地震断层动摩擦机制不确定性所带来的误差。利用实际地震观测结果,重新计算了在不同动摩擦机制下地震波的辐射效率,并与以往的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,新的方法可以完全消除以往计算中得到的辐射效率大于1,或者震源破裂能小于0所产生的非物理结论。      

A uniform representation in the calculation of seismic radiation efficiency and rupture speed

According to energy partition principle,we have derived a generalized formula used to calculate the radiation effi-ciency.It overcomes the numerical errors involved in the estimation of radiation efficiency caused by the uncer-tainties owe to the different frictional mechanisms which is used to describe the earthquake faulting.Using real seismic data published in the previous studies,we have recalculated the radiation efficiency with associated to the different frictional mechanisms,and compared with previous results lack of consideration of frictional mechanism.The results indicate that,based on the new formula,the radiation efficiency we have estimated is always less than 1,and the unphysical conclusion of radiation efficiency greater than 1 is avoided completely.     

"Stress triggering" between different rupture events in several earthquakes

IntroductionMoreandmoreobservationssuggestthatmostintermediateandstrongearthquakeshavecomplexsourceprocesses.MostintermediateandstrongearthquakesoccurredincontinentalregionofChinaincludetwoormoreruptureevents.Thesubeventshavetimeintervalfromseveralseconds(suchasthe1990Gonghe,Qinghaiearthquakeandthe1996Lijiang,Yunnanearthquake),severalminutes(suchasthe1976Tangshanearthquake)toseveraldays(suchasthe1966Xingtaiearthquake).Tostudytherelationshipbetweendifferentruptureeventsoccurredsubsequentlyis…     

Variation of stress during the rupture process of the 1995 M_L=4.1 Shacheng, Hebei, China, earthquake sequence

Introduction An earthquake could be caused by the failure of focal material or fast slip on the pre-existed faults under the tectonic stress based on the understanding of the occurrence process of earth-quakes in which the stress change could play a key role. Therefore to examine the stress change is beneficial to understanding the physic process actually occurring in the source region deeply. The apparent stress is defined as the product of seismic efficiency and the average stress on the foc…     

Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam,China

Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment, which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams. In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures, fault geometry, regional stress fields, constitutive parameters of the fault friction law, and many other factors control the slip rate, morphology, and dislocation of the rupture, thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters. The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential M > 7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault (LBMF) and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault (MB-YJF) in the Xiluodu dam (XLD) region. Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur. We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane, and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range. Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation, a more destructive, high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF.     

Variation of stress during the rupture process of the 1995 ML=4.1 Shacheng, Hebei, China, earthquake sequence

According to the rupture dynamics of earthquakes, variations of the apparent stress and the difference between the static stress drop and the dynamic stress drop during the rupture of earthquakes are analyzed for the July 20, 1995 M _L=4.1 Shacheng, Hebei, China, earthquake sequence. Results obtained show that the apparent stress for main-shock is about 5 MPa, and the average apparent stress for aftershocks 0.047 MPa. During the rupture of the main-shock, the dynamic stress drop is approximately 1.6 times greater than the static stress drop with the difference of nearly 2.7 MPa. The dynamic stress drop is less than the static stress drop for all aftershocks with the average difference of −0.75 MPa. Therefore, when the mainshock occurs the final stress on the focal fault is higher than the dynamic frictional stress, corresponding to that the fault is abruptly locked. When the aftershocks occur the final stress on the focal fault is lower than the dynamic frictional stress, corresponding to that the fault overshoots. It can be seen from the above results that there could be some differences in the physic processes between the mainshock and the aftershocks. Contribution No. 05FE3013, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

2008年汶川地震的破裂模型及引起的余震活动分析

用两种发震构造的破裂位移分布模型对2008年汶川地震造成的区域主要断裂的库仑应力变化进行了模拟.通过对这两种破裂位移模型模拟结果的对比分析,表明破裂位移模型的逆冲兼右旋滑动的位移模式及南北两段分别有两个滑动量高值区这样的特点控制了区域库仑应力变化的总体分布特征.汶川地震的余震分布和计算结果还显示:所获得的区域主要断裂的库仑应力变化分布和正应力变化分布同时控制了该地震发生后余震的分布,库仑应力变化增强同时断层面受到主震断层位错拉张的区域和余震的分布强烈吻合,而库仑应力变化增强但是相应部位断层面受到主震的挤压作用却没有余震发生,显示了强震后区域断层受到的正应力变化和库仑应力变化均对余震的发生起到了重要作用,而不仅仅是库仑应力变化增强是触发余震的机制;两种模型计算结果的细微差异显示了倾角向下变缓的震源破裂模型能更好地解释余震在破裂断层北部的分布特点.对昆仑山断裂、鲜水河断裂等周边强震多发断层的库仑应力变化及对未来地震活动的可能影响进行了初步评价.     

