Modeling diagnosis of suspended sediment transport in tidal estuarine system

A three-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamic and suspended sediment transport model was performed and applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in northern Taiwan. The model was validated with observed time-series salinity in 2001, and with salinity and suspended sediment distributions in 2002. The predicted results quantitatively agreed with the measured data. A local turbidity maximum was found in the bottom water of the Kuan-Du station. The validated model then was conducted with no salinity gradient, no sediment supply from the sediment bed, wind stress, and different freshwater discharges from upstream boundaries to comprehend the influences on suspended sediment dynamics in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The results reveal that concentrations of the turbidity maximum simulated without salinity gradient are higher than those of the turbidity maximum simulated with salinity gradient at the Kuan-Du station. Without bottom resuspension process, the estuarine turbidity maximum zone at the Kuan-Du station vanishes. This suggests that bottom sediment resuspension is a very important sediment source to the formation of estuarine turbidity maximum. The wind stress with northeast and southwest directions may contribute to decrease the suspended sediment concentration. When the freshwater discharges increase at the upstream boundaries, the limits of salt intrusion pushes downriver toward river mouth. Suspended sediment concentrations increase at the upriver reaches in the Danshuei River to Tahan Stream, while decrease at Kuan-Du station.     

黄河下游洪水的泥沙输移特征

研究了黄河下游1950-1960年、1969-1985年144次洪水的泥沙输移特征.结果表明:泥沙输移比(SDR)随场次洪水平均含沙量和平均来沙系数的增大而迅速减小;存在着一个使泥沙的输移比达到最大值的最优洪水流量级(4000m3/s左右);场次洪水泥沙输移比与场次洪水最大含沙量之间存在着负相关,当最大含沙量(C_max)>300kg/m3时,泥沙输移比(SDR)<0.50,说明高含沙洪水的输移比是很低的.上中游不同源区的洪水对下游的SDR有显著的差异.来自河口镇以上清水区洪水的SDR大多数大于0.60;来自多沙细沙区洪水的SDR都大于0.50;来自多沙粗沙区洪水的SDR则小于0.50.黄河下游SDR与来自不同来源区洪水的搭配关系有关,SDR随来自粗泥沙区来沙量比例的增大而增大,达到一个峰值,与之相对应的粗泥沙区沙量百分比为50%;对于细泥沙区来沙量比例而言,情形类似,与SDR峰值相对应的细泥沙区来沙量百分比为40%.     

黄河下游输沙水量研究综述

对输沙水量的计算方法,黄河下游汛期、非汛期输沙水量的研究现状,水库对输沙水量的影响,输沙用水总量的研究现状等方面分别作了回顾。分析指出,输沙水量与来水含沙量、来水流量、河道冲淤、河床前期条件等有关。黄河下游各时期输沙水量不同,汛期最小,其余依次为非汛期、冬三月、凌汛期。水库调水调沙的同时也改变着黄河下游的输沙水量。利用水库群调水调沙,使小浪底水库以造床流量、高含沙水流输沙,是目前推荐的黄河下游节水减淤高效输沙入海的主要方式。提出了一些有待进一步研究的问题。     

珠江网河水沙分配变化及其对伶仃洋水沙场的影响

采用二维ECOMSED模型对径流来水来沙变化前后的1978年和1999年伶仃洋洪水期水动力场和悬沙场进行模拟,结果表明:伶仃洋水动力场整体增强,但不同地貌单元水动力变化具有明显差异.分流比变化后洪水期伶仃洋西槽、东槽和中滩水动力增强,涨潮和落潮流速普遍增大0.1m/s;西部各口门区和西滩涨潮流势减弱,径流优势更加明显,但西滩三个口门水道及滩面潮沟落潮流速增大约0.1 m/s;东滩水动力特征变化不大.悬沙浓度亦整体升高,平均增加了0.02~0.05 kg/m3,悬沙高值区范围扩大,0.10 kg/m3等值线由西槽西侧明显向东推进到沿东槽南北向分布,径流来沙的影响范围东扩.     

