基于MapX的电子地图的制作

随着地理信息系统(GIS)的发展与完善,它的设计开发工具也日臻成熟,MapInfo公司顺应这一发展潮流,开发了一种地图控件——MapX,能实现MapInfo的绝大部分功能。主要论述了MapX的特征,以及用相关的计算机语言和多媒体技术提供一种高效的、脱离一般平台的电子地图的制作方法,并介绍了所制作的电子地图的内容及特点。     

共同的责任共同的行动

国土资源部“保增长、保红线”行动电视电话会议召开后,福建省委省政府高度重视,积极研究措施,投入“双保”行动。省长黄小晶强调：“双保行动”是学习贯彻科学发展观的要求,要保持经济持续较快增长,又要保红线,这是客观要求,必须做到,只要用心,完全可以做到。在当前扩大内需保障发展的特殊形势面前,国土资源部积极主动、科学应对,保增长保红线双帜并举,具有十分重要意义。     

疯狂的天路

羊卓雍错9月的拉萨河畔,杨树渐黄,秋意微凉。我和朋友一行10人分别乘坐两辆越野车,开始了大北线之行。第一个目的地是距拉萨只有一个多小时车程的羊卓雍错（简称“羊湖”）。羊湖是西藏“三大圣湖”之一,细长的湖面在山间曲折蜿蜒,长达130多公里,除非从空中俯瞰,否则根本无法看到她的全貌。我们从曲水县的东嘎穿过雅鲁藏布江大桥,车子沿着山道翻越5000米的冈巴拉山后,隐于群山之间的羊湖突然出现在眼前。刚刚看过滚滚而去的雅鲁藏布江水,此刻面对的羊湖则波平如镜,狭长的湖面如身姿婀娜的仙女,静卧在群山的怀抱中,与白云嬉戏。蓝绸似的湖面纯净得没有一丝杂质,任夏雨冬雪、春暖秋凉的转变,她只借天光云影精心装扮自己的美丽。此刻的我们已分不清是在天上,还是在人间。只是,才相见,便要分离,我们依依不舍的赶往我们第一天的住宿地——日喀则。     

基于AutoCAD的无属性的高程图形数据的处理

在传统的测绘方式中,由于受成图方式和制图软件的限制,一些数字化成果的高程数据没有属性,给数据处理和利用造成了一定的麻烦。介绍了通过利用计算机程序解决这一问题,在实际应用中效果较好。     

珠穆朗玛峰的由来

耸立在我国西南边陲的喜马拉雅山,是地球上最长、最高、最年轻的山脉.它全长2400多千米,南北宽约200多千米,峰峦重迭,犹如凝固的万顷波涛.世界上第一高峰--珠穆朗玛峰,位于我国与尼泊尔交界处,它像一座巨型的金字塔,巍然屹立在白雪皑皑的喜马拉雅山的群峰之上.     

基于WebGIS的物业管理信息系统的开发

物业管理软件主要用于小区物业管理公司的业务管理工作,实现计算机网络化管理,从而提高工作效率,提高实施管理的准确性和科学性。随着物业管理范围的不断扩大,现今的物业管理信息系统越来越显得落后,对地理数据的处理更显得力不从心,而网络地理信息技术(WebGIS)恰好可以解决这些问题。本文以WebGIS技术为基础,以SuperMapIS2003为GIS开发软件,阐述了基于.NET架构的物业管理信息系统的设计与实现方法。     

基于对应分析的训练样本的选择

本文提出一种基于对应分析的训练样本的选择方法。它从训练样本中自动地选择有代表性的典型训练样本,使得在自动分类中充分利用所采集的样本信息,以便得到满意的分类结果。通过实验与分析证明,该方法是可行的,它明显优于人工随机选择训练样本的方式。与基于Q型因子分析的训练样本选择方法相比,可以更快地得到较少的典型样本,满意的分类精度。     

地图的方向

上北下南,左西右东,我们已经很熟悉这种方位的地图,习惯于这种方位下事物的长相。我们太沉湎于既定,以致于稍稍动摇这一规则,都会挑战我们原有的世界观。其实,换一番视角和立点看周遭,你会发现世界更多元、更多彩。     

基于MapObjects的地下水位等值线生成的算法

结合临沂市地下水资源观测资料及特点,研究地下水位等值线生成算法,尝试在GIS组件——MapObjects环境下,采用不规则三角网绘制等值线的方法在MapObjects图层上生成地下水位等值线。结果表明,在MapObjects图层上绘制的等值线准确、美观,而且满足用户对等值线动态绘制的需求,应用前景广阔。     

