地震类型与震源机制

本文分析了我国14次地震序列的主要地震断层面解和错动性质。结果表明:震群型序列中较强地震的断层面解基本相同,其错动性质或相同或互为共轭错动;双震型序列中两次主震的断层面解明显的不同,其错动性质也有差异,它们的较大余震断层面解分别相似于两次主震的断层面解。在这种情况中,有意义的是第一主震至第二主震中间均有与第二主震断层面解相似的地震发生;主震型序列中早期较强余震断层面解多与主震相同,也有少数较杂乱,总的看来这种一致性劣于震群型序列。最后讨论了不同震型地震断层面解的差异在实用中的意义。     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震序列断层结构及震源区应力场特征

使用芦山地震序列2013年4月20日至5月20日一个月的地震震相数据和M_S4.0以上地震的波形数据, 通过双差定位方法得到了3398个地震的精定位结果, 利用时间域全波形反演方法得到17个地震的矩张量解。 综合分析地震双差定位结果和芦山地震序列中强地震震源机制解, 发现芦山地震发震构造由主震断层和次级反冲断层组成, 主震断层为一走向北东、 倾向北西、 倾角约为45°的高角度逆冲断层, 次级反冲断层与主震断层走向相同, 倾向相反, 两条断层均未出露地表。 主震和余震震源机制解均为逆冲型, 几乎没有走滑分量。 震源区主压应力方位为北西向, 与发震断层走向近乎垂直。     

强余震的断层面解特征

本文分析了我国及邻区16次大地震的前震、主震和强余震的断层面解.其结果表明:前震和主震具有很好的一致性;一部分强余震同主震相比具有明显的差异, 具有明显差异的强余震发生的时间, 一般都在主震之后的一、二天内.这些特点有助于对地震趋势的估计.断层面解的差异性可能由于局部应力场引起, 也可能由于震源区断层面错动性质的多样性所致.      

四川芦山MS7.0地震余震序列双差定位、震源机制及应力场反演

2013年4月20日发生了四川芦山M_S7.0地震,主震中位于青藏地块与华南地块结合部的龙门山断裂带南端.本研究用双差定位法对芦山地震主震及余震序列进行重新定位,得到主震位置为(30.29°N,102.97°E,17.82 km)及4100多次余震重新定位结果.利用GSN/IRIS台网和国家台网及四川省区域台网的波形数据对主震及部分余震进行了震源机制解反演.结果表明,主震为一次逆冲地震,根据余震序列分布确定发震断层面走向为200°,震源机制解断层倾角为45°.基于震源断层面解和断层滑动方向,采用力轴张量计算法得到了研究区域的平均主压应力方向约为N112°E.     

大桥4.6级水库地震的主压应力变化

利用大桥水库遥测地震台网的模拟地震记录初动符号资料,分年度和不相等时间段测定大桥水库小震综合断层面解,寻找4.6级水库地震的主压应力变化。利用1996～2005年大桥库区689次地震的1605个初动符号,求出P轴和T轴的参数,结果显示:从蓄水到主震发生,P轴方位角,随时间越来越逼近主震P轴方位角;逼近主震时解的精度高,矛盾比变小;T轴方位角主震前相对一致。     

2015年新疆皮山MW6.4地震发震断层和滑动分布反演

本文基于Sentinel-1A卫星影像数据提取了2015年皮山M_W6.4地震的同震形变场, 震中北部以隆升为主, 最大抬升量为12.9 cm; 南部以沉降为主, 最大沉降量为5.5 cm。 采用基于单一断层滑动模型的多峰粒子群优化和蒙特卡罗算法, 以LOS向InSAR形变场为约束, 对发震断层的几何模型进行非线性反演。 在此基础上, 联合InSAR和GPS数据, 利用最速下降法反演断层滑动分布。 综合结果表明: 发震断层是顶部埋深约7.4 km的隐伏断裂, 断层面大小为48 km×35 km, 断层走向、 倾角、 断层滑动角分别为111°、 19°、 91°; 断层最大滑动量0.47 m, 位于深度为10.6 km的区域; 累计地震矩3.89×10¹⁸ N·m, 约合矩震级M_W6.33。 最后, 依据主震断层滑移量计算了主震对周围中小断裂的库仑应力扰动变化, 结果显示距离震中最近的泽普断裂受主震影响的库仑应力明显增加; 震后3年内余震集中分布在泽普断裂库仑应力增加区域, 表明皮山地震主震对余震的发生可能具有一定的应力触发作用。     

2010年玉树M_S 7.1地震发震断层面参数的确定

本研究将利用余震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数的方法应用于2010年玉树MS7.1级地震发震断层面参数的确定,获得了本次地震断层面参数为:走向294.6°,倾角78.0°,滑动角7.5°,属于左旋走滑型地震和甘孜—玉树断裂带的性质相一致.主震前后应力场反演结果表明该区域的应力场为:中间主应力轴近直立,最大和最小主应力轴近水平,且发现玉树地震前后震源区应力场存在偏转现象,最大主压应力轴由震前的NEE向逆时针旋转至震后的NNE向,震后最大主压应力轴与断层走向近垂直,表明主震对震源区应力释放较为充分.     

