广东沿海强东北季风的气候统计特征

通过对1988－1997年冷空气造成的广东沿海强东北季风过程的气候统计分析，发现广东的强东北季风有明显的月分布规律，而年际变化有逐渐减少的趋势；强东北季风与地面因子相关程度较高，而与850hPa要素相关性较低；同时发现地面冷高压中心位置聚合度较高，但不同月份、不同时次，其中心位置有明显差异。     

Monthly Anticyclonicity in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean Region

Summary The geographical distribution of 13-year anticyclone centres frequency, and averages of monthly anticyclonicity and anticyclone immobility times over southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin for the years 1981–1993 are presented. Monthly changes in anticyclonicity and immobility times are analyzed and discussed. Reference is made to the atmospheric climatology of the study region as well as to some synoptic scale features of its climatology. Comparisons are made with an established synoptic climatology of the region and with relevant climatologies contained in the literature. Finally, reference is made to past work relating to the synoptic climatology of the region and to similar studies for different continental and maritime areas. Received May 8, 1996 Revised February 10, 1997     

琼州海峡沿岸雾统计特征及天气学预报指标

利用海口站1961～2006年高空地面观测资料,分析了琼州海峡沿岸雾的气候统计特征。结果表明：琼州海峡沿岸雾目的年际变化呈现了显著的减少趋势。20世纪70年代初期和90年代初期为雾日减少的两个气候突变期。雾日减少与气候变暖密切相关,夜间最低温度升高是引起海峡雾日减少的主要原因。琼州海峡沿岸雾多出现在冬春季节,一天中出现雾的峰值时间为06：00～07：00,消散峰值时间为08：OO～09：00。利用1987～2006年NCEP再分析资料,总结了产生琼州海峡沿岸雾的3种天气形势,根据雾的类型提出了相应的预报指标。     

Predictor Selection for CNN-based Statistical Downscaling of Monthly Precipitation

Convolutional neural networks(CNNs) have been widely studied and found to obtain favorable results in statistical downscaling to derive high-resolution climate variables from large-scale coarse general circulation models(GCMs).However, there is a lack of research exploring the predictor selection for CNN modeling. This paper presents an effective and efficient greedy elimination algorithm to address this problem. The algorithm has three main steps: predictor importance attribution, predictor rem...     

河南省月和年降水量正态性分析

利用1957～2008年(共52年)河南省48个气象站月、年降水量资料,利用标准偏态系数和峰度系数检验方法,对降水量的正态性进行了分析。结果表明,河南省大多数气象站的月和年降水量不服从正态分布,但对降水量序列进行开平方或开立方处理后,降水量序列的正态性得到明显的改善。半数台站的年降水量原始序列服从正态分布。对各站偏态系数进行平均,可以发现,所有站月序列的偏态系数均为原序列的最大,立方根序列的偏态系数最小。原序列均为正偏,平方根序列以正偏为主,立方根序列则以负偏为主。所有站月原序列的峰度系数均为正数,平方根或立方根的峰度系数则正负相间。     

北京城市热岛效应的昼夜变化特征分析

利用最新获取的1998年3月~2001年12月北京地区自动站资料,对北京城市热岛效应进行了细致、完整的研究。选取城区的官园站和郊区密云站的气温差作为城市热岛效应强度指标。在验证了资料可靠性的基础上,研究了热岛强度昼夜变化的年、季、月及日变化特征,以及几种极端天气事件的逐时及平均热岛强度的变化,最后制作了连续3年的月平均逐时热岛强度变化的三维立体图。     

中国区域1961~2010年降水集中指数(PCI)的变化及月分配特征

降水的年内变化(月分配和季节变化)对农作物生长、水资源利用及管理具有重要意义,同时也是增暖背景下水循环发生变化的关键过程之一。降水集中指数(PCI,Precipitation Concentration Index)能较好的表征降水的年内集中程度,被广泛应用于相关研究。本文利用中国583个站点1961~2010年的逐月降水和气温观测资料,对中国及各典型区域的PCI进行了计算分析,研究了PCI的气候特征、变化趋势、降水月分配变化及PCI与气温季节较差的关系。结果表明,我国PCI的气候态呈现出由东南向西北逐渐递增的空间分布格局。湿润区PCI在11~17之间,年内降水较为均匀;半湿润区PCI为17~24;半干旱区PCI在24~27之间;而干旱区PCI则由27至47不等,降水集中程度较高。除华南地区外,1961~2010年间全国大部分地区PCI均呈现显著的下降趋势,并于1980年前后发生跃变,降水集中程度大幅降低,其中西北西部地区PCI 下降速率最大,为－2.47 (10 a-1)。华南地区PCI的变化则具有明显的阶段性特征,2003年以前呈弱的下降趋势,但2003年PCI发生突变,降水集中程度大幅增加。对典型区域的比较发现,干旱半干旱区和青藏高原降水集中程度的降低主要表现在夏季降水占全年总降水量比例的减小;而湿润区PCI和降水月分配的变化则存在明显的区域性差异,其中西南地区8~12月降水占全年降水的比例减少,而长江中下游及华南地区春秋季降水占全年降水的比例减小,冬夏季降水所占比例增大。     