基于AO的钻孔柱状图的绘制

本文针对传统手工绘制钻孔柱状图普遍存在的成图慢、效率低,难以满足实际生产的需要等许多不足之处而开发的一个应用程序。在ArcMap内置的VBA环境下调用AO的一些接口函数完成柱状图的绘制,然后调用岩层符号化功能模块,对柱状图进行填充处理,应用起来非常方便。     

Carbon dynamics of paper,engineered wood products and bamboo in landfills: evidence from reactor studies

Background

There has been growing interest in the development of waste-specific decay factors for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from landfills in national greenhouse gas inventories. Although engineered wood products (EWPs) and paper represent a substantial component of the solid waste stream, there is limited information available on their carbon dynamics in landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of carbon loss for EWPs and paper products commonly used in Australia. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions designed to simulate optimal anaerobic biodegradation in a landfill.

Results

Methane generation rates over incubations of 307–677 days ranged from zero for medium-density fibreboard (MDF) to 326 mL CH₄ g^?1 for copy paper. Carbon losses for particleboard and MDF ranged from 0.7 to 1.6%, consistent with previous estimates. Carbon loss for the exterior wall panel product (2.8%) was consistent with the expected value for blackbutt, the main wood type used in its manufacture. Carbon loss for bamboo (11.4%) was significantly higher than for EWPs. Carbon losses for the three types of copy paper tested ranged from 72.4 to 82.5%, and were significantly higher than for cardboard (27.3–43.8%). Cardboard that had been buried in landfill for 20 years had a carbon loss of 27.3%—indicating that environmental conditions in the landfill did not support complete decomposition of the available carbon. Thus carbon losses for paper products as measured in bioreactors clearly overestimate those in actual landfills. Carbon losses, as estimated by gas generation, were on average lower than those derived by mass balance. The low carbon loss for particleboard and MDF is consistent with carbon loss for Australian wood types described in previous studies. A factor for carbon loss for combined EWPs and wood in landfills in Australia of 1.3% and for paper of 48% is proposed.

Conclusions

The new suggested combined decay factor for wood and EWPs represents a significant reduction from the current factor used in the Australian greenhouse gas inventory; whereas the suggested decay factor for paper is similar to the current decay factor. Our results improve current understanding of the carbon dynamics of harvested wood products, and allow more refined estimates of methane emissions from landfills.

     

A New Semi-supervised Classification Method Based on Mixture Model Clustering for Classification of Multispectral Data

A new method for semi-supervised classification of remotely-sensed multispectral image data is developed in this study. It consists of unsupervised-clustering for data labelling and supervised-classification of clusters in multispectral image data (MID) using spectral signatures. Mixture model clustering, based on model selection, is proposed for finding the number and determining the structures of clusters in MID. The best mixture model, for the best clustering of data, finds the number and determines the structure of clusters in MID. The number of elements in the best mixture model fits to the number of clusters in MID. The elements of the best mixture model fits to the structure of clusters in MID. Clusters in MID is supervised-classified using spectral signatures. Euclidean distance is used as the discrimination function for the supervised-classification method. The values of Euclidean distances are used as decision rule for the supervised-classification method.     

基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性定量评价模型

空间拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价可为多尺度拓扑关系一致性的自动评价、空间推理与空间查询等应用的可靠性提供依据。定义了基于几何度量的拓扑距离,构建了拓扑关系不确定性的粗集表达模型;提出了不确定性粗集表达中拓扑距离的量化方法;进而提出了基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性度量指标。实例研究证明了本文提出模型的科学性与合理性,该方法可用于多尺度表达过程中引起的拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价。     

地图复制原图版面编排软件的设计与实现

版面编排是地图快速复制预处理过程中的一个重要问题．本文提出了一种基于组件技术的通用架构，实现了地图复制原图直观、灵活的版面编排，文中简要介绍了实现地图复制原图版面编排软件的技术途径。     

Satellite-derived rainfall thresholds for landslide early warning in Bogowonto Catchment,Central Java,Indonesia