断层横向构造在逆冲型地震破裂中的作用——以汶川地震小鱼洞断层为例

大地震破裂大多由横向构造(如阶区、弯曲和分叉)所分割的多个段落组成.2008年5·12汶川地震破裂沿北东走向上穿过了多个横向构造部位,特别在震中北东45 km的位置,小鱼洞断层、北川断层和彭灌断层三者之间呈现复杂的断裂切割相交关系.复杂断层几何结构对破裂的扩展是有抑制还是促进的作用？在相交的断裂段之间是否存在最优的破裂顺序？本文以库仑应力分析为手段,探讨在汶川同震破裂初始30 s内,破裂在多分支断裂中选择扩展路径时的可能应力相互作用.库仑应力分析显示:如果北川断层先发生破裂,其滑动对小鱼洞断层和彭灌断层均产生强烈负应力的抑制作用,而彭灌断层的滑动却反而对小鱼洞断层和北川断层浅部有强烈正应力的促进作用.因此,从准静态应力分析角度,彭灌断层先于北川断层发生破裂的可能性较大,这一破裂顺序与小鱼洞断层参与同震破裂过程的事实相符.此外,小鱼洞断层在链接北川和彭灌断层的同震位移中可能起到桥梁作用,但非静态应力的影响.横向构造在逆冲型地震破裂扩展过程中起到的牵引作用使得逆冲型地震破裂能够比走滑型地震跨越更宽的阶区.横向构造是逆冲断裂带内广泛发育的构成单元,因此在地震危险性分析的最大潜在震级测算中应该考虑其作用.     

Investigation on variations of apparent stress in the region in and around the rupture volume preceding the occurrence of the 2021 Alaska MW8.2 earthquake

On July 29, 2021, a large earthquake of M_W8.2 occurred south of the Alaska Peninsula. To investigate the spatial-temporal changes of crustal stress in the earthquake-stricken area before this event, we selected 159 earthquakes of 4.7 ≤ M_W ≤ 6.9 that occurred in the epicentral region and its surroundings between January 1980 and June 2021 to study the temporal variation and spatial distribution of their apparent stress. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between seismic activities and Earth’s rotation and explored the seismogenic process of this earthquake. The crustal stress rose from January 2008 to December 2016. This period was followed by a sub-instability stage from January 2017 until the occurrence of the M_W8.2 earthquake. The average rate of apparent stress change in the first five years of the stress increase period was roughly 2.3 times that in the last four years. The lateral distribution of the apparent stress shows that the areas with apparent stress greater than 1.0 MPa exhibited an expanding trend during the seismogenic process. The maximum apparent stress was located at the earthquake epicenter during the last four years. The distribution of the apparent stress in the E-W vertical cross section revealed that an apparent stress gap formed around the hypocenter during the first five years of the stress increase period, surrounded by areas of relatively high apparent stress. After the Alaska earthquake, most parts of this gap were filled in by aftershocks. The seismic activities during the sub-instability stage exhibited a significant correlation with Earth’s rotation.     

The dynamics of rupture in porous media

This paper presents a laboratory investigation of electric resistivity parameter for samples subject to loading in automatic press of INOVA type. The procedure of automatic quasi-continuous measurements of resistivity is briefly outlined. The distribution of mini-electrodes within the sample is described. Also shown is the manner in which reliability can be improved by increasing the repetition of resistivity measurements (every 7–16 s).     

2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震前破裂区内视应力和b值的变化

视应力和b值都可以反映地壳应力变化。当应力增加时,视应力会增加,而b值降低。因此,应力变化将导致视应力和b值之间呈负相关关系,即,根据视应力和b值之间的负相关关系可以研究地壳构造应力的变化。本文利用2000年1月—2019年12月长宁M_S6.0地震破裂区内3.0≤M_L≤3.6地震的视应力和2.0≤M_L≤4.3地震目录,研究了视应力和b值随时间的变化,发现:2013年2月—2017年3月间,视应力呈趋势上升变化,历时约4年,在震前两年时间内,视应力仍维持在较高水平。在视应力呈趋势上升变化期间,b值则呈趋势下降变化。当视应力维持在较高水平时,b值则维持在较低水平。即,长宁M_S6.0地震发生前,破裂区内视应力增加,同时b值下降。这表明,2019年长宁M_S6.0地震发生前破裂区内存在明显的构造应力增加过程,对地震孕育过程的认识和地震预测研究都具有启示意义。      