粒子群算法在主震断层面参数估计中的应用

提出了利用粒子群全局优化算法,由余震震源参数确定主震断层面的方法,从而克服了常见的Gauss-Newton法对初值的敏感性.同时,讨论了l1和l2范数准则对参数估计的影响.将该方法用于2003年7月21日云南大姚6.2级地震断层面参数估计,取得了较好的结果.     

2017年11月18日西藏米林M6.9地震对后续地震的静态库伦应力的影响

基于2017年11月18日西藏米林M6.9地震的破裂模型,分别计算了2种接收断层选择方案下,不同深度的静态库伦破裂应力变化的空间分布。一种方案认为接收断层的参数和发震断层一致;另一种方案假设断层的方位随机分布,选择在主震同震应力场作用下最容易发生错动的断层面作为接收断层面。根据以上2种方案下静态库伦破裂应力变化的结果,讨论主震对震后短期内余震以及2019年4月24日西藏墨脱M6.3地震的静态库伦应力的影响。结果表明:1)当接收断层和发震断层一致时,各深度处于静态库伦破裂应力变化正值区的余震比例较小,正值区余震的震源机制和主震相似,分析认为是主震继续破裂所导致。2)各深度大部分余震处于静态库伦破裂应力变化的负值区,考虑可能是由于这些余震和主震的震源机制差异较大所致。通过选择最容易发生错动的断层面作为接收断层面计算静态库伦破裂应力变化的结果可发现,不同深度的余震均处于静态库伦破裂应力变化大于触发阈值0.01MPa的范围内,说明所有余震均有被触发的可能性。推测处于静态库伦破裂应力变化负值区的余震可能发生在主震剧烈破裂导致的破碎带内,从而导致其震源机制解与主震存在较大差异。破碎带的存在会显著降...     

龙陵地震的震源机制

本文使用P波初动资料求得1976年5月29日两次龙陵主震及5级以上强余震的震源机制解,并根据体波频谱测定了两主震的断层尺度、破裂速度、地震矩、平均位错、应力降等震源参数。结果表明,该区在近南北向压力作用下,第一主震是北西走向的右旋逆断层,第二主震是北东走向的左旋逆断层;断层尺度小、地震矩小、应力降低是第一主震的重要特征,显示出该震具有很高的初始破裂应力和终止残余应力。这个高的残余应力是继发第二主震的重要原因。     

山东长岛海域震群重定位及震源特征研究

基于山东数字化地震台站的震相资料和胶东半岛地区的速度结构模型,利用双差定位方法对2017年2月14日开始的山东长岛地区双震群进行重新定位,结果显示主震群余震序列分布沿一级断裂分布,震群位置比较集中。并利用CAP方法（Cut and Paste）对长岛海域2个震群中的几个较大地震进行震源机制解的反演分析,其中,2017年3月3日的主震震源机制解的节面Ⅰ走向为320°,倾角57°,滑动角为12°;节面Ⅱ走向为223.4°,倾角80°,滑动角为146.4°;主震的最佳拟合深度在9.7km,6次较大地震的节面Ⅰ走向也基本一致。     

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.     

利用小震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数方法及其在唐山地震序列中的应用

根据成丛小震发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,将模拟退火算法和高斯-牛顿算法结合,给出了利用小震密集程度求解主震断层面走向、倾角、位置及其误差的稳健估计方法,在此基础上考虑区域构造应力参数,给出了估计在已求得的断层面上的滑动角的方法.该方法还可用于小震活跃地区活断层走向、倾角和滑动角的确定.将这种方法用于唐山地震序列,采用2002年4月1日至2006年5月31日发生在地震破裂区的精定位地震目录,求得了唐山地震、滦县地震、宁河及卢龙断裂带的断层面走向、倾角、位置及滑动角参数.与前人给出的断层面解进行比较,发现利用小震精定位资料和区域构造应力场得到的结果与前人采用其他资料和方法得到的结果近似,验证了这种方法的有效性.另外,本研究首次发现滦县地震区东部的小震呈北东-南西向条带状成丛发生,可精确刻画为一条断裂带,较为精确地确定了此断层的走向、倾角和滑动角.该断裂及宁河断裂在唐山地震序列发生时是否破裂需要运用其他资料进行验证.     

