SOME NEW OPINIONS ABOUT TRIASSIC GASTROPOD ASSEMBLAGES IN CHINA

ＳＯＭＥＮＥＷＯＰＩＮＩＯＮＳＡＢＯＵＴＴＲＩＡＳＳＩＣＧＡＳＴＲＯＰＯＤＡＳＳＥＭＢＬＡＧＥＳＩＮＣＨＩＮＡＰａｎＹｕｎｔａｎｇ（ＧｒａｄｕａｔｅＳｃｈｏｌ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００３９）（Ｒｅｃｅ...     

国际海洋全球变化研究(IMAGES)计划

国际海洋全球变化研究（ＩＭＡＧＥＳ）计划李明（中国科学院兰州文献情报中心兰州７３００００）１ＩＭＡＧＥＳ概述ＩＭＡＧＥＳ的基本目标是定量确定海洋和冰冻圈过程的时间尺度上海洋的气候和化学变化特性，以及海洋对所鉴别的内力和外力作用的敏感性和在调控大气ＣＯ...     

沉积型（贡溪式）重晶石矿床模式

沉积型（贡溪式）重晶石矿床模式车勤建（湖南省地质研究所，长沙４１０００７）ＡＭＥＴＡＬＬＯＧＥＮＩＣＭＯＤＥＬＦＯＲＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＲＹＧＯＮＧＸＩ－ＴＹＰＥＢＡＲＩＴＥＤＥＰＯＳＩＴＳ￥ＣＨＥＱｉｎｊｉａｎ（ＨｕｎａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏ...     

南极中部深部冰层微生物取样的设施,装备与方法

本文报道了南极中部深部冰层微生物取样的设施、装备、方法与结果。设施与装备包括：一个特殊的微生物钻井实验室（ＭＢＵ）、热力钻（ＴＥＬＧＡ １４Ｍ）、冰心净化取样装置（ＵＳＬ）和一套钻孔取样装置（ＰＳＭ－１５２）。在俄罗斯科学院（ＲＡＮ）微生物研究所。我们完成了利用ＵＳＬ装置进行冰心净化取样方法的研究，同时还对从东方站（Ｖｏｓｔｏｋ）深部冰层中取上来的冰心进行了试验研究。在１９９１年，采用新型的ＰＳＭ     

SOME PROBLEMS ABOUT CATHAYSIA (CATHAYSIAN BLOCK)

ＳＯＭＥＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳＡＢＯＵＴＣＡＴＨＡＹＳＩＡ（ＣＡＴＨＡＹＳＩＡＮＢＬＯＣＫ）ＱｉｕＹｕａｎｘｉＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＺｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０２７５（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ５...     

防汛移动车载卫星地面站

卫星通信方式在我国各专用通信网中得到了迅速的发展,这是因为卫星通信方式和地面各种通信方式相比具有很多独特的优点,能够满足专用通信网的许多要求,特别是近几年来迅速发展的小型卫星通信地面站（ＶＳＡＴ）系统更是引人瞩目。ＶＳＡＴ系统非常适合水利部门用于建设与地面通信网互为补充、互为备份的防汛通信专用网。１概述卫星通信,简单地说就是地球上（包括地面固定站、车载站;水面如舰船站;低层大气层如飞机等航空器）的无线电通信站利用人造卫星作中继站而进行的通信。卫星通信实际上是微波接力通信的一种特殊形式。随着通信需求急剧增长和卫星通信技术日益成熟,８０年代初发展起来一种新的卫星通信系统──ＶＳＡＴ（ＶＥＲＹＳＭＡＬＬＡＰＥＴＵＲＥＴＥＲＭＩＮＡＬ）,其中文含义为“甚小口径天线地球站“,通常是指天线口径小于２．４ｍ,Ｇ／Ｔ值（地球站天线接收增益与地球站接系统等效噪声温度比值）低于１９．７ｄＢ／ｋ的高智能化控制的地球站。ＶＳＡＴ按其承担的主要业务不同而分成两大类：一类是以数据传输和处理为主的小型数据地球站ＰＥＳ（ＰＥＲＳＯＮＡＬＥＡＲＴＨＳＴＡ－ＴＩＯＮ）;另一类是以话务为主,少量数据兼容的小型电话地球站ＴＥＳ（ＴＥＬＥＰＨＯＮＥＡ...     