云南武定M6.5地震动态库仑破裂应力变化的数值模拟及其与余震活动的关系

在离散波数法（DWN）基础上,计算了武定M6.5地震断层破裂在周围介质中产生的位移时程（位移理论地震图）和动态位移场;进行弹性动力学转换后,求得应变时程和动态应变场;最后得到了武定M6.5地震所产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化量和动态库仑破裂应力变化场,进而研究其与后续余震的关系. 结果表明,动态应力最大峰值和静态应力的正区均呈非对称性分布,两者的分布特征与余震的分布特征基本一致. 在动态应力峰值为正的确定区应力值超过了0.1 MPa触发阈值, 在静态应力值为正的确定区应力值超过了0.01 MPa触发阈值. 这说明动态应力和静态应力均有助于余震的发生.      

The stress field and rupture feature in compound model containing typical cracks system and hard-inclusion

IntroductionMet(1995,1996)presentedhard-inclusionearthquakepreparationmodebasingonintraplatemacroseismicityandtempo-spatialevolutioncharacteristicsofprecursoryabnormalfieldssuchasseismicitygapandhighQvalueappearinginawideareaaroundepicenterbeforestrongearthquakes.Somedeepstructure,mechanicalanalysisandrockmechanicaltestconcernedhaveprovidedsupportingevidenceforthemode.Oneofthemostimportantachievementsofmodernseismologyisconfirmingthatearthquakes(especiallyforshallowfocusshocks)causedbyfaultext…     

云南耿马7.2级地震破裂与震源应力场

1 98 8年 1 1月 6日在云南省澜沧县和耿马县境内先后发生了 7.6级和 7.2级强烈地震。其中 7.2级地震在震中区小黑江两岸灰岩裸露区出现了具有构造意义的地裂缝带。采用断层滑动矢量法反演出形成上述地裂缝带的应力张量为 :σ1走向 2 2 3°,倾角 2 8°;σ2 走向 42°,倾角6 2°;σ3 走向 1 3 3°,倾角 0°;应力比 R=0 .5 7,总体显示出走滑兼压性特征 ,基本代表了震源机制解所反映的震源应力场特征。断面滑动矢量解析可做为一种判定地裂缝是否是构造成因的方法     

断层阶区对震源破裂传播过程的控制作用研究

地震破裂能否穿越断层阶区（stepover）引发更大震级的地震是震源动力学研究的重要内容.本文利用不连续变形体接触力学的动态有限单元方法,模拟断层阶区对地震破裂传播的控制作用.通过改变断层周边初始应力场、断层面上的摩擦本构关系以及断层阶区的间距大小来分析各个因素对破裂传播的影响,并定量分析产生这些影响的力学机制.模拟结果表明：断层面上的摩擦系数减小或断层周边区域内的初始剪应力增大,都将增加断层破裂跳跃阶区传播的可能性;此外,若断层阶区间距越小,断层破裂也越容易跳跃阶区传播.计算结果还显示：断层上的摩擦系数大、初始剪应力小、断层阶区间隔大,那么此阶区所在之处将可能是断层破裂的终止位置;相反,当断层面上的摩擦系数较小、初始剪应力较大、断层阶区间隔较小,破裂就容易穿越阶区而出现较大的地震.同时,从模拟结果可以看出,在发震断层破裂停止后,应力将继续向四周传播;当应力积累达到破裂极限时,触发断层阶区中的另一断层产生破裂,因此在破裂跳跃断层阶区的过程中存在一个时间延迟.最后,破裂能否跳跃断层阶区,可以利用库仑应力在空间的分布进行合理的解释.     

最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年ML4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;ML4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10%以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013 年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山发生了MS7.0地震,芦山地震震中距离2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震震中约85km,距离其余震密集分布区约60km。汶川地震和芦山地震均发生在龙门山断裂带上,震源机制均以逆冲为主,针对二者震源特征的比较分析,对解释龙门山地区强震特征意义显著。本文基于地震波辐射能及视应力与应力降的关系,对比讨论汶川地震和芦山地震的动态破裂过程,初步研究结果显示,汶川地震属于应力上调模式,而芦山地震则属于应力下调模式,通常应力上调模式的震后能量释放较为充分,应力下调模式则对应震后能量释放相对不够充分,余震空间分布相对集中。     

汶川地震破裂带地壳速度结构研究

利用分布在汶川地震破裂带上三个固定台站两年的远震接收函数,结合该区域已有面波频散结果,首先确定了各台站下方不同方位地壳的厚度、波速比和纵波平均速度,进而构建初始模型,对各台站下方不同方位地壳速度结构进行了线性反演.结果表明:位于汶川地震破裂带两端单台下方地壳结构的横向非均匀性较强,各方位接收函数差异较大,而破裂带中部台...