MECHANISM OF THE 2015 PISHAN,XINJIANG, MS6.5 MAINSHOCK AND RELOCATION OF ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES

Using the digital broadband seismic data recorded by Xinjiang network stations, we obtained focal mechanism of the July 3 Pishan, Xinjiang, M_S6.5 earthquake with generalized Cut and Paste(gCAP)inversion method. The strike, dip and rake of first nodal plane are 97°, 27°, 51°, and the second nodal plane are 318°, 70°, 107°. The centroid depth and moment magnitude are calculated to be 12km and 6.4. Combining with the distribution of aftershocks, we conclude that the first nodal plane is the seismogenic fault, and the main shock presents a thrust earthquake at low angle. We relocated 1014 earthquakes using the double-difference algorithm, and finally obtained 937 relocated events. Our results show that the earthquake sequences clearly demonstrate a unilateral extension about 50km nearly in NWW direction, and are mainly located above 25km depth, especially the small earthquakes are predominately located at the shallow parts. Furthermore, the focal depth profile shows a southwestward dipping fault plane at the main shock position, suggesting listric thrust faulting, which is consistent with the dip of the mainshock rupture plane. The spatial distribution of aftershocks represents that the Tarim block was thrust under the West Kunlun orogenic belt. In addition, the dip angle of the fault plane gradually increases along the NWW direction, possibly suggesting a gradual increase of strike-slip component during the NWW rupturing process. From above, we conclude that the Pishan M_S6.5 earthquake is the result of Tibet plateau pushing onto the Tarim block from south to north, which further confirms that the continuous collision of India plate and Eurasia plate has strong influence on the seismic activity in and around the Tibet plateau.     

1303年山西洪洞8级地震震源断层研究

1303年在山西洪洞附近发生的8级巨大地震, 是中国根据现存较为详细的文献记载史料所确定的最早的一次8级地震。 这次地震距今已有700多年的历史, 而地震所在区域至今仍有持续不断的小地震活动。 本文根据地震破裂区1981年至2013年的中小地震精定位地震目录, 采用震源断层面拟合方法, 反演得到了1303年山西洪洞地震的震源断层面参数: 走向19.3°、 倾角88.5°、 滑动角-170.0°。 断层面长75.5 km, 宽26.2 km, 深度为地下11.12 ～37.35 km。 将地震破裂区的地震精确定位资料以近东西向的洪洞断裂为界划分为地震北段和地震南段, 分段进行地震震源断层拟合, 反演得到洪洞地震北段震源断层面参数: 走向13.7°、 倾角76.6°、 滑动角-157.6°。 断层面长32.7 km, 宽21.7 km, 深度为地下11.97～32.86 km; 南段震源断层面参数: 走向20.3°、 倾角87.1°、 滑动角-154.6°。 断层面长45.9 km, 宽16.6 km, 深度为地下9.32 km～25.50 km。 无论是分段还是不分段, 反演得到的洪洞地震震源断层均是右倾的近直立断层, 属于右旋走向滑动性质。 分段计算得到的地震北段震源断层深度比南段更深, 将反演得到的震源断层与临汾盆地深部构造最新研究成果进行了分析对比, 北段震源断层深度及倾角大小与深地震剖面推测得到的深大断裂几乎相同。 震源断层在地表的投影与洪洞地震的高烈度区能够较好地对应。     

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT AND DYNAMICS PARAME-TERS OF THE 2014 MS6.6 JINGGU EARTHQUAKE IN YUNNAN

