大型蒸渗计的标定方法

介绍兰州干旱气象研究所研制的大型电子蒸渗计的工作原理,以及参数的设定,室内、田间标定方法。此蒸渗计经几年推广应用,取得大量农气蒸散方面的资料,效果很好。     

GQZ—Z1型称重式蒸渗计的研制及标定

在土壤水分蒸散量测量仪器研制中,首次在蒸渗计的原状土柱与反滤层接触部分安装了自动补（抽）水设备,使土桶内原状土柱与大田内的土壤水分保持一致。提出了传感器的参数选用原则和蒸渗计标定方法。经过安装和标定使用,GQZ—Z1蒸渗计的精度达到设计和观测0．1mm的要求,能够有效提高农田蒸散量的观测精度,其测定值能很好地反映植物在短时段内的蒸散变化。     

大型称重式蒸渗仪测定的冬小麦农田的蒸散规律研究

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪实测数据,对冬小麦蒸散耗水规律进行研究。结果表明：1）冬小麦的目蒸散量变化曲线呈单峰型,中午大,早晚小。蒸散量在分蘖期出现小峰值,此后逐渐降低,返青后又不断增大,在孕穗期土壤水分亏缺严重,作物蒸散量增加速率有所下降。2）Penman—Monteith法估算的实际蒸散量比蒸渗仪实测值略高,怛两者的相关...     

新型蒸渗仪及其对陆面实际蒸散发过程的观测研究

水量平衡和蒸散发过程研究是水文循环研究的重要方面。正确的观测和计算地表实际蒸散发量对认识气候变化条件下的水循环特征、实现区域水资源的可持续开发利用具有非常重要的意义。传统蒸渗仪功能单一,不仅安装费用较高,日常维护和观测需要大量的人力物力,观测精度也常常受到仪器系统误差或人为因素的影响。围绕着陆面蒸散发观测和解决蒸发悖论的科学问题,设计了用于研究气候变化对水循环、陆面蒸散发影响的野外自动观测实验的新系统,站址选择在江西省南昌县生态实验站。该新型蒸渗仪(Lysimeter)系统采用先进的高分辨率称重系统(陆面蒸散发观测精度:0.01 mm)、高精度土壤水分水势传感器(pf:0-7,国际专利号:102004010518.9)和动态IP解析技术的GPRS数据采集器(24 bit,512 k),通过地表气象站、土壤水分水势、蒸渗仪和地下水位等独立的观测实验对比,确定陆地表面实际蒸散发量以及蒸散发过程的有关参数。该系统无论在测量的精度及频次上都比传统观测方法有极大的提高。另外,除了应用于陆面实际蒸散发量的观测外,该系统装置了2004年获得国际专利的新型土壤水分、温度和水势传感器,观测精度较高,观测频次可调节幅度较大,且适应多种环境条件,能够根据不同的科学目标进行新的组合和设计。     

北疆棉区棉花膜下滴灌蒸散规律研究

通过对膜下灌溉技术下蒸散观测数据的分析，初步确定了棉花在整个生育期的蒸散量为500-600mm。在此基础上，分析了膜下灌溉技术对棉花产质量的影响。     

膜下滴灌模式下种植密度对棉田蒸散发规律影响研究

为探求绿洲棉区膜下滴灌条件下不同种植密度棉田蒸散发规律,运用大型称重式蒸渗仪对膜下滴灌棉田蒸散过程连续监测,结果表明：在不同种植密度条件下,棉花的日蒸散量曲线都表现为单峰曲线,不同生育时期一膜六行（30株/m2）种植的棉田蒸散量比一膜四行（20株/m2）大,花铃期棉田的蒸散发强度最大,一膜四行、一膜六行分别为4.76mm/d、5.94mm/d。同时,一膜六行种植的叶面积指数大于一膜四行种植,株高小于一膜四行种植。花铃期棉田的蒸散发量与日平均气温（p<0.01）和空气相对湿度(p<0.01)具有很好的相关性,与日平均风速和日平均水汽压的关系不大。     