BACK ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

ＢＡＣＫＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＣＯＭＰＬＥＸＥＮＧＩＮＥＥＲＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭTXＢＡＣＫＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＣＯＭＰＬＥＸＥＮＧＩＮＥＥＲＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＨａｎＢｅｉｃｈｕａｎＩｎｓｔｕｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ，Ｂｅ...     

MDS型G856磁力仪数据处理系统

ＭＤＳ型Ｇ８５６磁力仪数据处理系统刘迪仁（深圳华隆公司广东深圳５１８０３１）ＭＤＳ型Ｇ８５６磁力仪数据处理系统（以下简称ＭＤＳ），克服了从美国乔梅特公司引进的ＭＡＧＰＡＣ软件的许多不足，它能将Ｇ８５６存储的数据回放到ＰＣ机内，用ＰＣ机控制ＣＥ－５１５...     

MIXED SILICICLASTIC-CARBONATE SEDIMENTATIONS DURING THE EARLY-MIDDLE CAMBRIAN IN THE NORTH CHINA PLATFORM : A EXAMPLE FROM ZHANGXIA,SHANDONG,CHINA

ＭＩＸＥＤＳＩＬＩＣＩＣＬＡＳＴＩＣＣＡＲＢＯＮＡＴＥＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＡＴＩＯＮＳＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＥＡＲＬＹＭＩＤＤＬＥＣＡＭＢＲＩＡＮＩＮＴＨＥＮＯＲＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＰＬＡＴＦＯＲＭ：ＡＥＸＡＭＰＬＥＦＲＯＭＺＨＡＮＧＸＩＡ，ＳＨＡＮＤＯＮＧ，...     

多源图象处理与分析系统的设计

多源图象处理与分析系统（ＭＳＩＭＡＧＥＳ）是地理信息系统（ＭＡＰＧＩＳ）的一个子系统．阐述了多源图象处理与分析系统的设计思想、原则、结构的选择,介绍了系统功能的分类和系统平台的选择,分析了图象系统所涉及的文件类型及其功用．     

臭氧变化及其气候效应的研究进展

综述了近２０年来臭氧变化的规律和机制及其气候效应等领域的研究进展,指出对流层臭氧（主要在北半球）增加、平流层臭氧减少和臭氧总量减少是全球臭氧的变化趋势,原因主要是人类活动导致的ＮＯｘ、ＮＭＨＣ、ＣＯ、ＣＨ４等对流层臭氧前体物的增加和ＮＯｘ、Ｈ２Ｏ、Ｎ２Ｏ、ＣＦＣｓ等平流层臭氧损耗物质的增加。臭氧变化引起的气候效应表现在对流层臭氧的增加将带来地表和低层大气的升温,平流层臭氧的减少则可能导致地表和低层大气的升温或降温。将全球或区域气候模式和大气化学模式进行完全耦合来研究臭氧变化的气候效应是一种十分有效的手段,具有广阔的应用前景。     

拉萨上空大气臭氧垂直分布的高空气球探测

用臭氧探空仪于1998年8月和10月测量了在拉萨上空的臭氧垂直分布,并与河北香河的观测资料进行了对比。结果表明,拉萨上空对流层臭氧浓度较低,在25～26 km之间臭氧分压最大,在30～34 km之间混合比最大。从典型的臭氧垂直分布廓线推算出大气臭氧总含量为261.6DU。     

人类活动对大气臭氧层的影响

近些年来,南极地区、北极上空和其他中纬度地区都出现了不同程度的臭氧层耗损现象,人类活动引起的大气臭氧损耗日益得到大家的关注。从飞机排放氮氧化物对大气臭氧的影响,以及臭氧对人类排放的氮氧化物和氯化物潜在的非线性响应等方面简述人类活动对大气臭氧层的影响。     

Ozone trends in the vertical structure of Upper Troposphere and Lower stratosphere over the Indian monsoon region