On October 17, 2014, a M_S6.6 earthquake occurred in Jinggu, Yunnan. The epicenter was located in the western branch of Wuliang Mountain, the northwest extension line of Puwen Fault. There are 2 faults in the surrounding area, one is a sinistral strike-slip and the other is the dextral. Two faults have mutual intersection with conjugate joints property to form a checkerboard faulting structure. The structure of the area of the focal region is complex. The present-day tectonic movement is strong, and the aftershock distribution indicates the faulting surface trending NNW. There is no obvious surface rupture related to the known fault in the epicenter, and there is a certain distance from the surface of the Puwen fault zone. Regional seismic activity is strong. In 1941, there were two over magnitude 7.0 earthquakes in the south of the epicenter of Jinggu County and Mengzhe Town. In 1988, two mainshock-aftershock type earthquakes occurred in Canglan-Gengma Counties, the principal stress axes of the whole seismic area is in the direction of NNE. Geological method can be adopted to clarify the distribution of surficial fracture caused by active faults, and high-precision seismic positioning and spatial distribution characteristics of seismic sequences can contribute to understand deep seismogenic faults and geometric features. Thus, we can better analyze the three-dimensional spatial distribution characteristics of seismotectonics and the deep and shallow tectonic relationship. The focal mechanism reveals the property and faulting process to a certain extent, which can help us understand not only the active property of faults, but also the important basis for deep tectonic stress and seismogenic mechanism. In order to study the fault characteristic of the Jinggu earthquake, the stress field characteristics of the source area and the geometric parameters of the fault plane, this paper firstly uses the 15 days aftershock data of the Jingsuo M_S6.6 earthquake, to precisely locate the main shock and aftershock sequences using double-difference location method. The results show that the aftershock sequences have clustering characteristics along the NW direction, with a depth mainly of 5~15km. Based on the precise location, calculations are made to the focal mechanisms of a total of 46 earthquakes including the main shock and aftershocks with M_L ≥ 3.0 of the Jinggu earthquake. The double-couple(DC)component of the focal mechanism of the main shock shows that nodal plane Ⅰ:The strike is 239°, the dip 81°, and the rake -22°; nodal plane Ⅱ, the strike is 333°, the dip 68°, and the rake -170.31°. According to focal mechanism solutions, there are 42 earthquakes with a focal mechanism of strike-slip type, accounting for 91.3%. According to the distribution of the aftershock sequence, it can be inferred that the nodal plane Ⅱ is the seismogenic fault. The obtained focal mechanism is used to invert the stress field in the source region. The distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress orienation is concentrated. The main features of the regional tectonic stress field are under the NNE-SSW compression(P axis)and the NW-SE extension(T axis)and are also affected by NNW direction stress fields in the central region of Yunnan, which indicates that Jinggu earthquake fault, like Gengma earthquake, is a new NW-trending fault which is under domination of large-scale tectonic stress and effected by local tectonic stress environment. In order to define more accurately the occurrence of the fault plane of the Jinggu earthquake, with the precise location results and the stress field in the source region, the global optimal solution of the fault plane parameters and its error are obtained by using both global searching simulated annealing algorithm and local searching Gauss-Newton method. Since the parameters of the fault plane fitting process use the stress parameters obtained by the focal mechanism inversion, the data obtained by the fault plane fitting is more representative of the rupture plane, that is, the strike 332.75°, the dip 89.53°, and the rake -167.12°. The buried depth of the rupture plane is 2.746km, indicating that the source fault has not cut through the surface. Based on the stress field characteristics and the inversion results of the fault plane, it is preliminarily believed that the seismogenic structure of the Jinggu earthquake is a newly generated nearly vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault with normal component. The rupture plane length is about 17.2km, which does not extend to the Puwen fault zone. Jinggu earthquake occurred in Simao-Puer seismic region in the south of Sichuan-Yunnan plate. Its focal mechanism solution is similar to that of the three sub-events of the Gengma earthquake in November 1988. The seismogenic structure of both of them is NW-trending and the principal stress is NE-SW. The rupture plane of the Jinggu main shock(NW direction)is significantly different from the known near NS direction Lancang Fault and the near NE direction Jinggu Fault in the study area. It is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of this earthquake has a neogenetic feature.     

唐山地震的破裂过程及其力学分析

由 P 波初动符号资料在 DJS-6机上计算了主震及17个较大余震的断层面解,并按照有限移动源模式测定了主震及三个最大余震的震源参数.主震是发生在一个近似直立的右旋走滑断层上,走向 N30°E,破裂方式为不对称的双侧破裂,以2.7公里/秒的平均速度向北东传播70公里,向南西传播45公里.测定的主震震源参数例如平均位错136厘米,地震矩1.24×1027达因·厘米,应力降12巴等.大多数M_L>5.0的余震是发生在主破裂面附近及主破裂面两端的扩展分支上,该扩展分支位于膨胀符号区并与主破裂偏离80°左右.较大余震的多数亦集中在这两个扩展分支上.本文试图从理论上分析这种断裂扩展的力学特征.对于脆性材料的复合变形情形,破裂不再沿原来平面扩展,而是与原来平面偏离一个角度的另一面内扩展.并提出一个力学模型,计算了断层扩展角,计算结果与观测事实比较吻合.根据以上结果,本文讨论了唐山地震特点及发生的力学条件,认为唐山地震不同于发生在大断层上能用粘滑机制解释的那类地震,它和海城地震类似的是,除水平应力场作用外,还可能有地下物质的变迁,由于这种变迁使局部地壳受到垂直力.它和海城地震不同的是,它发生在一个比较均匀的脆性介质内,因而能够积累能量发生大震而没有前震.      

