含氟初始风化水化学组成的模型研究

在我国“三北”地区，浅层地下水中高氟苏打水分布广泛。本文利用和简化了Ｈｅｌｇｅｓｏｎ风化模型，以吉林省乾安地区为例，对含氟初始风化水化学组成作了研究和计算；探讨了二氧化碳滴定作用对风化过程的影响，从而定量确定了高氟水的成因模型。     

湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石风化与物理力学性质的变化特征

湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石因其特殊的矿物成份和地理位置，其风化作用具显著特征，即化学风化和物理风化作用相伴、相互促进。化学风化产生的矿物质一部分流失，一部分迅速结晶，形成物理风化作用，均造成岩石不断破碎，裂隙加深，因而又促使各种风化作用更加深入到岩石之中。这种风化所造成的岩石物理力学性质变化，将对岩土体的工程稳定性造成很大的影响。因而研究岩石风化后的这种变化有着十分重要的意义。本文对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化特征进行了深入研究，结合其物理力学试验以及大量的点荷载强度试验结果，分析研究了岩石风化过程中物理力学性质的变化特征，提出了在该类岩石地区进行工程建设时应采取的措施。     

云南尖山磷矿风化带的特征及其风化速度的研究

云南尖山地区下寒武统磷块岩的风化带广泛发育，其规模、产状、风化程度及风化带中元素的迁移规律均与水文地质条件密切相关。元素迁移相对强度曲线揭示了该风化带的发展过程及风化速度。对深层风化带的研究具有实际意义，应予重视。     

江西省风化残积型金矿基本类型及找矿前景分析

本文在通过系统总结江西省风化残积土，风化残积型金矿床（点）基本特征的基础上，厘定了风化残积型金矿含义，根据原岩性质的差异将全省划分为５种类型的风化残积土和７类风化残型金矿类型，并根据它们之间的相互关系；对江西风化残蚀型金矿找矿前景进行了初步分析，提出江西风化残积型金矿的主攻类型和主攻地区，同时还提出了已知金铜体附近及其外围的风化残积土中寻找该类型金矿的最佳有利地区的新认识。     

云南滇池地区磷块岩的风化门限及风化磷矿的成矿模式探讨

滇池地区下寒武统磷块岩以碳酸盐类磷块岩为主。原生矿多属中低品位矿，风化后富集。磷块岩经历风化强弱可用风化成熟度来表示，风化磷块岩是风化成熟期的产物，表明矿石风化进入了风化门限之内。根据磷块岩的特点及风化磷块岩形成机制初步建立的本区风化磷块岩的成矿模式将磷块岩的风化分三个阶段，不同的风化阶段，磷块岩的风化成熟度存在明显的差异，风化磷块岩是前两个风化阶段的产物。     

深圳地区花岗岩风化球成因探讨及勘察对策

通过对深圳地区花岗岩的成因，区域构造，风化作用等因素的对比分析，探讨了风化球成因与它们的内在联系。燕山晚期混染花岗岩，蚀变花岗岩是风化球形成的内在原因，断裂构造带及次生裂隙为风化球形成提供了有利条件；风化带特征与风化球形态有密切关系。由此提出圈定花岗岩风化球发育地段的几点原则和勘察对策。列工程实例予以说明。     

藏东南波密地区岩石风化速率及其影响因素分析

西藏东南部川藏公路波密路段分布着大量的地质灾害,其主要物源为松散堆积物,而风化作用对松散物质的形成起着重要的作用。通过对现场岩石及采于外地的岩石样品的连续观测,得出该地区岩石的风化速率的剥蚀(产屑)速率;与其他地区岩石的风化速率对比发现,该地区岩石的风化速率异常高。影响该地区岩石风化速率的因素主要为青藏高原隆升和温度的差异变化,其中由于温度的差异变化而导致冻融作用在该地区岩石风化中起着主要作用。     

云南滇池地区风化磷块岩的风化指标研究

长期风化作用使云南滇池地区形成了大面积的风化磷块岩矿石,这种矿石是制取高效磷肥的优质原料。为了圈定这些风化磷块岩矿石,须确定适宜的风化指标。笔者通过风化磷块岩形成过程化学组分变化研究,首次提出将风化指标分为“直接法”和“间接法”两类,进而提出ＣＯ２风化指标为直接法中指标,２Ｐ２Ｏ５＋Ａ．Ｉ＾１）风化指标为间接法中推荐指标。     

岩石风化与岩石化学成分的变化研究

研究岩石风化过程中岩石化学成分的变化规律,对于进一步研究岩石的风化机理以及岩石的物理力学性质变化过程有着十分重要的意义.本文通过对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化程度的化学成分分析研究表明,岩石中的化学成分将随风化的进行而不断发生变化,在一定程度上反映了陡山沱组黑色岩石风化过程中其化学成分的变化趋势.     

