Petrographic constraints on models of intergranular pressure solution in quartzose sandstones

Petrographic and SEM observations on 478 samples of six quartzose sandstones provide a data base that can be used to evaluate the role of intergranular pressure solution (IPS) in sandstone diagenesis and to constrain predictive models of the pressure solution process. SEM examination of grain contacts that have experienced pressure solution suggests that IPS occurs at the interior portions of contacts where the greatest stress is concentrated and that granulation of quartz grains at points of contact may contribute to the process. The chemical compaction fabrics that result from IPS suggest that the process is most commonly induced by effective lithostatic stress and that the resulting strain is uniaxial.Numerous geological variables influence IPS. Grain size exerts a fundamental influence, with finer grained samples experiencing more IPS than coarser grained samples. On both local and regional scales, IPS is inhibited by poor sorting, an abundance of ductile grains, the presence of “shallow” cement, slow rates of shallow burial, and overpressured conditions. In contrast, IPS is enhanced by the presence of illite grain coatings, increased maximum burial depth, rapid rates of shallow burial, longer times spent at great depths, higher temperatures, and high volumes and rates of fluid flow.Silica budgets indicate that some of the analyzed sandstones approximate mass balance whereas others have exported silica. Calculations of fluid flow requirements indicate that advanced stages of IPS are favored by high volume, high velocity fluid flow. Such flow can occur as a result of uplift of basin margins, which is typical of foreland and intractonic basins.     

内蒙古阿尔山中泥盆统石英砂岩大地构造意义

内蒙古阿尔山大石沟中出现一套石英砂岩,其颗粒成分石英占86%～88%,将石英砂岩和现代不同构造环境海底砂的平均碎屑矿物组合模式比较得出石英砂岩物源区为克拉通内陆块,通过QFL和QmFLt判别图解的进一步验证,物源区为克拉通内陆块。     

A new methodology for computing ionic profiles and disjoining pressure in swelling porous media

A new two-scale computational model is proposed to construct the constitutive law of the swelling pressure which appears in the modified form of the macroscopic effective stress principle for expansive clays saturated by an aqueous electrolyte solution containing multivalent ionic species. The microscopic non-local nanoscale model is constructed based on a coupled Poisson-Fredholm integral equation arising from the thermodynamics of inhomogeneous fluids in nanopores (Density Functional Theory), which governs the local electric double layer potential profile coupled with the ion-particle correlation function in an electrolytic solution of finite size ions. The local problem is discretized by invoking the eigenvalue expansion of the convolution kernel in conjunction with the Galerkin method for the Gauss-Poisson equation. The discretization of the Fredholm equation is accomplished by a collocation scheme employing eigenfunction basis. Numerical simulations of the local ionic profiles in rectangular cell geometries are obtained showing considerable discrepancies with those computed with Poisson-Boltzmann based models for point charges, particularly for divalent ions in calcium montmorillonite. The constitutive law for the disjoining pressure is reconstructed numerically by invoking the contact theorem within a post-processing approach. The resultant computational model is capable of capturing ranges of particle attraction characterized by negative values of the disjoining pressure overlooked by the classical electric double layer theory. Such results provide further insight in the role the swelling pressure plays in the modified macroscopic effective stress principle for expansive porous media.     

A flow mechanism for layering in a heterogeneous porous medium

The flow of a particle fluid mixture through a heterogeneous permeable material is studied with a view to obtaining characteristic fingerprints for the structures that such flows may exhibit. This flow has a variable density and behaves as a compressible fluid, with the compressibility derived from the variations of the local field variables. Both pressure-sensitive or speed-fluctuation-dependent rheologies are studied in the steady state and a speed-fluctuation-dependent material is studied in a time-dependent analysis. The salient findings are that for a pressure-sensitive material structures normal to the mean flow direction are obtained. For the speed-fluctuation-dependent rheology, the pressure structures are normal to the mean flow, whereas the density structures are aligned with the flow (fingering).Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic Supplementary Material is available in the online version of this article at .     