Ozone trends in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere over the Indian region are investigated using three satellite data sets namely Halogen Occultation Experiment (1993–2005), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (1993–2005) II, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS, 2005–2011). Estimated ozone trends using multi-variate regression analysis are compared with trends at two Indian ozonesonde stations (Delhi, 28°N, 77°E and Pune, 18°N, 73°E), and a 3-D Chemical Transport Model (CTM, SLIMCAT) for the 1993–2005 time period. Overall, all the observational data sets and model simulations indicate significant increasing trend in the upper troposphere (0–2.5 %/year). In the lower stratosphere, estimated trends are slightly positive up to 30 mb and are negative between 30 and 10 mb. Increasing trends in the upper troposphere is probably due to increasing trends in the tropospheric ozone precursor gases (e.g. CO, NO _x , NMHCs). Here, we argue that these contrasting ozone-trend profiles might be partially responsible for insignificant long-term trends in the tropical total column ozone. On seasonal scale, positive trends are observed during all the seasons in the upper troposphere while structure of trend profile varies in lower stratosphere. Seasonal variations of ozone trends and its linkages with stratospheric intrusions and increasing trends in lightning flashes in the troposphere are also discussed.     

Changes in water vapor and aerosols and their relation to stratospheric ozone

Although catalytic chemistry involving ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is currently a primary driver impacting the abundance of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and aerosols are constituents that also affect stratospheric ozone. Variability in both water vapor and aerosols can induce variability in ozone, and although small relative to that due to trends in ODSs, in the future may become a much more important source of ozone variability.     

1948—2001年全球大尺度区域 6～8月降水的长期变化

研究了1948-2001年南、北半球及欧亚大陆、非洲大陆、澳洲大陆、北美大陆、南美大陆、南极大陆和中国 7个大尺度区域 6～8月降水的长期趋势变化和年代际变化。结果表明，南、北半球 6～8月的降水都为负趋势，但南半球降水的负趋势在统计上不显著。在54年的时间段内，南半球 6～8月降水的递减速度为 0．12 mm／a，仅为北半球同期降水减幅（0．24 mm／a）的一半。南、北半球 6～8月降水量年代际尺度的振荡都非常明显，但是，南、北半球年代际变化的特征明显不同。目前北半球仍是在少雨时间段，而南半球处在降水量正常或多雨的时间段。分析还表明，非洲大陆 6～ 8月降水的年代际特征最明显，降水的负趋势也最为显著；欧亚大陆 6～8月降水也有着明显的年代际变化与明显的负趋势变化；澳洲大陆 6～8月降水的年际变化明显，年代际变化相对来说要小得多；北美大陆 6～8月降水的年际变化明显，但无明显的趋势变化。此外，分析了大尺度区域 6～ 8月降水之间的相关关系，发现部分区域大尺度降水量之间有明显的联系；分析了中国夏季降水的长期变化，发现中国夏季降水的年代际变化明显，但无明显的趋势变化。     

The role and performance of ground-based networks in tracking the evolution of the ozone layer

In the 1980s, ground-based monitoring of the ozone layer played a key role in the discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole as well as in the first documentation of significant winter and spring long-term downward trends in the populated mid-latitude regions. The article summarizes the close-to-hundred-year-long history of ground-based measurements of stratospheric ozone, and more recent observations of constituents that influence its equilibrium. Ozone observations began long before the recognition of the impact of increasing emissions of manmade ozone-depleting substances on ozone and therefore on UV levels, human health, ecosystems and the Earth climate. The historical ozone observations prior to 1980s are used as a reference for the assessments of the state of the ozone layer linked to the enforcement of the Montreal Protocol. In this paper, we describe the worldwide monitoring networks and their ozone observations used to determine long-term trends with an accuracy of a few percent per decade. Since 1989, the ground-based monitoring activities have provided support for the amendments of the Montreal Protocol (MP). They include monitoring of (a) the ozone total column and the vertical distribution at global scale, (b) the ozone-depleting substances (ODS) related to the MP such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and their decomposition products in the stratosphere, and (c) the atmospheric species playing a role in ozone depletion, e.g., nitrogen oxides, water vapor, aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds. We highlight important accomplishments in the atmospheric monitoring performed by the Global Atmosphere Watch program (GAW) run under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). We also address the complementary roles of ground-based networks and satellite instruments. High-quality ground-based measurements have been used to evaluate ozone variabilities and long-term trends, assess chemistry climate models, and check the long-term stability of satellite data, including more recently the merged satellite time-series developed for the detection of ozone recovery at global scale, which might be further modified by climate change.     