江西省风化残积型金矿基本类型及找矿前景分析

本文根据矿体产出形态和原岩类型将我省风化残积型金矿划分了七种类型，从矿床特征、构造、地貌、水文、母岩及土壤持化异常等方面，总结了江西风化残积型金矿的基本特征，厘定了风化残积型金矿含义；依据原岩性质的差异将全省划分为五种类型的风化残积土，并总结了其特征及其与风化残积型金矿之相应关系。文中对江西风化残积型金矿找矿矿前景进行了初步分析，探索了江西风化残积型金矿的主攻类型和主攻地区；指出已知含金铜（多金属     

风化壳研究的现状与展望

风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。     

Chemical and physical weathering in a hot‐arid,tectonically active alluvial system of Anza Borrego Desert,California

Investigation of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock and alluvial sediment in the Anza Borrego Desert, California, sheds light on weathering processes in hot‐arid systems and clarifies interpretations of climate from alluvial sediment. All of the alluvial sediment in the study area emanates from Cretaceous tonalite of the Peninsular Range, enabling exploration of the effects of external variables – climate, transport distance and tectonics – on the physical and chemical properties of the sediment. Chemical weathering in this area is dominated by plagioclase alteration observed in both bedrock outcrops and sediment, evinced most clearly by changes in the Eu anomaly. Biotite chemical weathering, manifested by interlayer K⁺ loss, is not evident in bedrock, but clearly observed in the sediment. Despite the weak intensity of chemical weathering (Chemical Index of Alteration = 56 to 62), fine‐grained (<63 μm) sediment displays a clear weathering trend in A–CN–K space and contains up to 25% clay minerals. Physical abrasion and grain‐size reduction in biotite during transport predominates in the sediment, whereas physical (insolation) weathering affecting bedrock is inferred from estimates of differential thermal expansion of mineral phases in response to extreme temperature changes in the study area. Chemical alteration and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area both increase within the active Elsinore fault zone at the distal end of the depositional transect, reflecting tectonic‐induced fracturing and associated accelerated weathering. Extensive fracturing, together with a more humid Pleistocene climate, probably facilitated in situ bedrock weathering, preceding arid alluvial deposition in the Holocene. This study demonstrates that both climate and tectonic processes can affect chemical and physical weathering, resulting in alteration of plagioclase, leaching of K⁺ from biotite in the sediment and formation of clay minerals, even in hot, arid systems.     

桂柳高速公路边坡岩石风化速度的研究

作者对桂柳高速公路边坡对代表性岩石的剥落量、剥落厚度及风化破坏特征等表征风化速度的指标进行了观测试验,发现边坡岩石的风化速度主要受岩性、构造、气候(降雨及干湿循环频度、强度)、岩体结构特征、岩面起伏及其裸露程度和人为因素的控制,这与风化作用对岩石的综合影响因素是一致的。文中建立的岩石风化速度与降雨量的相关性公式及表征岩石风化特性的定量指标,对于类似地区、类似岩性具有一定的适用性和参考价值。     

An overview of the role of weathering in the production of quartz silt

Quartz silt is a widespread detrital sediment with large aeolian (loess) and alluvial silt deposits forming important components of many contemporary landscapes. Despite research findings which indicate that a range of opportunities exist for the comminution of quartz into silt particles within a wide variety of geomorphic environments (e.g. glacial grinding, fluvial comminution, aeolian abrasion, frost weathering, salt weathering, insolation weathering and deep weathering), the ‘glacial-aeolian’ hypothesis has traditionally been favoured as the most likely explanation for loess formation and loess is seen as primarily a Quaternary phenomenon. As a consequence there has been a tendency to underestimate sediment inputs into loess systems by geomorphological processes operating within pre-Quaternary environments. In particular, earth scientists may have considerably underestimated the role of weathering in global silt generation, as there are now many references to the existence of a patchy but widespread distribution of pre-Quaternary weathering profiles across the glacial and periglacial landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. North America, British Isles, north and central Europe), landscapes within which many of the classical loess deposits are located. These observations suggest that weathering profiles may have covered large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere land surface prior to the Quaternary glaciations. This, in turn, may have important implications for quartz silt generation as: (1) experimental studies indicate that many weathering processes are capable of generating significant quantities of silt-sized debris, and (2) particle characteristics displayed by saprolitic material that has developed on quartz rich crystalline source rocks often include significant quantities of either silt-sized material, or quartz grains that are weakened by weathering derived microfractures. Thus, weathering profiles may represent ‘mines’ of actual and potential quartz silt, available for release into sedimentary systems when these profiles are subsequently reworked by geomorphological processes such as glacial, fluvial and aeolian erosion.     

Determining mineral weathering rates based on solid and solute weathering gradients and velocities: application to biotite weathering in saprolites

Chemical weathering gradients are defined by the changes in the measured elemental concentrations in solids and pore waters with depth in soils and regoliths. An increase in the mineral weathering rate increases the change in these concentrations with depth while increases in the weathering velocity decrease the change. The solid-state weathering velocity is the rate at which the weathering front propagates through the regolith and the solute weathering velocity is equivalent to the rate of pore water infiltration. These relationships provide a unifying approach to calculating both solid and solute weathering rates from the respective ratios of the weathering velocities and gradients. Contemporary weathering rates based on solute residence times can be directly compared to long-term past weathering based on changes in regolith composition. Both rates incorporate identical parameters describing mineral abundance, stoichiometry, and surface area.

