中国大陆科学钻探主孔100-2000m岩心的磁化率各向异性及其地质意义

在常温常压条件下获得了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔331块岩心的磁化率各向异性(AMS)数据,并建立了主孔100—2000m的体积磁化率和AMS连续剖面。数据统计分析显示,主孔100—2000m岩心的磁化率(κ)介于1．05×10-4SI和0．12SI之间,几何平均值为1．855×10-3SI;磁化率各向异性度(Pj)介于1．04和2．10之间,几何平均值为1．155。该井段出露的主要岩石类型有榴辉岩、退变质榴辉岩、角闪岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩和蛇纹石化橄榄岩,它们的垂向分布特征控制着磁化率剖面的变化。主孔的超高压变质岩石在折返过程中普遍经历了强烈的角闪岩相退变质作用的改造。其磁化率特征也发生相应的改变。蛇纹石化橄榄岩具有很高的磁化率(8．58×10-2SI)和各向异性度(1．335)。这主要源于橄榄岩蛇纹石化过程中产生的大量磁铁矿。榴辉岩、退变质榴辉岩和角闪岩代表榴辉岩从新鲜到完全退变质的三个阶段,它们的磁化率和磁化率各向异性度分别为榴辉岩(1．28×10-3SI、1．077)、退变质榴辉岩(3．19×10-3SI、1．206)、角闪岩(1．02×10-3SI、1．104)。正片麻岩的磁化率和各向异性度分别为5．34×10-3SI和1．167。副片麻岩的磁化率和各向异性度分别为3．46×10-4SI和1．150。对58个变形岩石的AMS测试结果显示,其磁化率椭球体的主轴方向与岩石组构基本一致,即最大磁化率主轴κ1平行矿物线理,最小磁化率主轴κ3垂直岩石面理。同时,这些变形岩石的AMS椭球体多呈现明显的压扁状特征,反映超高压变质岩石在折返过程中处于强烈挤压变形的构造应力环境,为苏鲁超高压变质板片的挤出折返模式提供了佐证。该研究成果也为超高压变质岩石地区磁学研究、地球物理调查和测井成果的解释提供了重要的实验约束。     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）主孔100-2000m区间磁化率的变异特征及其地质意义

对中国大陆科学钻探主孔100—2000m区间岩心样品磁化率与钻孔原位测井磁化率进行系统时比研究。结果表明,控制岩石磁化率的主要因素是岩性和退变质作用,其中蛇纹石化石榴石橄榄岩的磁化率最大,样品平均磁化率为86．277×10-3SI,正片麻岩,退变质榴辉岩,榴辉岩,副片麻岩次之,角闪岩的磁化率最小,样品平均磁化率为1．698×10-3SI。不同退变质程度榴辉岩的磁化率特征具有明显的差异:中-强程度退变质榴辉岩由于退变质过程所产生的磁铁矿和钛铁矿-钛磁铁矿,其磁化率最大;随着退变质作用的进一步加剧,这些磁铁矿和钛铁矿-钛磁铁矿被完全分解,导致完全退变质榴辉岩的磁化率最小;新鲜榴辉岩的磁化率介于两者之间。在该深度区间,约70％岩心样品磁化率与测井磁化率的比值小于4．0,其中以<2．0为主,相同岩性岩石(如榴辉岩,退变质榴辉岩和副片麻岩)磁化率的比值随深度变化较小。岩心样品磁化率和测井磁化率之间的欧氏距离位于3．0-6．4范围,且随深度变化不明显,如在100～600m和1500～2000m两个深度范围的欧氏距离分别为3．0-5．2和3．2～5．3,表现出相似的变化特征,显示了在此区间深度范围内,地层压力对磁化率的基本没有影响。     

超高压榴辉岩退变质作用对岩石磁化率的影响

系统测量了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD) 主孔10 0~ 2 0 0 0m超高压榴辉岩的磁化率及其各向异性, 并进行了相应的岩石学和矿物学分析.研究结果表明, 不同退变质程度榴辉岩的磁化率特征具有明显差别: 新鲜-弱退变质榴辉岩对应超高压榴辉岩相, 平均体积磁化率κ=1.4× 10-3SI, 磁化率各向异性度Pj=1.0 9, 磁性载体主要是顺磁性矿物石榴子石和绿辉石; 中等-强退变质榴辉岩对应角闪岩相, κ =5.1× 10-3SI, Pj=1.2 0, 磁性载体主要是退变质所产生的磁铁矿和钛铁矿-钛磁铁矿; 完全退变质榴辉岩对应绿帘角闪岩相-绿片岩相, κ =1.3× 10-3SI, Pj=1.08, 磁性载体主要来自顺磁性矿物角闪石、绿帘石、黑云母等.该研究为超高压变质岩石地区磁异常的解释提供了基础数据和重要的科学约束, 同时也为大陆深俯冲峰期变质岩石和折返阶段岩石退变质程度提供了磁化率鉴别特征.      

