共同的责任共同的行动

国土资源部“保增长、保红线”行动电视电话会议召开后,福建省委省政府高度重视,积极研究措施,投入“双保”行动。省长黄小晶强调：“双保行动”是学习贯彻科学发展观的要求,要保持经济持续较快增长,又要保红线,这是客观要求,必须做到,只要用心,完全可以做到。在当前扩大内需保障发展的特殊形势面前,国土资源部积极主动、科学应对,保增长保红线双帜并举,具有十分重要意义。     

基于MapX的电子地图的制作

随着地理信息系统(GIS)的发展与完善,它的设计开发工具也日臻成熟,MapInfo公司顺应这一发展潮流,开发了一种地图控件——MapX,能实现MapInfo的绝大部分功能。主要论述了MapX的特征,以及用相关的计算机语言和多媒体技术提供一种高效的、脱离一般平台的电子地图的制作方法,并介绍了所制作的电子地图的内容及特点。     

基于AutoCAD的无属性的高程图形数据的处理

在传统的测绘方式中,由于受成图方式和制图软件的限制,一些数字化成果的高程数据没有属性,给数据处理和利用造成了一定的麻烦。介绍了通过利用计算机程序解决这一问题,在实际应用中效果较好。     

疯狂的天路

羊卓雍错9月的拉萨河畔,杨树渐黄,秋意微凉。我和朋友一行10人分别乘坐两辆越野车,开始了大北线之行。第一个目的地是距拉萨只有一个多小时车程的羊卓雍错（简称“羊湖”）。羊湖是西藏“三大圣湖”之一,细长的湖面在山间曲折蜿蜒,长达130多公里,除非从空中俯瞰,否则根本无法看到她的全貌。我们从曲水县的东嘎穿过雅鲁藏布江大桥,车子沿着山道翻越5000米的冈巴拉山后,隐于群山之间的羊湖突然出现在眼前。刚刚看过滚滚而去的雅鲁藏布江水,此刻面对的羊湖则波平如镜,狭长的湖面如身姿婀娜的仙女,静卧在群山的怀抱中,与白云嬉戏。蓝绸似的湖面纯净得没有一丝杂质,任夏雨冬雪、春暖秋凉的转变,她只借天光云影精心装扮自己的美丽。此刻的我们已分不清是在天上,还是在人间。只是,才相见,便要分离,我们依依不舍的赶往我们第一天的住宿地——日喀则。     

薪火相传的伟业:塞维利亚的伊西多尔

<正>公元5世纪,随着西罗马帝国的灭亡,西欧进入了"黑暗时期",在战火不绝的动荡岁月中,残存下来的古代文化知识     

基于UML的房产信息系统的设计

随着城市规模的不断扩大,房产管理部门对日益更新和迅速增加的房产信息的管理与维护越来越困难,房产信息系统是一个复杂的系统,而现有的房产信息系统对空间数据与属性数据没有很好集成,不利于图文信息的相互查询、检索和更新等.针对目前存在问题,在房产信息系统设计时,结合统一建模语言(UML,Unified Modeling Language),进行可视化设计.     

基于Ajax的网络地理信息系统的应用研究

从网络地理信息系统和Ajax的相关技术入手,分析了基于Ajax引擎的Web应用模型和基于Ajax的WebGIS系统架构。Ajax技术与WebGIS结合,能够实现浏览器与地图服务器之间的异步交互,与传统的WebGIS应用相比,减少了冗余,减轻了请求和响应对服务器造成的负荷。文中以SuperMap IS.NET为开发平台,提出了基于Ajax的WebGIS应用开发方法及应用实例。Ajax的引入,使整个WebGIS的性能达到最佳状态,极大地提升了用户的应用体验。     

基于WebGIS的物业管理信息系统的开发

物业管理软件主要用于小区物业管理公司的业务管理工作,实现计算机网络化管理,从而提高工作效率,提高实施管理的准确性和科学性。随着物业管理范围的不断扩大,现今的物业管理信息系统越来越显得落后,对地理数据的处理更显得力不从心,而网络地理信息技术(WebGIS)恰好可以解决这些问题。本文以WebGIS技术为基础,以SuperMapIS2003为GIS开发软件,阐述了基于.NET架构的物业管理信息系统的设计与实现方法。     

基于云计算的移动地理信息系统的研发

针对目前移动地理信息系统出现的传输效率不高、大型数据处理受限的问题,引入Hadoop云计算平台,构建基于Hadoop云计算平台的移动信息系统,研究提出了系统的工作流程,分析了其与目前移动地理信息系统的区别。通过实验对比证明,基于Hadoop的移动地理信息系统在服务处理上比现有系统有更快的反应时间,能在一定程度上解决存在的传输效率不高、大型数据处理受限的问题,能较好地满足用户对于地理信息服务的实时性的要求。     

珠穆朗玛峰的由来

耸立在我国西南边陲的喜马拉雅山,是地球上最长、最高、最年轻的山脉.它全长2400多千米,南北宽约200多千米,峰峦重迭,犹如凝固的万顷波涛.世界上第一高峰--珠穆朗玛峰,位于我国与尼泊尔交界处,它像一座巨型的金字塔,巍然屹立在白雪皑皑的喜马拉雅山的群峰之上.     