使用岭回归对哈萨克斯坦月平均气温的统计降尺度研究

哈萨克斯坦是世界最大的内陆国家,拥有典型的大陆性气候和多样的地理环境及生态系统,同时哈萨克斯坦的自然环境和人类社会对于气候变化这一全球性问题是敏感的、脆弱的,需要运用科学的研究方法应对气候变化的挑战。通常,区域或局地尺度的气候变化影响研究需要对气候模式输出或再分析资料进行降尺度以获得更细分辨率的气候资料。近年来,大量验证统计降尺度方法在各个地区能力的研究见诸文献,然而在哈萨克斯坦地区验证统计降尺度方法的研究非常少见。本文使用了岭回归的方法对哈萨克斯坦地区11个气象站点1960~2009年的月平均气温进行了统计降尺度研究。结果显示,使用前30年数据和岭回归模型建立大尺度预报因子和观测资料的统计关系可以较好地预测后20年的月平均气温,预测能力在各站各月均有不同程度的差异,地形复杂的站点预测效果较差,夏季预测结果好于冬季;此外,将哈萨克斯坦地区平均来看则与观测数据相吻合。     

Annual variation of pressure over the Mediterranean area

Summary This study deals with the annual variation of pressure over the Mediterranean area using monthly values from 24 stations, for a period of 22 years. The Azores and the Siberian anticyclones as well as the low pressure system of SW-Asia are responsible for the observed distribution pattern of the pressure over the area and for the seasonal changes at each station. Fourier analysis shows that for Central Mediterranean stations, which record two minima and two maxima of pressure during the year, the amplitude of the second harmonic is smaller than the amplitude of the third.

---

Zusammenfassung Diese Studie behandelt unter Heranziehung der Monatswerte von 24 Stationen über einem Zeitraum von 27 Jahren die jährlichen Druckschwankungen über dem Mittelmeerraum. Azoren- und sibirisches Hoch als auch das Tief über Südwestasien sind für die beobachteten Druckverteilungsmuster im genannten Gebiet sowie für jahreszeitliche Abweichungen an jeder der Stationen verantwortlich. Eine Fourier-Analyse zeigt, daß für zentrale Mittelmeerstationen, die jeweils zwei Druckminima und -maxima pro Jahr verzeichnen, die Wellenlänge der zweiten Oberwelle geringer ist als die der dritten.

---

---

With 14 Figures     

近50年福建省年度极端最低气温统计特征

把福建省各台站年度极端最低气温统一订正为1950／1951～1999／2000整50年记录,并对其进行标准化处理和评价,继而对其偏冷年景进行特征分析。近50年福建省年度极端最低气温1954／1955为最冷年,1999／2000为第3冷年;冬季月平均气温正常,仍可出现异常或明显偏冷的低温;全省年度极端最低气温年景评价为异常偏冷,有的台站年景却仍属正常,年景等级相差达4级。全省年度极端最低气温的年景评价为异常或明显偏低,该年度福建省果树、花卉和其它冬季作物必然遭受不同程度的冻害和寒害。     

Monthly and daily precipitation trends in the Mediterranean (1950–2000)