A mixed solution for two-dimensional unsteady flow in fractured porous media

A mixed finite element–boundary element solution for the analysis of two-dimensional flow in porous media composed of rock blocks and discrete fractures is described. The rock blocks are modelled implicitly by using boundary elements whereas finite elements are adopted to model the discrete fractures. The computational procedure has been implemented in a hybrid code which has been validated first by comparing the numerical results with the closed-form solution for flow in a porous aquifer intercepted by a vertical fracture only. Then, a more complex problem has been solved where a pervious, homogeneous and isotropic matrix containing a net of fractures is considered. The results obtained are shown to describe satisfactorily the main features of the flow problem under study. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A possible mechanism for elastic wave propagation in porous rocks

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

高静水压力压实作用下疏松砂岩渗透特性演化及其机制

以江汉盆地水热型地热田疏松砂岩为研究对象,施加静水压力至实测地层应力(12.5MPa),待试样变形稳定后,在恒定渗透流量下研究了疏松砂岩在高静水压力压实作用下渗透特性演化及其机制,为水热型地热田现场尾水回灌过程设备参数的选择提供一些建议。研究结果表明:在高静水压力压实作用下渗透流量(0.5～3.0 mL/min)影响试样达到稳定渗透率的时间,但对最终的稳定渗透率不产生影响,趋于常数4.0×10-3mm²;试样两端压差呈非线性增加,且非线性程度随渗透流速的增加而逐渐增大,但最终趋于稳定。此外,疏松砂岩试样沿渗流方向形成管状潜蚀通道,延伸至试样的约2/3处;基于颗粒运移停止时间及管状潜蚀通道在渗流方向的扩展、延伸长度,定义了不同渗透流速下颗粒平均运移速度,发现颗粒运移速度随渗透流速的增加呈指数形式增大,而且单位时间内通过管状潜蚀通道运移的可移动微小颗粒(小于0.075mm)量随渗透流速的增加而逐渐增多;试样两端压差超过静水压力约1/2时,试样发生潜蚀破坏,上游出现径缩现象。     

不同围压下砂岩的变形力学特性与损伤机制

开展不同围压下砂岩的强度、变形和损伤演化研究,对岩体工程的结构设计和稳定性评价具有重要意义。对赵固一矿二1煤层顶板砂岩进行试验获得其力学参数,并采用颗粒流程序获得砂岩细观力学参数,结合编制的fish语言程序进行试验,研究砂岩在不同围压的强度、变形和损伤演化机制,得到如下结论:随着围压增加砂岩的屈服段变长,围压小于40 MPa时峰值强度随围压变化敏感,大于40 MPa时敏感性降低,随着围压增加砂岩由脆性破坏逐步转变为延性破坏;砂岩的扩容经历线性体缩、线性扩容和非线性扩容3个阶段,围压增大线性扩容阶段缩短而非线性扩容阶段增加,扩容指数和扩容起始点轴向应变与围压存在指数变化规律;砂岩的损伤破坏经历损伤弥散分布、聚集成核、形成局部裂隙和主控破裂面形成4个阶段,低围压下砂岩沿单一主控破裂面发生压剪破坏,高围压下主控破裂面呈X型交叉破坏岩体,为X型共轭斜面剪切破坏形式。     

致密砂岩高围压和高孔隙水压下渗透率演化规律及微观机制

深部岩石工程具有高地应力和高水头压力的特点。为了研究岩石在高围压和高孔隙水压条件下渗透率演化规律,选取致密砂岩开展不同围压条件下变孔隙水压的渗流试验。研究结果表明:(1)在所研究的围压范围内(0~50 MPa),随孔隙压力增加,渗透率依次呈现3种不同的变化趋势,即快速增长阶段(围压为10~20 MPa)、缓慢增长阶段(围压为30~40 MPa)和保持恒定阶段(围压为50 MPa);在围压卸载时,由于高围压作用使试样内部产生不可逆变形,导致渗透率具有明显的不可恢复现象,且随围压降低,渗透率恢复存在滞后效应。(2)渗流试验过程中,体积应变和渗透率演化具有较好的一致性。(3)在围压加卸载过程中,高孔隙水压力条件下渗透率对应力的敏感程度和恢复程度均大于低孔隙水压力。(4)偏光显微镜图像从微观角度揭示了试样在围压加卸载过程中产生不可逆变形的内在机制:骨架颗粒相互挤压、错动导致原有微裂隙压缩、孔隙减小甚至坍塌,引起渗透率不可恢复。渗流试验后,纵波波速增大,说明岩石致密性提高,与试样内部微观结构变化具有较好的一致性。     