Satellite rainfall products for landslide early warning prediction have been spotlighted by several researchers, in the last couple of decades. This study investigates the use of TRMM and ERA-Interim data, for the determination of rainfall thresholds and the prediction of precipitation, respectively, to be used for landslide early warning purposes at the Bogowonto catchment, Central Java, Indonesia. A landslide inventory of 218 landslides for the period of 2003–2016 was compiled, and rainfall data were retrieved for the landslide locations, as given by 6 ground stations, TRMM, and ERA-Interim data. First, rainfall data from the three different sources was compared in terms of correlation and extreme precipitation indices. Second, a procedure for the calculation of rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence was followed consisting of four steps: i) the TRMM-based rainfall data was reconstructed for selected dates and locations characterized by landslide occurrence and non-occurrence; ii) the antecedent daily rainfall was calculated for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days for the selected dates and locations; iii) two-parameter daily rainfall-antecedent rainfall thresholds were calculated for the aforementioned dates; after analysis of the curves the optimum number of antecedent rainfall days was selected; and (iv) empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence were determined. The procedure was repeated for the entire landslide dataset, differentiating between forested and built-up areas, and between landslide occurrence in four temporal periods, in relation to the monsoon. The results indicated that TRMM performs well for the detection of very heavy precipitation and can be used to indicate the extreme rainfall events that trigger landslides. On the contrary, as ERA-Interim failed to detect those events, its applicability for LEWS remains limited. The 15-day antecedent rainfall was indicated to mostly affect the landslide occurrence in the area. The rainfall thresholds vary for forested and built-up areas, as well as for the beginning, middle and end of the rainy season.     

“一带一路”倡议下老挝沙湾区土地适宜性评价

为了对老挝沙湾区土地适宜性进行评价,本文选择了地形、土壤、水利、区位和生态5类13项指标,建立了老挝沙湾区土地适宜性评价指标体系;将层次分析法(AHP)与GIS技术相结合,对老挝沙湾区农业用地、林业用地和建设用地进行适宜性评价。研究结果表明:宜农用地占土地面积的30.16%,主要分布在海拔较低、坡度较小的沙湾拿吉大平原以及湄公河沿岸;宜林用地占土地总面积的60.07%,主要分布在东部和北部山区;宜建用地占土地总面积的4.62%,主要分布在平原地区,湄公河沿岸,以及交通较发达地区;不适宜用地占总面积的2.32%,主要分布在甘蒙省西北部以及东部。研究方法和研究结果可以为老挝沙湾拿吉省土地利用规划和相关研究提供科学依据与支持,同时为老挝今后的土地资源开发奠定基础。     

On the determination of the effect of horizontal ionospheric gradients on ranging errors in GNSS positioning

An alternative approach to the traditionally employed method is proposed for treating the ionospheric range errors in transionospheric propagation such as for GNSS positioning or satellite-borne SAR. It enables the effects due to horizontal gradients of electron density (as well as vertical gradients) in the ionosphere to be explicitly accounted for. By contrast with many previous treatments, where the expansion of the solution for the phase advance is represented as the series in the inverse frequency powers and the main term of the expansion corresponds to the true line-of-sight distance from the transmitter to the receiver, in the alternative technique the zero-order term is the rigorous solution for a spherically layered ionosphere with any given vertical electron density profile. The first-order term represents the effects due to the horizontal gradients of the electron density of the ionosphere, and the second-order correction appears to be negligibly small for any reasonable parameters of the path of propagation and its geometry for VHF/UHF frequencies. Additionally, an “effective” spherically symmetric model of the ionosphere has been introduced, which accounts for the major contribution of the horizontal gradients of the ionosphere and provides very high accuracy in calculations of the phase advance.     

A methodology for semi detailed soil surveys using medium scale aerial photographs

A methodology for the preparation of semi detailed soil maps using medium scale aerial photographs for an area of about 3600 ha in Merida area, Spain is presented. The new concepts such as ‘Basic Land Units’, ‘Soil Consociation’ and ‘Soil Set’ developed by Elbersen (1976) were adopted for this study to see their utility for the preparation of semidetailed soil maps which can be used for land evaluation, land classification and also for making prodictions about the feasibility of a particular project for rural development plannning purposes. Basic land units and their subdivisions like major and minor compo-nents were used for the delineation of interpretation units. Mapping units, viz, Soil Consoication, Soil Complex and miscellaneous land type were used for mapping soils. Soils were classified upto family level and shown as subgroups in the 1:50,000 scale soil map. Soils were mapped as soil sets per basic land unit per subgroup. A model legend for use in the preparation of seimdetailed physiographic cum soil maps is given which is in terms of physiography and Soil Taxonomy qualified by soil sets.     

GPS在地铁控制测量中的应用

简述了GPS测量的基本原理以及在北京某地铁线控制测量中的应用情况,为GPS技术在地铁控制测量中的应用提供了借鉴。通过分析北京某地铁线GPS控制网的布设、观测及数据处理,对GPS技术在高精度控制网测量中的应用提出了几点建议。     

USE OF SATELLITE INFORMATION IN THE PREDICTION OF EL NIÑO EVENTS

Materials from surveys of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 are analyzed for the two most powerful El Niño events in the 20th century, and four medium-intensity events are examined for the period 1986–1995. On the basis of online tracking of the dynamics of radiation processes in the equatorial ocean from space, a method is proposed for predicting different El Niño phases in five standard regions for up to 16 months in advance.