中国大陆科学钻探主孔正片麻岩磁性及深部流体活动

通过对中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔花岗质片麻岩进行详细的岩石磁学研究及岩石矿物学分析表明: 花岗质片麻岩磁化率(0.570×10-7~120.450×10-7m3·kg-1, 平均29.996×10-7m3·kg-1)在主孔所有岩石中仅次于蛇纹石化石榴石橄榄岩, 而其天然剩余磁化强度(0.002×10-3~2.109×10-3Am2·kg-1, 平均0.210×10-3Am2·kg-1)则是所有岩性中最低的.磁化率随温度变化曲线、交变退磁曲线及磁滞回线特征表明, 花岗质片麻岩中磁性矿物组合主要成分为磁铁矿, 小部分样品中含有赤铁矿, 其中磁铁矿以多畴为主, 伪单畴磁铁矿仅在少量样品中出现.和同为完全退变质岩的角闪岩(完全退变质榴辉岩)相比, 花岗质片麻岩具有相似的磁性矿物组合, 但其磁铁矿的颗粒明显较大.多畴磁铁矿的形成, 可能和超高压变质岩折返过程中, 花岗质片麻岩较强的流体活动相关.部分分布于花岗质片麻岩主体岩性段外的样品, 具有较高的天然剩余磁化强度, 则可能反映了花岗质片麻岩及周围榴辉岩之间的流体交换.      

磁化率和密度对中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000 m岩石类型的判别

为查明磁化率和密度对于中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD)主孔100~2000m岩性的响应和判别特征,利用SPSS10.0统计分析软件进行了判别分析.研究结果显示,岩石的密度和体积磁化率主要受岩性的控制.采用迫入法建立全模型,对CCSD主孔100~2000m井段岩心的岩性判别率达84.8%.其中,蛇纹石化橄榄岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩、榴辉岩、角闪岩和退变质榴辉岩的判别率分别为100%、87.1%、89.7%、89.6%、96.7%和63.7%.该研究表明,密度和磁化率可以为超高压变质岩石的岩性鉴别和区分提供定量约束,有利于地球物理探测成果和测井资料的准确解析.同时,本文也是SPSS统计分析软件在超高压变质岩石类型判别方面的一个应用实例,对于其他岩石类型的判别分析具有借鉴意义.     

关于大别山榴辉岩相变质作用

大别山产出的榴辉岩相岩石包括石榴橄榄岩、榴辉岩、榴云片岩、榴辉片麻岩、榴玉英岩和榴辉大理岩等不同系列,它们均分布于花岗质片麻岩中。矿物共生序列研究表明,榴辉岩相岩石经历了从绿帘角闪岩相、柯石英榴辉岩相、角闪榴辉岩相、绿帘角闪岩相到绿片岩相的演化过程。花岗质片麻岩及变质火山—沉积岩系并未经历超高压变质作用,但却与榴辉岩相岩石经历了同一期绿帘角闪岩相变质事件,证明二者在地壳范围内发生了构造合并     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000m岩石热导率及其各向异性：对研究俯冲带热结构的启示

