长江三角洲全新世海平面重建研究综述

通过综述国内外全新世海平面重建研究进展,总结了全新世海平面重建的各种指标和海平面重建存在的科学问题,认为冰川—水均衡作用、区域差异性构造沉降、沉积物压实和侵蚀再沉积作用是各地区全新世海平面差异性存在的主要原因;对长江三角洲各海平面重建指标进行了有效性分析,得出基底泥炭、硅藻、有孔虫转换函数,海相地层、古人类遗址、TOC/TN和δ13C、TOC/TS和自生铁硫化物是重建海平面的有效指标,并对每个指标的优缺点及重建时需要考虑的问题进行了阐述。     

利用盐沼泥炭重建长江三角洲北部全新世中期海平面

根据对长江三角洲北部海安地区4个钻孔标志性沉积物(潮上带盐沼泥炭、高潮滩沉积)的年龄测定和高程测量,以及沉积物压实沉降量的分析研究,重建了本研究区全新世中期8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP和5.6～5.4 cal kyr BP的相对海平面位置。结果显示,8.1～7.3 cal kyr BP海平面缓慢上升1.46m,上升速率仅为0.2cm/yr, 与三角洲南部全新世早期海平面的快速上升(2cm/yr)形成鲜明对比,验证了冰盖控制下的全球海平面阶段性波动上升模式。对比长江三角洲地区海平面曲线发现,三角洲北部海平面曲线较南部低5～6m,长江三角洲海平面曲线与世界各地海平面曲线也存在明显差异,分析认为主要是由长江口地区的差异性沉降和中国东部边缘海的水均衡作用两个因素引起的。     

苏拉威西海周边地区全新世植被演化及气候变化

全新世时期的环境和气候变化是全球气候模拟、预测中不可或缺的资料.对苏拉威西海西北部MD98-2178孔(3.6200°N,118.7000°E,水深1 984 m)全新世的样品进行孢粉分析和浮游有孔虫氧稳定同位素测试,重建全新世苏拉威西海周边地区植被演化和气候变化图景.根据孢粉记录得到:在全新世早期至7 ka BP时,各孢粉组合浓度剧烈下降,指示海平面处于上升阶段;在7~4 ka BP时,各孢粉组合浓度都处于低谷,体现为高海平面期;在4 ka BP之后,孢粉记录则显示海平面有小幅的下降.在全新世中期,即5~4 ka BP,热带高山雨林花粉含量明显上升,表明是温度低值期.蕨类孢子记录显示降雨量在全新世早期是持续增加的,但在全新世中期之后,降雨量有所减少,这与陆地孢粉记录和印尼石笋记录的结果相似,体现全新世该地区降雨量受海陆格局和太阳活动共同影响.      

大河三角洲全新世海平面研究中的若干重要问题——以长江、尼罗河和密西西比河三角洲为例

本文回顾和总结了不同纬度带大河三角洲全新世相对海平面曲线的特征及影响因素.以相近纬度带的长江、尼罗河与密西西比河三角洲为例,剖析了全新世中期无“高于现代平均海平面”的“壅水”现象,认为直布罗陀海峡、加勒比海岛屿和白令海峡对北极圈南下融水进入地中海、墨西哥湾和西太平洋起到了限制作用.大量的研究还表明,距今约7ka时尼罗河三角洲相对海平面低于现今约14m,而此时密西西比河三角洲相对海平面约为-10m,长江三角洲仅约为-5m;随后,它们的差距逐渐减小,反映了沉降作用对相对海平面变化的影响.论文提出一种利用全新世三角洲沉积层序、结合相对海平面曲线来判断区域沉降差异的方法;总结了三角洲古地形对海平面上升的响应模式,以及利用三角洲新石器遗址“最低居住面”重塑全新世相对海平面变化的路径.这些均为三角洲地区全新世海平面变化与地貌环境演化的相关研究提供了新的前景.     