Summary The aim of the paper lies in the identification of possible significant linear trends at monthly, seasonal and annual timescales in the Mediterranean during the second half of the 20th century. Monthly and daily records of 63 stations have been used to elaborate several precipitation indices: sum of daily precipitation (SDP) for rainfall >0.1 mm, >10 mm and >95^th percentile, of number of rainy days (RD) >0.1 mm and >10 mm and of mean daily precipitation (MDP) >0.1 mm and >10 mm. For each index the stations have been gathered together by Rotated Principal Component Analyses to determine 8 sub-areas which can be considered as identical for all the timescales at the spatial scale of the research. Trends have been estimated from the scores of each eigenvector retained in all RPCAs. They are mainly non existant or non significant decreasing, even if a few monthly trends appear to be significantly diminishing, primarily during winter months, March in the Atlantic region, October in the Mediterranean Spain, December in the Lions and Genoa Gulfs, January, winter and the year in Greece, winter and the year in Italy and winter in the Near East and increasing in April in the two gulfs. Correlation coefficients between SDP>0.1 mm and other indices have been computed: the significant trends seem mainly related to RD>10 mm, which represents a high percentage of the total rainfall amount. Greece is remarkable: SDP>0.1 mm and >10 mm decrease significantly during January, winter, the rainy season and the entire year whereas SDP>95^th percentile increases significantly, in accordance with the climatic change scenarios for the end of this century as does the decreasing of the total monthly and seasonal rainfall.     

基于DERF的SD方法预测月降水和极端降水日数

针对动力气候模式对区域或更小空间尺度内的日降水预测技巧偏低的问题,应用最优子集回归 (OSR) 方法对国家气候中心业务化的月动力气候模式 (DERF) 输出的高度场、风场和海平面气压场进行降尺度处理用于降水预测,旨在提高预测准确率。1982—2006年交叉检验结果表明：OSR方法能显著提高降水预测技巧,其中11~40 d改善效果最为显著。在此基础上,应用一步法和两步法两种统计降尺度方法预测极端降水日数,交叉检验结果表明:两种方法均优于随机预测,冬季两步法预测技巧略高于一步法,夏季一步法略优于两步法。综合认为OSR,OSR结合随机天气发生器 (WG) 两种统计降尺度方法对月尺度降水或极端降水日数的预测均具有较高的技巧,可作为短期气候预测的重要参考信息。     

基于信息扩散方法的中国台风灾害年月尺度风险评估

利用1985—2014年中国台风灾情和社会经济资料,对中国年和月尺度的台风直接经济损失的时空变化规律进行分析,并采用信息扩散方法开展损失风险评估,为提高台风灾害风险管理能力提供参考。结果表明:全国年及7—9月各月的直接经济损失均呈增加趋势。直接经济损失的月际变化特征明显,8月致灾台风个数多、损失最严重;与1985—1994年相比,后两个10年年内变化幅度大,且9一10月损失大于6—7月。随着直接经济损失水平的增加,发生中、高风险的地区逐渐减少,年直接经济损失≥50亿、≥100亿元水平下,浙江风险概率为全国最高。在10年、20年、30年一遇三个风险水平下,浙江、广东、福建、广西年直接经济损失一直维持特重灾等级;20年、30年一遇风险水平下,北方地区的山东与辽宁年和8月、河北年台风直接经济损失也达特重等级,防台应对不容忽视。     

Sea Level Pressure Departures in the Mediterranean and their Relationship with Monthly Rainfall Conditions in Israel

Summary Monthly rainfall conditions in Israel were determined, using data from 12 stations, during 30 years (1961–90). The definition of a month to be dry, normal or wet, was done using standardized rainfall totals. Pressure departures for each of the three rainfall categories for each month of the rainy season, were calculated and mapped. Correlation between rainfall totals at each of the 12 stations and monthly mean sea level pressure at 72 grid points in the area delimited by the 20° W and 50° E meridians and the 20° N and 60° N parallels, was performed. For each month, 12 correlation maps were prepared (one of each station). Similar maps were averaged together to form coherent rainfall regions. At the beginning of the rainy season (October) the rainfall in Israel is sporadic and spotty without a distinctable coherent region. At the end of the rainy season (April) the rainfall is more widespread, forming a large coherent region covering most of the country. Dry rainfall conditions in Israel, were found to be characterized by positive pressure departures in the eastern Mediterranean and over Israel and/or by easterly or southerly circulation over the eastern Mediterranean. Wet rainfall conditions in Israel, were found to be characterized by negative pressure departures in the eastern Mediterranean and over Israel and/or by westerly or northerly circulation over the eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, in many cases dry conditions in Israel, were associated with below normal pressure conditions over central or western Europe, while wet conditions in Israel, with above normal conditions over the same region, thus, reflecting the so-called Mediterranean Oscillation. Finally, normal rainfall conditions are characterized by very slight to negligible pressure departures over the entire Mediterranean and Europe. Received November 18, 1997 Revised March 3, 1998     