砂岩含水介质中铀的吸附和迁移行为研究

地浸铀矿山退役后,含水层中残留的含铀浸出液随着地下水的运动向下游迁移扩散,存在对周边地下水污染的风险。本文设计了若干组批实验和柱实验,研究铀在北方某地浸铀矿山砂岩含水介质中的吸附和迁移行为。实验结果表明,砂岩对铀的吸附在12 h以内达到平衡,铀初始浓度越高,砂岩的铀吸附容量越大;砂岩对铀的吸附为吸热反应,温度升高有利于吸附反应的进行。溶液pH值和共存 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度会对铀的吸附作用产生强烈的影响:pH值在7左右时,铀的吸附量最高; {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度越高,铀的吸附量越低。这些影响是通过改变溶液中铀的络合形态和砂岩矿物表面的电荷性质实现的。柱实验表明,pH值、铀浓度、流速和 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度是影响铀在饱和砂岩含水介质中迁移的重要因素。pH值≤7时,pH值越高,砂岩柱越不易被铀穿透;而铀浓度、流速、 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度越高,砂岩柱越易被铀穿透。两点非平衡模型可以很好地拟合不同条件下铀在砂岩柱中的迁移过程。批实验获得的分配系数是柱实验的1.16.6倍。通过对比实验条件、含水层特性和地下水化学特征,确定分配系数为48.1 mL/g时,较适合描述研究区内砂岩含水层中的铀迁移。上述认识为地浸铀矿山地下水铀的反应运移过程和天然自净化机理提供了理论依据。     

A new closed‐form solution for analysis of unlined pressure tunnels under seepage forces

In this study, a simplified analytical closed‐form solution, considering plane strain and axial symmetry conditions, for analysis of a circular pressure tunnel excavated underwater table, is developed. The method accounts for the seepage forces with the steady‐state flow and is based on the generalized effective stress law. To examine the effect of pore pressure variations and also the boundary conditions at the ground surface, the formulations are derived for different directions around the tunnel. The proposed method can be applied for analysis and design of pressure tunnels. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution and also to examine the effect of seepage forces on the stability of tunnels. The simplified analytical solution derived in this study is compared with numerical analyses. It is concluded that the classic solutions (Lame's thick‐walled solution), considering the internal pressure as a mechanical load applied to the tunnel surface, are not applicable to pervious media and can result in an unsafe design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new matrix for multiphase couplings in a membrane porous medium

The empirical Darcy's law of water transport in porous media, Fick's law of chemical diffusion, and Fourier's law of thermal transport have been widely used in geophysics/geochemistry for over 150 years. However, the strong couplings between water, temperature, and chemicals in a membrane porous medium have made these laws inapplicable and present a significant hurdle to the understanding of multiphase flow in such a material. Extensive experiments over the past century have observed chemical osmosis and thermal osmosis, but a model for understanding their underlying physicochemical basis has remained unavailable, because of the highly cross‐disciplinary and multiscale‐multiphase nature of the coupling. Based on the fundamental principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and mixture coupling theory, a rigorously theoretical and mathematical framework is proposed and a general model accounting for all of the coupled influences is developed. This leads to a simple and robust mathematical matrix for studying multiphase couplings in a membrane porous medium when all chemical components are electrically neutral.     

围压-孔压改变条件下致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比变化特征及机制

在围压(外压)或孔压(内压)发生变化的条件下,致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比的变化特征及机制仍有待厘清.本研究从Terzaghi有效应力理论和国内学者提出的新有效应力概念出发,基于松辽盆地高台子组致密砂岩、青山口组泥页岩三向动、静态泊松比测定结果,剖析了两类岩石泊松比的变化特征及机制.岩石样品三向泊松比变化曲线的分布呈现显著的...     

单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态响应半解析解

基于Zienkiewicz提出的非饱和多孔介质波动理论,考虑两相流体和固体颗粒的压缩性以及惯性、黏滞和机械耦合作用,采用半解析的方法获得了一类典型边界条件下单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态响应解。首先推导出无量纲化后以位移表示的控制方程,并将其写成矩阵形式;然后,将边界条件齐次化,求解控制方程所对应的特征值问题,得到了满足齐次边界条件的特征值和相对应的特征函数。根据变异系数法并利用特征函数的正交性,得到了一系列仅黏滞耦合的关于时间的二阶常微分方程及相应的初始条件。在此基础上,运用精细时程积分法给出了常微分方程组的数值解。最后,通过若干算例验证了结果的正确性并探讨了单层非饱和多孔介质一维瞬态动力响应的特点。该方法可推广应用于其他典型的边界条件。     