Carbon dynamics of paper,engineered wood products and bamboo in landfills: evidence from reactor studies

Background

There has been growing interest in the development of waste-specific decay factors for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from landfills in national greenhouse gas inventories. Although engineered wood products (EWPs) and paper represent a substantial component of the solid waste stream, there is limited information available on their carbon dynamics in landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of carbon loss for EWPs and paper products commonly used in Australia. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions designed to simulate optimal anaerobic biodegradation in a landfill.

Results

Methane generation rates over incubations of 307–677 days ranged from zero for medium-density fibreboard (MDF) to 326 mL CH₄ g^?1 for copy paper. Carbon losses for particleboard and MDF ranged from 0.7 to 1.6%, consistent with previous estimates. Carbon loss for the exterior wall panel product (2.8%) was consistent with the expected value for blackbutt, the main wood type used in its manufacture. Carbon loss for bamboo (11.4%) was significantly higher than for EWPs. Carbon losses for the three types of copy paper tested ranged from 72.4 to 82.5%, and were significantly higher than for cardboard (27.3–43.8%). Cardboard that had been buried in landfill for 20 years had a carbon loss of 27.3%—indicating that environmental conditions in the landfill did not support complete decomposition of the available carbon. Thus carbon losses for paper products as measured in bioreactors clearly overestimate those in actual landfills. Carbon losses, as estimated by gas generation, were on average lower than those derived by mass balance. The low carbon loss for particleboard and MDF is consistent with carbon loss for Australian wood types described in previous studies. A factor for carbon loss for combined EWPs and wood in landfills in Australia of 1.3% and for paper of 48% is proposed.

Conclusions

The new suggested combined decay factor for wood and EWPs represents a significant reduction from the current factor used in the Australian greenhouse gas inventory; whereas the suggested decay factor for paper is similar to the current decay factor. Our results improve current understanding of the carbon dynamics of harvested wood products, and allow more refined estimates of methane emissions from landfills.

     

基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性定量评价模型

空间拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价可为多尺度拓扑关系一致性的自动评价、空间推理与空间查询等应用的可靠性提供依据。定义了基于几何度量的拓扑距离,构建了拓扑关系不确定性的粗集表达模型;提出了不确定性粗集表达中拓扑距离的量化方法;进而提出了基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性度量指标。实例研究证明了本文提出模型的科学性与合理性,该方法可用于多尺度表达过程中引起的拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价。     

A New Semi-supervised Classification Method Based on Mixture Model Clustering for Classification of Multispectral Data

A new method for semi-supervised classification of remotely-sensed multispectral image data is developed in this study. It consists of unsupervised-clustering for data labelling and supervised-classification of clusters in multispectral image data (MID) using spectral signatures. Mixture model clustering, based on model selection, is proposed for finding the number and determining the structures of clusters in MID. The best mixture model, for the best clustering of data, finds the number and determines the structure of clusters in MID. The number of elements in the best mixture model fits to the number of clusters in MID. The elements of the best mixture model fits to the structure of clusters in MID. Clusters in MID is supervised-classified using spectral signatures. Euclidean distance is used as the discrimination function for the supervised-classification method. The values of Euclidean distances are used as decision rule for the supervised-classification method.     

Satellite-derived rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning in Bogowonto Catchment,Central Java,Indonesia

Satellite rainfall products for landslide early warning prediction have been spotlighted by several researchers, in the last couple of decades. This study investigates the use of TRMM and ERA-Interim data, for the determination of rainfall thresholds and the prediction of precipitation, respectively, to be used for landslide early warning purposes at the Bogowonto catchment, Central Java, Indonesia. A landslide inventory of 218 landslides for the period of 2003–2016 was compiled, and rainfall data were retrieved for the landslide locations, as given by 6 ground stations, TRMM, and ERA-Interim data. First, rainfall data from the three different sources was compared in terms of correlation and extreme precipitation indices. Second, a procedure for the calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence was followed consisting of four steps: i) the TRMM-based rainfall data was reconstructed for selected dates and locations characterized by landslide occurrence and non-occurrence; ii) the antecedent daily rainfall was calculated for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days for the selected dates and locations; iii) two-parameter daily rainfall-antecedent rainfall thresholds were calculated for the aforementioned dates; after analysis of the curves the optimum number of antecedent rainfall days was selected; and (iv) empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence were determined. The procedure was repeated for the entire landslide dataset, differentiating between forested and built-up areas, and between landslide occurrence in four temporal periods, in relation to the monsoon. The results indicated that TRMM performs well for the detection of very heavy precipitation and can be used to indicate the extreme rainfall events that trigger landslides. On the contrary, as ERA-Interim failed to detect those events, its applicability for LEWS remains limited. The 15-day antecedent rainfall was indicated to mostly affect the landslide occurrence in the area. The rainfall thresholds vary for forested and built-up areas, as well as for the beginning, middle and end of the rainy season.     