Predictability of Mediterranean climate variables from oceanic variability. Part II: Statistical models for monthly precipitation and temperature in the Mediterranean area

The objective of this study is to investigate the predictability of monthly climate variables in the Mediterranean area by using statistical models. It is a well-known fact that the future state of the atmosphere is sensitive to preceding conditions of the slowly varying ocean component with lead times being sufficiently long for predictive assessments. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are therefore regarded as one of the best variables to be used in seasonal climate predictions. In the present study, SST-regimes which have been derived and discussed in detail in Part I of this paper, are used with regard to monthly climate predictions for the Mediterranean area. Thus, cross-correlations with time lags from 0 up to 12?months and ensuing multiple regression analyses between the large-scale SST-regimes and monthly precipitation and temperature for Mediterranean sub-regions have been performed for the period 1950?C2003. Statistical hindcast ensembles of Mediterranean precipitation including categorical forecast skill can be identified only for some months in different seasons and for some individual regions of the Mediterranean area. Major predictors are the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean SST-regimes, but significant relationships can also be found with tropical Pacific and North Pacific SST-regimes. Statistical hindcast ensembles of Mediterranean temperature with some categorical forecast skill can be determined primarily for the Western Mediterranean and the North African regions throughout the year. As for precipitation the major predictors for temperature are located in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean, but some connections also exist with the Pacific SST variations.     

渤海西岸致灾风暴潮的统计预报模型

渤海西岸是风暴潮灾害多发区,1990年代以后发生几率和灾害损失明显增加。利用气象科学和海洋水文科学相结合的方法,依据黄骅港潮汐资料,对发生在渤海西岸的风暴潮进行统计分析。结果表明,台风和强冷空气配合气旋是造成渤海西岸风暴潮的主要天气系统,偏东大风增水和天文潮叠加是造成风暴潮的直接因素;风暴潮和天文潮汐都有半日潮现象。在此基础上,建立了渤海西岸风暴潮预报模型,通过台风或冷空气配合气旋影响时增水值的计算,结合天文潮汐资料,做出最高潮位预报。应用该预报方法对渤海西岸发生的7次风暴潮进行回报,预报值与实测值基本相当,是基层台站较实用的预报方法。     

菏泽市紫外线辐射变化特征及月预报方程

利用2008年4月至2012年12月菏泽市紫外线观测资料以及地面常规气象观测资料和空气质量资料,分析了该地区太阳紫外线辐射的变化特征及其与各因子的相关关系,并建立逐月预报方程。结果表明:菏泽紫外线辐射年总量达到187.98 W/m2,春夏两季明显高于秋冬两季,5月达到全年的最大值,1月为全年的最小值;3~9月紫外线辐射极大值均可达到5级,其他月份均可达到4级。不同天气条件下紫外线辐射强度存在明显差异,其中晴天紫外线辐射强且稳定,呈抛物线变化;多云天紫外线辐射波动较大,时强时弱;阴天紫外线辐射相对较弱。紫外线辐射强度与风速、能见度、气温呈正相关,与总云量、低云量、相对湿度呈负相关,与SO2、PM10、NO2、PM2.5多呈负相关。基于多元线性回归分析向后剔除变量方法得出的逐月预报方程,经检验总体预报效果较好,对当地紫外线等级预报工作具有参考意义。     

葫芦岛沿岸海陆风特征及其环境效应

利用葫芦岛观测站1980—2009年观测资料,分析了葫芦岛沿岸海陆风风速的季节特征和日变化规律,以及海陆风环流对沿岸环境的影响。结论如下:1)葫芦岛站点在冬季出现海陆风日数最多,其他依次为秋季、夏季和春季。陆风风速从春季到冬季呈现递减趋势;海风在春季最大,其次为秋季的,冬季的最小。总体上,海陆风日中海风要强于陆风。2)对海陆风风速椭圆拟合结果表明,海陆风在10:32由陆风转化为海风,海风在16:32达到最大,在21:42由海风转化为陆风,陆风在04:32达到最大。3)由于海风的存在,沿岸地带在春夏两季日最高气温在12时出现,秋冬季的在13时出现。4)能见度日变化在四季中表现一致,早晨能见度转好的时刻比最低气温出现时刻滞后约2 h,在海风维持较长时间后空气绝对湿度增加导致能见度开始转差。5)冬季静止型海陆风日比例最高,再循环型海陆风日在秋季出现最多,而夏季通风型海陆风日出现最多。