The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the Northern Hemisphere: permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25–17 ka BP

This paper accompanies a map that shows the extent of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere between 25 and 17 thousand years ago. The map is based upon existing archival data, common throughout the Northern Hemisphere, that include ice‐wedge pseudomorphs, sand wedges and large cryoturbations. Where possible, a distinction is made between areas with continuous permafrost and areas where permafrost is either spatially discontinuous or sporadic. The associated mean annual palaeo‐temperatures that are inferred on the basis of present‐day analogues increase understanding of the possible changes in permafrost extent that might accompany current global warming trends. Areas with relict permafrost and areas that were formerly exposed due to lower sea level (submarine permafrost) are also mapped. Mapping is mostly limited to lowland regions (areas approximately <1000 m a.s.l.). Striking features that appear from the map are (i) the narrow permafrost zone in North America, which contrasts with the broader LPM permafrost zone in Eurasia (that may be related to different snow thickness or vegetation cover), (ii) the zonal extent of former LPM permafrost (that may reflect sea‐ice distribution), which contrasts with the present‐day pattern of permafrost extent (especially in Eurasia) and (iii) the relatively narrow zones of LPM discontinuous permafrost (that may indicate strong temperature gradients).     

Twenty-five years of spectral UV-B measurements over Canada,Europe and Japan: Trends and effects from changes in ozone,aerosols, clouds,and surface reflectivity

Spectral UV records of solar irradiance at stations over Europe, Canada, and Japan were used to study long-term trends at 307.5 nm for a 25-year period, from 1992 to 2016. Ground-based measurements of total ozone, as well as satellite measurements of the Aerosol Index, the Total Cloud Cover and the surface reflectivity were also used in order to attribute the estimated changes of the UV to the corresponding changes of these factors. The present study shows that over the Northern Hemisphere, the long-term changes in UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface vary significantly over different locations, and that the main drivers of these variations are changes in aerosols and total ozone. At high latitudes, part of the observed changes may also be attributed to changes in the surface reflectivity. Over Japan, the UV-B irradiance at 307.5 nm has increased significantly by ∼3%/decade during the past 25 years, possibly due to the corresponding significant decrease of its absorption by aerosols. It was found that the greatest part of this increase took place before the mid-2000s. The only European station, over which UV radiation increases significantly, is that of Thessaloniki, Greece. Analysis of the clear-sky irradiance for the particular station shows increasing irradiance at 307.5 nm by ∼3.5%/decade during the entire period of study, with an increasing rate of change during the last decade, possibly again due to the decreasing absorption by aerosols.     

Is global ozone recovering?

Thanks to the Montreal Protocol, the stratospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting chlorine and bromine have been declining since their peak in the late 1990s. Global ozone has responded: The substantial ozone decline observed since the 1960s ended in the late 1990s. Since then, ozone levels have remained low, but have not declined further. Now general ozone increases and a slow recovery of the ozone layer is expected. The clearest signs of increasing ozone, so far, are seen in the upper stratosphere and for total ozone columns above Antarctica in spring. These two regions had also seen the largest ozone depletions in the past. Total column ozone at most latitudes, however, does not show clear increases yet. This is not unexpected, because the removal of chlorine and bromine from the stratosphere is three to four times slower than their previous increase. Detecting significant increases in total column ozone, therefore, will require much more time than the detection of its previous decline. The search is complicated by variations in ozone that are not caused by declining chlorine or bromine, but are due, e.g., to transport changes in the global Brewer–Dobson circulation. Also, very accurate observations are necessary to detect the expected small increases. Nevertheless, observations and model simulations indicate that the stratosphere is on the path to ozone recovery. This recovery process will take many decades. As chlorine and bromine decline, other factors will become more important. These include climate change and its effects on stratospheric temperatures, changes in the Brewer–Dobson circulation (both due to increasing CO₂), increasing emissions of trace gases like N₂O, CH₄, possibly large future increases of short-lived substances (like CCl₂H₂) from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and changes in tropospheric ozone.