系统研究了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔100～2000米岩石的热导率和生热率特征。初步研究了岩石热导率随矿物组成的变化关系、岩石热导率的各向异性及其影响因素。主孔2000米的岩心热导率介于1．873～4．062Wm^-1K^-1之间，平均热导率2．967Wm^-1K^-1。整体上热导率出现的频率主峰分布在2．8～3.0Wm^-1K^-1。榴辉岩热导率随着其退变质程度的增加而降低，新鲜榴辉岩热导率集中分布于3．6～3．7Wm^-1K^-1，角闪石化榴辉岩的热导率分布在3．1～3.2Wm^-1K^-1，强退变的榴辉岩热导率分布于2．4～2．5Wm^-1K^-1。片麻岩热导率主要分布于2．8～3.0Wm^-1K^-1。从垂向上看，主孔100～735米主要由榴辉岩组成，热导率整体比较大，平均3.265Wm^-1K^-1；1200～1600米主要以花岗质片麻岩为主，热导率比其它层位偏低，平均2．755Wm^-1K^-1。通过对面理发育的样品进行测试，东海地区各类岩石的热导率具有较明显的各向异性。榴辉岩和片麻岩热导率的各向异性平均值分别为4、66％和22．99％，超基性岩的热导率平均值为3．322Wm^-1K^-1，各向异性16．08％。岩石热导率在垂直于面理的方向上具有最小值，在平行于面理的方向上具有最大值。上述资料对超高压地体热结构特征的研究提供了重要数据基础。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔100～2000m岩石弹性波速度：对地震深反射的约束

在常温常压条件对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔岩心的700样品进行了弹性波速度测量，并建立了主孔2000m的波速(Vp和Vs)连续剖面，为检验地球物理模型的合理解释提供了岩石物理学方面的宝贵资料。主孔中新鲜榴辉岩纵波速度(Vp)最大(7.86km／s)，正副片麻岩波速最小，又分别为5.53km／s和5．71km／s，榴辉岩的波速随着退变质作用的增强而明显减小。主孔2000m总平均Vp速度为6．2km／s，它与地球物理探测方法获得的大别-苏鲁造山带上地壳具有6.2-6．3km／s高速层结论是一致的。大部分岩石具有明显地震波各向异性。水饱和度使岩石纵波(Vp)速度和剪切波速度(Vs)分别增加19％和6％，而使Vp的各向异性降低3％～4％。不同岩性界面的反射系数(Rc)是产生地震反射的主要原因。金红石榴辉岩与片麻岩之间具有很高的反射系数(0.24-0．31)。韧性剪切带中糜棱岩化片麻岩和面理化榴辉岩使岩石各向异性和反射强度明显增加。岩石微裂隙与主孔原位波速变化有密切关系。饱水岩石速度(Vp和Vs)可以代表CCSD主孔原位状态的地震波速度。上述成果为本区地震反射体成因提供了重要的岩石物理性质约束。     

Hoek-Brown准则在岩石强度各向异性评价中的应用

完整岩石强度随非连续界面角度发生变化而变化,因此具有各向异性。修正的Hoek-Brown准则可以对岩石的强度各向异性特征进行合理预测。通过对沉积岩及变质岩两大岩类、共23组岩样单、三轴测试结果进行分析,获取相应强度各向异性参数Kβ及Rc,结果表明:岩石各向异性强弱与原岩类型、压实和胶结等沉积成岩作用、微裂隙发育程度及变质作用等因素有关。对于结构完整的沉积岩石,煤岩的各向异性最强,其次为页岩,而砂岩、泥岩和灰岩的各向异性相对较低。变质岩中板理发育的板岩各向异性最强,片麻岩次之,片岩和大理岩的各向异性相对较低。K_(min)与Rc间满足幂指数关系,K_(90)/K_(min)与Rc间满足线性关系,建立了各向异性岩石K_(min)分类标准。最后利用Londe转换和σcβ预测效果验证了修正的Hoek-Brown准则方程具有较高预测精度,结果可靠,从而为岩石强度各向异性更深入研究提供参考和依据。     

大别—苏鲁超高压地体折返过程中岩石组合演化的地球化学约束

大别—苏鲁超高压地体现今的岩石组合是超高压变质岩石经历快速折返过程中各种地质作用叠加改造的最终产物, 其中拆沉、底侵、构造体制转换是改造的动力; 退变质作用、构造置换、深熔作用是改造的主要方式.超高压地体的主要岩石组合有榴辉岩、大理岩、硬玉石英岩、斜长角闪岩、片麻岩和面理化花岗岩.地质、常量、微量、同位素地球化学研究表明, 斜长角闪岩是榴辉岩退变的产物, 片麻岩、面理化花岗岩是榴辉岩退变的斜长角闪岩递进深熔的产物, 即退变榴辉岩折返到中下地壳, 初次熔融产生相当于片麻岩成分的半原地英云闪长质-花岗闪长质-花岗质岩浆, 片麻岩再次熔融产生成分相当于面理化花岗岩的A型花岗岩岩浆.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.