地图复制原图版面编排软件的设计与实现

版面编排是地图快速复制预处理过程中的一个重要问题．本文提出了一种基于组件技术的通用架构，实现了地图复制原图直观、灵活的版面编排，文中简要介绍了实现地图复制原图版面编排软件的技术途径。     

GPS在地铁控制测量中的应用

简述了GPS测量的基本原理以及在北京某地铁线控制测量中的应用情况,为GPS技术在地铁控制测量中的应用提供了借鉴。通过分析北京某地铁线GPS控制网的布设、观测及数据处理,对GPS技术在高精度控制网测量中的应用提出了几点建议。     

“一带一路”倡议下老挝沙湾区土地适宜性评价

为了对老挝沙湾区土地适宜性进行评价,本文选择了地形、土壤、水利、区位和生态5类13项指标,建立了老挝沙湾区土地适宜性评价指标体系;将层次分析法(AHP)与GIS技术相结合,对老挝沙湾区农业用地、林业用地和建设用地进行适宜性评价。研究结果表明:宜农用地占土地面积的30.16%,主要分布在海拔较低、坡度较小的沙湾拿吉大平原以及湄公河沿岸;宜林用地占土地总面积的60.07%,主要分布在东部和北部山区;宜建用地占土地总面积的4.62%,主要分布在平原地区,湄公河沿岸,以及交通较发达地区;不适宜用地占总面积的2.32%,主要分布在甘蒙省西北部以及东部。研究方法和研究结果可以为老挝沙湾拿吉省土地利用规划和相关研究提供科学依据与支持,同时为老挝今后的土地资源开发奠定基础。     

Synergy of airborne LiDAR and Worldview-2 satellite imagery for land cover and habitat mapping: A BIO_SOS-EODHaM case study for the Netherlands

A major challenge is to develop a biodiversity observation system that is cost effective and applicable in any geographic region. Measuring and reliable reporting of trends and changes in biodiversity requires amongst others detailed and accurate land cover and habitat maps in a standard and comparable way. The objective of this paper is to assess the EODHaM (EO Data for Habitat Mapping) classification results for a Dutch case study. The EODHaM system was developed within the BIO_SOS (The BIOdiversity multi-SOurce monitoring System: from Space TO Species) project and contains the decision rules for each land cover and habitat class based on spectral and height information. One of the main findings is that canopy height models, as derived from LiDAR, in combination with very high resolution satellite imagery provides a powerful input for the EODHaM system for the purpose of generic land cover and habitat mapping for any location across the globe. The assessment of the EODHaM classification results based on field data showed an overall accuracy of 74% for the land cover classes as described according to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) taxonomy at level 3, while the overall accuracy was lower (69.0%) for the habitat map based on the General Habitat Category (GHC) system for habitat surveillance and monitoring. A GHC habitat class is determined for each mapping unit on the basis of the composition of the individual life forms and height measurements. The classification showed very good results for forest phanerophytes (FPH) when individual life forms were analyzed in terms of their percentage coverage estimates per mapping unit from the LCCS classification and validated with field surveys. Analysis for shrubby chamaephytes (SCH) showed less accurate results, but might also be due to less accurate field estimates of percentage coverage. Overall, the EODHaM classification results encouraged us to derive the heights of all vegetated objects in the Netherlands from LiDAR data, in preparation for new habitat classifications.     

On the determination of the effect of horizontal ionospheric gradients on ranging errors in GNSS positioning

An alternative approach to the traditionally employed method is proposed for treating the ionospheric range errors in transionospheric propagation such as for GNSS positioning or satellite-borne SAR. It enables the effects due to horizontal gradients of electron density (as well as vertical gradients) in the ionosphere to be explicitly accounted for. By contrast with many previous treatments, where the expansion of the solution for the phase advance is represented as the series in the inverse frequency powers and the main term of the expansion corresponds to the true line-of-sight distance from the transmitter to the receiver, in the alternative technique the zero-order term is the rigorous solution for a spherically layered ionosphere with any given vertical electron density profile. The first-order term represents the effects due to the horizontal gradients of the electron density of the ionosphere, and the second-order correction appears to be negligibly small for any reasonable parameters of the path of propagation and its geometry for VHF/UHF frequencies. Additionally, an “effective” spherically symmetric model of the ionosphere has been introduced, which accounts for the major contribution of the horizontal gradients of the ionosphere and provides very high accuracy in calculations of the phase advance.     

遥感图像分区自动分类方法研究

对判读区域自然景观复杂,数据时相与质量差异较大的遥感图像用常规的分类方法难以达到令人满意的效果,为此,作者采用了一种通过定义图像判读区,分类管理器和改进监督分类算法等方法来实现遥感图像的分区自动分类,以不同时相的TM拼接图像进行分类试验,结果表明:该方法比传统的监督分类方法有明显改进:(1)与整幅图像用同一个标准进行分类的方案相比,其精度显著提高,(2)可在分类前灵活,任意生成所感兴趣的判读区域,(3)在每个分区内可以采取不同的分类方案进行分类,(4)每个分区的分类结果可以保存在同一个文件中,而不需要另外生成新的操作层.因此分类不受次数的限制,可保证分类结果的完整性,每个分区的分类结果也可以保存为单个分区的分类结果.