波浪导致黄河口海床沉积物超孔压响应现场试验研究

黄河口海床特殊的工程地质性质与复杂的工程动力稳定性问题,均与海床沉积物在波浪荷载作用下的孔压动力响应密切相关。在现代黄河水下三角洲潮间带岸滩选择4个典型研究点,现场模拟波浪作用对原状海床沉积物实施循环加载,利用孔隙水压力观测、沉积物强度测试、样品采集与实验室土工测试等方法手段,测定黄河口原状海床沉积物在循环荷载作用不同阶段的孔压响应与强度变化。研究发现,黄河口原状海床沉积物在经历循环加载过程中,典型的超孔压响应可分为逐渐累积、部分消散、快速累积、累积液化和完全消散5个阶段,分别对应沉积物强度的衰减、增大、衰减、丧失和恢复过程,沉积物的粒度组成与结构性强弱决定了超孔压的具体响应模式。波浪导致原状海床液化深度受沉积物的干密度、孔隙比、饱和度等初始物理性质影响显著,细颗粒组分的相对含量高低也在很大程度上控制着沉积物的液化特性。     

黄河口水沙过程变异及其对河口海岸造陆的影响

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨的方法,研究了黄河口海岸造陆与水沙过程变异的关系.研究结果表明:黄河口陆域来水来沙是海岸造陆的基础,来水来沙越大,造陆面积越大,水沙过程变异后,由于水沙的急剧减少,黄河口海岸造陆速度减缓,典型岸段严重蚀退造陆面积也大幅减小;尾闾河道萎缩对海岸造陆影响较大,萎缩越严重,越不利于海岸的造陆发育.运用多元回归分析建立了黄河口海岸造陆水沙临界综合关系式,可供科学调控来水来沙实施黄河口海岸防护过程中参考.     

黄河下游河道边界条件影响输沙效率研究述评

如何高效输沙始终是黄河下游河道治理的一个根本问题,其中河道边界条件对泥沙输送具有重要的影响,这源于两者之间存在的耦合作用。对现有河道边界条件影响输沙效率相关研究进展及存在的问题进行了系统的总结与分析。河道边界条件不仅影响河道空间沿程输沙效率,而且河道边界条件的演化还决定了输沙效率的时间调整过程。这种影响在不同输沙计算方法(水文学方法、水动力学方法)中的表现形式有所不同,但反映物理本质相同,彼此之间存在一定的联系。能否反映水沙运动与河床变形之间的相互作用及耦合特性,这是判断输沙模拟有效性的关键所在。河道输沙与河床变形作为泥沙赋存状态同一问题的两个方面,提出了从河床演变学角度研究输沙效率的问题,为相关研究的开展提供思路与参考。     

含离子浓度参数的粘性泥沙沉速公式研究

以长江为例分析了河流中的水化学特性,得出河流中影响粘性泥沙沉速的主要是Ca2+。阳离子影响泥沙沉速的主要原因是粘性沙的絮凝。对泥沙絮凝沉降过程进行理论分析,推导出絮凝沉速与离子浓度之间的关系式。并且根据试验结果确定以Ca2+浓度为参数时经验关系式中的系数值。用实测的沉速对絮凝沉速公式进行了初步的验证。验证结果表明,用张瑞瑾沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相差很大,而絮凝沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相符合。     

弯道环流流速与泥沙横向输移研究

根据弯道水流特性,分析了断面环流的运动方程,采用普朗特紊流切应力构架建立了横向水流切应力的形式。通过对掺长形式的分析,给出了断面环流横向水流切应力沿垂线表达式,进一步建立了弯道恒定二元环流的横向流速分布公式。经对比分析与资料验证表明,导出的环流流速分布公式结构简单、合理,与资料有较好的拟合性。同时,利用导出的环流流速分布公式,还研究了弯道水流中泥沙的横向输移问题,建立了便于数值模拟的计算模式。     

Water column light attenuation estimation to simulate phytoplankton population in tidal estuary

The penetration of sunlight into the water column plays a critical role in the aquatic ecosystem. The irradiance available for primary production in a water body depends on the incident light at the water surface, light extinction in the water column, and depth. In this study, the light attenuation through the water column of the Danshuei River–Keelung River estuary was estimated. The measurement of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) indicates that the conventional exponential attenuation of light with depth is a very good model. A light attenuation coefficient may be derived from the PAR measurements at each location. The regression with salinity yields a good correlation, indicating that the fraction of seawater should be a good parameter for estimating the water column light attenuation coefficient (K _d ). A laterally averaged two-dimensional finite difference model for hydrodynamic and water quality model was performed and applied to simulate the phytoplankton population at the lower reach of the Danshuei River estuary. In the process of phytoplankton population simulation, the regression model of K _d and salinity was incorporated in the water quality model. The simulated results show that the modeled concentration of chlorophyll a matched the measured values at the lower reach of the Danshuei River estuary.     