Weathering gradients were used to calculate biotite weathering rates in saprolitic regoliths in the Piedmont of Northern Georgia, USA and in Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Solid-state weathering gradients for Mg and K at Panola produced reaction rates of 3 to 6×10⁻¹⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ for biotite. Faster weathering rates of 1.8 to 3.6×10⁻¹⁶ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ are calculated based on Mg and K pore water gradients in the Rio Icacos regolith. The relative rates are in agreement with a warmer and wetter tropical climate in Puerto Rico. Both natural rates are three to six orders of magnitude slower than reported experimental rates of biotite weathering.     

Sr fluxes and Sr/Sr characterization of river waters from a karstic versus granitic watershed in the Yangtze River

The watershed in the southern Jiangxi Province (Jiangxi Province is called simply Gan) (SGW) and the watershed in the central Guizhou Province (Guizhou Province is called simply Qian) (CQW) are two subtropical watersheds of the Yangtze River in China. Both watersheds have similar latitudes and climate, but distinct differences in basin lithology. These similarities and differences provide a good natural laboratory in which to investigate weathering processes and Sr end-members in river waters. This work aims to identify and contrast the sources, fluxes and controls on Sr isotopic composition in the river waters of these two areas. Results showed that the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the SGW waters ranged from 0.716501 to 0.724931, with dissolved Sr averaging 27 μg l^− 1. Rhyolites and granites are two major sources for the dissolved Sr. The SGW waters receive 42% of their Sr from silicates weathering, 32% from carbonates and 3.2% from evaporites. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the CQW waters has a lesser variation from 0.707694 to 0.710039, but higher Sr contents (average of 208 μg l^− 1). Dolomite, limestone and dolomitic limestone are major sources of Sr in the waters. The CQW waters receive 69% of their Sr from carbonates, 1.7% from silicates and 0.9% from evaporites. The chemical erosion rate and Sr flux in the CQW are 122 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.079 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively, which are higher than those of the SGW (56 t km^− 2 a^− 1 and 0.021 t km^− 2 a^− 1, respectively). These data suggest that the intensive carbonates weathering occurred in the karstic area in the upper-reach of the Yangtze River exert great influence on the high Sr concentration and low Sr isotopic ratios in the River.     

柴达木盆地东坪地区基岩风化壳特征

柴达木盆地阿尔金山前斜坡带发现了规模分布的东坪基岩气田,其基岩风化壳的作用成为关注的问题。依据元素分析、X-射线衍射分析、岩心薄片观察,常规测井响应和成像测井响应特征,识别出东坪地区基岩风化壳发育不同结构层,且不同结构层的储集特征有很大差异。研究表明,基岩风化壳结构可划分为土壤层、完全风化层和半风化层,而半风化层又可进一步分为溶蚀带和崩解带;其中土壤层厚度0~2 m,完全风化层厚度4~15 m,溶蚀带厚度365~164 m,崩解带厚度300~1 000 m。基岩半风化层是储层发育带,其中溶蚀带储集物性好于崩解带,溶蚀带发育较多的溶蚀孔洞和溶蚀加宽的网状裂缝,孔隙度范围2%~16%;而崩解带发育弱溶蚀构造缝和节理缝,孔隙度范围2%~8%。东坪地区大规模发育基岩风化壳为柴达木盆地远离烃源岩灶的斜坡地区寻找油气提供了借鉴依据。     

洛阳龙门石窟围岩风化特征研究

对洛阳龙门石窟围岩风化特征及风化作用影响因素进行调查研究,指出目前围岩风化作用主要为生物风化和物理风化作用,并进一步对其风化机理进行了探讨。以往研究结果认为风化作用主要类型为物理风化作用,本文研究表明,目前由于西山山顶植被的不断发育,随着植被根须机械破坏作用及植被腐殖质分解的产物引起岩体解离的生物化学破坏作用日益加剧,生物风化作用亦已成为风化破坏主要影响因素,应引起有关部门注意。     

广西中酸性岩浆岩风化区风化矿床类型及成矿作用研究

广西区内139个主要风化矿床(点)中有近4成集中分布于中酸性岩浆岩风化区。新近纪以来新构造运动活跃,东亚季风盛行产生了湿热气候,致使近2.0×105 km 2不同时代、不同岩性的中酸性岩浆岩广泛出露并遭受强烈风化,大面积的厚层风化壳在低山丘陵地貌景观区得以保存,这为风化矿床的发育提供了得天独厚的气候、地质、构造和地貌等条件。广西中酸性岩浆岩风化作用形成的矿床主要包括残积型(以钛铁砂矿为代表)、淋积型(以离子吸附型稀土矿为代表)和残余型(以高岭土矿和膨润土矿为代表)三个类型。这些不同类型的风化矿床在成矿条件上表现出显著的母岩专属性和风化环境偏在性,二者联合约束了风化矿床的成矿作用及成矿类型。风化过程中复杂的水岩反应(淋积作用、残积作用和残余作用)是导致中酸性岩浆岩风化形成各类矿床的内在机制。