2015年7月3日皮山6.5级地震发震构造初步研究

基于新疆区域数字地震台网记录,采用CAP（Cut and Paste）方法反演了2015年7月3日皮山6.5级主震和部分M_S3.6以上余震的震源机制解和震源深度;采用HypoDD方法重新定位了序列中M_L2.5以上地震序列的震源位置,并利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合了可能存在的发震断层面参数.基于上述研究,综合分析了皮山6.5级地震序列的震源深度、震源机制和震源破裂面特征,探讨可能的发震构造.结果显示,利用CAP方法得到的最佳双力偶机制解节面I：走向280°/倾角60°/滑动角90°;节面Ⅱ：走向100°/倾角30°/滑动角90°,矩心深度19 km,表明该地震为一次逆冲型地震事件.大部分M_S3.6以上余震震源机制与主震具有一定的相似性.双差定位结果显示,M_L2.5以上的余震序列主要分布在主震的西南方向,深度主要分布在0～15 km范围内,余震分布显示出与发震构造泽普隐伏断裂一致的倾向南西的特征.利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到发震断层参数为走向104°/倾角34°/滑动角94°,该结果与主震震源机制解中节面Ⅱ的滑动角较为接近,绝大多数余震发生在断层面附近10 km左右的区域.根据本研究得到的震源机制、精定位结果以及利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到的断层面的参数,结合震源区地质构造情况,初步给出了此次皮山6.5级地震的发震模式.     

FOCAL MECHANISM AND SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE M5.0 YUEXI EARTHQUAKE ON 1 OCT. 2014, SOUTHWESTERN CHINA

The Oct.1,2014 M5.0 Yuexi earthquake occurred on the Daliang Shan fault zone where only several historical moderate earthquakes were recorded.Based on the waveform data from Sichuan regional seismic network,we calculated the focal mechanism solution and centroid depth of the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake by CAP (Cut and Paste) waveform inversion method,and preliminarily analyzed the seismogenic structure.We also calculated the apparent stress values of the M5.0 earthquake and other 14 M_L≥4.0 events along the Shimian-Qiaojia fault segment of the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block.The result indicates that the parameters of the focal mechanism solution are with a strike of 256°,dip of 62°,and slip of 167° for the nodal plane Ⅰ,and strike of 352°,dip of 79°,and slip of 29° for the nodal plane Ⅱ.The azimuth of the P axis is 121° with dip angle of 11°,the azimuth of T axis is 217° with dip angle of 28°,and the centroid depth is about 11km,and moment magnitude is M_W5.1.According to the focal mechanism solution and the fault geometry near the epicenter,we infer that the seismogenic fault is a branch fault,i.e.,the Puxiong Fault,along the central segment of the Daliang Shan fault zone.Thus,the nodal plane Ⅱ was interpreted as the coseismic rupture plane.The M5.0 Yuexi earthquake is a strike-slip faulting event with an oblique component.The above findings reveal the M5.0 Yuexi earthquake resulted from the left-lateral strike-slip faulting of the NNW Dalang Shan fault zone under the nearly horizontal principal compressive stress regime in an NWW-SEE direction.The apparent stress value of the Yuexi earthquake is 0.99MPa,higher than those of the M_L ≥ 4.0 earthquakes along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan block since 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake,implying a relatively high stress level on the seismogenic area and greater potential for the moderate and strong earthquake occurrence.It may also reflect the current increasing stress level of the entire area along the eastern boundary,and therefore,posing the risk of strong earthquakes there.     

2015年7月3日新疆皮山MS 6.5地震序列震源机制解及发震构造分析

2015年7月3日09时07分,在新疆皮山县发生M_(S)6.5地震,震源深度约10 km,主震后一段时间内陆续发生一系列大小不等的余震。使用新疆测震台网原始波形数据和中国地震台网编目数据库震相数据,采用CAP方法反演皮山M_(S)6.5地震及M_(S)3.5以上余震序列震源机制解,得到震源机制解参数,其中:节面Ⅰ走向为136°,倾角为34°,滑动角为94°;节面Ⅱ走向为311°,倾角为56°,滑动角为87°;最佳震源深度为21.3 km;矩震级为M_(W)6.3。据皮山地区地质构造和余震序列展布,基本确定节面Ⅰ为发震断层面;通过震源球判定本次地震的断层活动主要表现为逆冲型特征,破裂优势方向SE,倾角以20°—40°居多,滑动角以70°—120°居多。