Accumulation of muds and metals in the Hudson River estuary turbidity maximum

 In the Hudson River estuary, fine mud and toxic metals are enriched in the upstream turbidity maximum. The mechanisms causing the enrichment were assessed through the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) (bottom and surface), particle size, and trace metal distributions. Bottom SSCs varied across the study area by a factor of ten, and the turbidity maximum activity was observed in between kilometers 45 and 80. The particle-size analysis defined two accumulation modes: <4.65 and >22.1 μm. The ratio of the fine-to-coarse mode increased from 1.75 to 2.75 in the turbidity maximum. The fine mud concentration (55–60%) in the turbidity maximum was found to have a high correlation (r=0.98;p<0.005) with the concentration of <2-μm particles. A conceptual model was derived in order to understand the possible mechanisms by which fine mud (and specifically <2-μm particles) is concentrated. The two dominant size modes were analyzed for toxic metals. The upstream tributaries are major sources of metals compared to point sources at downstream locations. In the turbidity maximum, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb are significantly enriched compared to average shale metal values and ERM toxicity guidelines by 580, 42, 10, 16 and 12, 7, 2.4, 1.4 times, respectively. Decreasing metal concentrations downstream of the turbidity maximum imply that Haverstraw Bay acts as temporary storage for fine particles and enriched metals. It is demonstrated in this study that toxic metals are enriched in Haverstraw Bay due to the mud accumulation. The high levels of toxic metals in the sediments of the Hudson River estuary are a major concern because human activities (dredging and river traffic) cause resuspension of sediments and can change the mobility patterns of bioavailable contaminants. Received: 4 June 1997 · Accepted: 9 September 1997     

黄河下游非恒定输沙数学模型——Ⅱ模型验证

利用所构建的非恒定输沙数学模型,对黄河下游铁谢至孙口河段内的1977年高含沙洪水、1982年大水少沙型洪水以及1996年典型洪水进行了数值模拟.模拟结果证明了数学模型的可靠性,表明该模型不仅能模拟黄河下游河道一般洪水和高含沙洪水的水沙传播、水位变化及河床变形等,而且对模拟现行严重萎缩河道内的洪水演进及河床冲淤特性也有较好的适应性.     

三门峡库区一维非恒定非均匀泥沙输移数学模型

黄河是高含沙河流,含沙量季节差异显著。因此研究黄河干流的非恒定水沙输移规律以及库区泥沙的淤积问题极为重要。应用圣维南方程组以及非恒定泥沙连续方程建立了非恒定非均匀泥沙含沙量计算公式,并根据沙量平衡方程推求出三门峡库区河底高程的变化规律。使用已有的资料对模型进行的验证表明:模型计算与实测资料符合良好,该模型具有较好的应用前景。     

黄河下游非恒定输沙数学模型——Ⅰ模型方程与数值方法

构建起具有通用性的黄河下游一维非恒定输沙数学模型.该模型建立了新的泥沙连续性方程与河床变形方程,克服了以往数学模型计算中取饱和恢复系数小于1等缺陷,引入了符合黄河下游河道水沙特点的水流挟沙力和河床糙率计算等公式,给出了悬移质含沙量以及悬移质泥沙平均粒径沿横向分布的计算方法,以及阐明了河槽在冲淤过程中河宽变化规律的模拟技术.运用Preissmann四点差分格式离散水流方程,并与泥沙连续性方程进行非耦合求解.     

黄河下游河道输沙水量及计算方法研究

根据黄河下游1950年以来的水沙、河道冲淤及洪水观测资料,系统分析了黄河下游主要控制站输沙水量与来沙量、洪水量级、水沙搭配、区间引水引沙及河道允许淤积度等因子间的相互关系。在探讨泥沙输移规律和机理的基础上,引入水沙搭配参数,建立了适用于黄河下游主要控制站汛期及洪水期计算输沙水量的数学表达式,量化了水沙条件及河道允许淤积度变化对河道输沙水量的影响程度。该研究对维持黄河健康生命及黄河水资源的规划利用具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China

The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods.     

淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型相关问题

为研究淤泥质河口的水沙运动规律,建立了用于模拟淤泥质河口水沙运动的二维数学模型。该模型采用基于无结构三角网格下的有限体积法对方程组进行离散,结合Roe-MUSCL方法及时间方向的预测-校正格式,使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。模型中分别采用不同方法计算粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移源项,并引入粘性泥沙的起动流速和冲刷率计算公式。采用已有的概化水槽试验数据对模型进行了初步验证。然后模拟了1995年10月小潮及大潮期间海河口的潮流运动与泥沙输移过程,计算得到的潮位、潮流速及含沙量过程与实测过程符合较好,结果表明模型能够用来模拟淤泥质河口粘性和非粘性泥沙的不平衡输移过程。同时还比较了泥沙输移源项的不同处理方式对计算结果的影响,计算表明在淤泥质河口水沙运动数学模型中必须同时考虑粘性和非粘性泥沙的输移。     

Estimating the settling velocity of bioclastic sediment using common grain‐size analysis techniques

Most techniques for estimating settling velocities of natural particles have been developed for siliciclastic sediments. Therefore, to understand how these techniques apply to bioclastic environments, measured settling velocities of bioclastic sedimentary deposits sampled from a nearshore fringing reef in Western Australia were compared with settling velocities calculated using results from several common grain‐size analysis techniques (sieve, laser diffraction and image analysis) and established models. The effects of sediment density and shape were also examined using a range of density values and three different models of settling velocity. Sediment density was found to have a significant effect on calculated settling velocity, causing a range in normalized root‐mean‐square error of up to 28%, depending upon settling velocity model and grain‐size method. Accounting for particle shape reduced errors in predicted settling velocity by 3% to 6% and removed any velocity‐dependent bias, which is particularly important for the fastest settling fractions. When shape was accounted for and measured density was used, normalized root‐mean‐square errors were 4%, 10% and 18% for laser diffraction, sieve and image analysis, respectively. The results of this study show that established models of settling velocity that account for particle shape can be used to estimate settling velocity of irregularly shaped, sand‐sized bioclastic sediments from sieve, laser diffraction, or image analysis‐derived measures of grain size with a limited amount of error. Collectively, these findings will allow for grain‐size data measured with different methods to be accurately converted to settling velocity for comparison. This will facilitate greater understanding of the hydraulic properties of bioclastic sediment which can help to increase our general knowledge of sediment dynamics in these environments.     

河流泥沙输移过程中矿物风化的碳汇效应初探——以长江干流为例

本文首先提出了河流泥沙输移过程中泥沙中的钙镁矿物溶蚀消耗水体中的CO2并具有碳汇功能的观点。基于前人长江干流从源头到入海口和支流2003~2007年期间4次河流悬移质泥沙的化学元素组成和矿物组成资料,分析悬移质中CaO、MgO含量和方解石、白云石含量变化特征,定量计算了这些取样点悬移质泥沙的CO2总碳汇能力和非永久性、永久性碳汇能力,分析了不同碳汇能力沿程变化规律及其原因。碳汇计算结果表明：寸滩—大通河段1956~2000年期间泥沙输移过程中钙镁矿物溶蚀产生的总碳汇量、非永久性和永久性碳汇量分别为2572万t/a、1700万t/a和872万t/a。由于输沙量减少,寸滩站—大通站河段的总碳汇量、非永久性和永久性碳汇量2006~2019年期间较1956~2000年期间相应分别减少了1852万t、1224万t和872万t。三峡水库年均淤积量1. 145亿t,损失总碳汇量675. 6万t,相当于三峡电站减排二氧化碳8580万t的7. 9%。全球河流入海年输沙量126. 1亿t,以寸滩- 吴淞口河段碳汇功能0. 060 t/t计,总碳汇量7. 57亿t相当于全球岩石风化碳汇总量10. 56亿t CO2的71. 6%。河流泥沙输移过程中钙镁矿物溶蚀的碳汇量具有重要的作用,其溶蚀速率大于原地风化。