海南岛沿岸全新世地层与海面变化的初步研究

研究沿海地区全新世沉积特征与形成年代,进行地层划分与对比,恢复沉积环境及演变历史,对探讨海岸线变迁、海平面变化与地壳运动等理论问题,有重要意义。以往,海南岛沿岸全新世沉积与地层的研究比较薄弱,主要涉及珊瑚礁、沿岸砂堤等。     

珠江三角洲全新世环境演变

本文根据23个钻孔的约200个岩芯样品和6个露头剖面的20个样品的孢粉分析,划分了11个孢粉带和8个亚带以及相应的气候期。以多种喜热与喜凉植物孢粉含量的比值作为温度变化的半定量指标,绘成珠江三角洲全新世气候变化半定量曲线,并用历史时期气候记载检验该曲线。认为存在多次约1000a 尺度的气候变化。用107个已测年的古海面标志物绘制了珠江三角洲全新世海平面变化曲线,并用古文化遗存的性质和区域分布检验该曲线。初步认为,气候曲线与海平面变化曲线有较好的对应关系。海平面升降是本区环境演变的主导因素,并制约先民的生产和栖息。     

现代珠江三角洲地区QZK4孔第四纪沉积年代

在地质环境变迁迅速的现代珠江三角洲地区,对于第四纪沉积的年代存在多种认识。结合南中国海的海平面变化记录,通过AMS14C和光释光测年发现,珠江三角洲腹地QZK4孔第四纪岩心底部最老年龄约为43.71ka BP。岩心记录的第四纪环境对南中国海海平面变化有着良好的响应:岩心下部陆相河流沉积和暴露风化层发育于末次冰期至早全新世的低海平面时期,上部滨海—河口湾沉积发育于早中全新世以来的高海平面时期。根据钻孔岩心的环境分析,推测现代珠江三角洲地区第四纪的底界可能较本钻孔记录的更老。     

微环礁的高分辨率海平面指示意义

微环礁由生长在珊瑚礁礁坪呈环带状结构的造礁珊瑚所形成,通常顶面死亡、周缘存活,是在海平面作用下形成的一种特殊的珊瑚结构.因为微环礁的生长上限严格受控于海平面,因此能指示厘米级上的海平面变化.利用微环礁与海平面之间的关系,国内外开展了一系列高分辨率的海平面变化研究,主要表现在:1)在构造稳定的区域,微环礁的环状生长条带能记录海平面在年际尺度上的波动,如重建近百年来的年分辨率的海平面变化历史、重建全新世不同时段海平面在年代际尺度上的波动等;2)在构造活动的区域,微环礁高精度指示海平面位置的功能能较好地指示相对海平面的变化,因此可用于记录地震导致的抬升或沉降,进而用来恢复古地震发生的时间和强度等,服务于发震机理的研究;3)在赤道太平洋区域,ENSO对海平面的影响也能够在微环礁的骨骼中记录下来.微环礁在南海有广泛的分布,为重建南海海平面的高分辨率变化历史提供了很好的材料.     

渤海西南岸6000年古海岸线重建及影响因素解析

全新世大暖期的海平面上升对全球海陆变迁产生了重大影响,重建这一时期的古海岸线对研究古海岸环境演化及预测未来海岸线变迁都具有重要意义,特别是在沿海低洼地带.本文以渤海西南沿岸为典型区域,收集具有完整测年的6ka B.P.左右的51个钻孔埋深数据,内插得到区域沉积层厚度图;再对已有文献中的钻孔高程数据重新订正,根据构造分区拟合出不同区域的相对海平面变化曲线;最后结合区域陆地现代数字高程模型(DEM),利用已有的古海岸线重建模型,构建了6ka B.P.的DEM,进一步分析全球海平面变化及构造运动作用在海岸线变迁中的影响.结果表明,全新世最大海侵时期,渤海西南岸陆地面积减少了2.08× 104km2,0m等高线深入内陆最远达约129km,在构造抬升或稳定区域,到达现在海岸6m高程附近,而快速下沉区则可达到8～10m等高线附近.沿岸相对海平面变化自菜州湾东岸向渤海湾西南岸逐渐降低,最高在现代海平面以上4m多,最低处略高于现代海平面,受构造升降作用影响明显.基于雷达剖面进一步估算,全球海平面变化在相对海平面变化的贡献量为上升1.52m,构造作用的影响为,莱州湾东岸3m,莱州湾南岸0.37m,现代黄河三角洲地区-0.36m,渤海湾西南岸-0.70m.     

中国全新世中期的高海平面

根据中国沿海全新世海进海退时代的一致性及对渤海沿岸平原、苏北平原和长江三角洲平原的牡蛎礁、贝壳堤底板和海侵层项板等古海面标志物的高程、年代及其与古海面关系的分析对比,消除了地壳运动的影响。本文认为中国沿海全新世中期5000—7000aBp存在着+2—+3m的高海平面,它是当时全球温暖气候通过海水温度—体积效应造成的全球平均海平面变化(eustatic change)的反映;同时区域大地水准面的垂直变化和水平移动对海平面的影响值得深入研究;此外大陆径流量,沿海降水量季及风环流的变化也可能对沿海海平面产生过一定影响。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861