Geometric analysis and scaling relations of deformation bands in porous sandstone

Displacement, length and linkage of deformation bands have been studied in Jurassic sandstones in southeastern Utah. Isolated deformation bands with lengths (L) that span more than three orders of magnitude show similar displacement (D) profiles with more or less centrally located maxima and gently increasing gradient toward the tips. Soft- and hard-linked examples exhibit steeper displacement gradients near overlap zones and immature hard links, similar to previously described fault populations. The deformation band population shows power-law length and displacement distributions, but with lower exponents than commonly observed for populations of larger faults or small faults with distinct slip surfaces. Similarly, the D_max-L relationship of the deformation bands shows a well-defined exponent of ca 0.5, whereas the general disagreement for other fault populations is whether the exponent is 1 or 1.5. We suggest that this important difference in scaling law between deformation bands and other faults has to do with the lack of well-developed slip surfaces in deformation bands. During growth, deformation bands link to form zones of densely spaced bands, and a slip surface is eventually formed (when 100 m < L < 1 km). The growth and scaling relationship for the resulting populations of faults (slip surfaces) is expected to be similar to ‘ordinary’ fault populations. A change in the D_max-L scaling relationship at the point when zones of deformation bands develop slip surfaces is expected to be a general feature in porous sandstones where faults with slip surfaces develop from deformation bands. Down-scaling of ordinary fault populations into the size domain of deformation bands in porous sandstones is therefore potentially dangerous.     

轴对称主动土压力问题的滑移线解

地基中竖向孔支护结构的设计需要以其所受主动土压力为依据,为此常需计算竖向孔开挖后孔壁主动土压力。含竖向圆孔地基是轴对称问题,基于平面应变假设的经典朗肯土压力理论或库仑土压力理论显然不适用,而现有求解轴对称条件下主动土压力方法多采用完全塑性假定或其他假定环向应力与大主应力之比（环向压应力系数?）为常数的方法,理论上不够严谨且误差较大。建立轴对称问题滑移线方程,采用使主动土压力为最大的目标的方法,采用迭代法求解环向压应力系数?,分析了?受土体参数和轴对称竖向孔几何参数影响规律,进而求解轴对称竖向孔孔壁主动土压力的精确值,理论上更为严谨,结果更为合理,并对比平面应变条件下的土压力结果,总结了轴对称条件下主动土压力的规律。     

A fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin method for two-phase flow in porous media with discontinuous capillary pressure

In this paper, we formulate and test numerically a fully-coupled discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for incompressible two-phase flow with discontinuous capillary pressure. The spatial discretization uses the symmetric interior penalty DG formulation with weighted averages and is based on a wetting-phase potential/capillary potential formulation of the two-phase flow system. After discretizing in time with diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta schemes, the resulting systems of nonlinear algebraic equations are solved with Newton’s method and the arising systems of linear equations are solved efficiently and in parallel with an algebraic multigrid method. The new scheme is investigated for various test problems from the literature and is also compared to a cell-centered finite volume scheme in terms of accuracy and time to solution. We find that the method is accurate, robust, and efficient. In particular, no postprocessing of the DG velocity field is necessary in contrast to results reported by several authors for decoupled schemes. Moreover, the solver scales well in parallel and three-dimensional problems with up to nearly 100 million degrees of freedom per time step have been computed on 1,000 processors.     

土压力公式的统一解

传统的土压力公式不能反映土体材料强度的中间主应力效应,但中间主应力效应是存在的且不容忽视的。基于俞茂宏统一强度理论,考虑中间主应力效应,推导了土压力公式的统一解,给出了具有广泛意义的土压力公式,可以充分发挥材料的强度潜能,Rankine土压力公式为其特例。根据不固结不排水强度指标与固结不排水强度指标,按有效应力法与总应力法对土压力的计算公式进行了推导和分析,得出了两种强度指标下的土压力公式。另外,通过已有文献的实例进行了对比分析。     

A new mechanism for seaward dispersion of midshelf sediments

Silt- to sand-size particles may be transported across middle continental shelves by currents forced by the radiation stress of variable-amplitude swell. With the passage of each group of waves of sufficient amplitude for the high waves in the group to resuspend bottom sediments, there is a seaward bias in the return of sediments to the seafloor. Over a storm season, with the passage of many wave groups, the net seaward sediment displacement may be 1-5 km.