几种蒸散计算方法在怀来地区的适用性研究

作物蒸散量即为植株蒸腾与棵间蒸发之和,准确地测定作物实际蒸散量,对研究农作物节水种植技术、加强水资源管理和制定合理的灌溉计划具有十分重要的意义。文章应用2013年生长季(5-10月)自动称重式蒸渗仪实测河北怀来地区夏玉米的蒸散量,从月、日两个时间尺度评价Penman-Monteith(FAO P-M)、Hargreaves、Priestley-Taylor三种基于参考作物蒸散量计算实际蒸散的方法在怀来地区的适用性,结果表明:(1)三种方法计算的夏玉米月、日实际蒸散相对于蒸渗仪实测结果均存在一定偏差,FAO P-M方法与Hargreaves方法表现较好,准确度相差不大,Priestley-Taylor方法准确性最差;(2)影响实际蒸散计算结果的主要气象因子为太阳净辐射和温度,Hargreaves方法计算结果在怀来地区可信度较高;(3)Hargreaves方法所需参数较少,在计算量方面占有很大的优势,在怀来地区适用性最好。     

微滴式农田蒸散器的研制

首先介绍微滴式旱田和水田蒸散器的结构和原理,并与原旱田蒸散器进行了比较,讨论了仪器的性能。     

Determination of Area-Averaged Water Vapour Fluxes with Large Aperture and Radio Wave Scintillometers over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment

A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) andradio wave scintillometer (RWS)were installed over a heterogeneous areato test the applicability of the scintillation method.The heterogeneity in the area, whichconsisted of many plots, was mainly caused bydifferences in thermal properties ofthe crops; the variations in theaerodynamic roughness lengthwere small. The water vapour fluxesderived from the combined LAS-RWSsystem, also known as the two-wavelengthmethod, agreed fairly well with the aggregatedwater vapour fluxes derived from in-situeddy covariance measurements. The water vapourfluxes derived from a stand-alone LASare also presented. It was found that a single LASand an estimate of the area averagedavailable energy (using a simple parameterisationscheme) can provide also reasonablearea-averaged water vapour fluxes.     

Local Initiation of Deep Convection on the Canadian Prairie Provinces

Our study found that local mesoscale circulations associated with highlandareas, and transient evapotranspiration discontinuities, are likely to influencethe timing and location of the initiation of deep convection across the Canadianprairie provinces when synoptic-scale forcing is weak (e.g., weak low level windsand no frontal boundaries). The cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus clouds thatformed over the highland areas were initiated by anabatic wind induced mesoscalecirculations. These deep convective clouds generally formed relatively early in theday (about 1030 Central Standard Time (CST)). In the relatively flat cropped grasslandregion, transient evapotranspiration gradients influenced the location of deep convectioninitiation, and the average soil moisture in the root zone had a direct impact on theirtiming. As root zone soil moisture declined from greater than 70% to less than 30%,convection initiation was delayed from about 0930 to 1630 CST. Cumulus congestusand cumulonimbus clouds that formed over the ephemeral evapotranspiration gradientswere initiated by land-land circulations. The study has improved the understanding ofthe influence of local surface forcing on the development of deep convective cloud onthe Canadian prairie provinces. The identification of areas where deep convection islikely to be initiated with weak synoptic forcing will also aid in the forecasting ofthunderstorms in this region.     

Precipitation and evaporation budgets over the Baltic Proper: observations and modelling

Precipitation and evaporation budgets over the Baltic Sea were studied in a concerted project called PEP in BALTEX (Pilot study of Evaporation and Precipitation in the Baltic Sea), combining extensive field measurements and modelling efforts. Eddy-correlation-measurements of turbulent heat flux were made on a semi-continuous basis for a 12 month period at four well-exposed coastal sites in the Baltic Proper (the main basin of the Baltic Sea). Precipitation was measured at land-based sites with standard gauges and on four merchant ships travelling between Germany and Finland with the aid of specially designed ship rain gauges (SRGs). The evaporation and precipitation regime of the Baltic Sea was modelled for a 12 month period by applying a wide range of numerical models: the operational atmospheric High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM, Swedish and Finnish versions), the German atmospheric REgional-scale MOdel, REMO, the operational German Europe Model (only precipitation), the oceanographic model PROBE-Baltic, and two models that use interpolation of ground-based data, the Swedish MESAN model of SMHI and a German model of IFM-GEOMAR Kiel. Modelled precipitation was compared with SRG measurements on board the ships. A reasonable correlation was obtained, but the regional-scale models and MESAN gave some 20% higher precipitation over the sea than is measured. Bulk parameterisation schemes for evaporation were evaluated against measurements. A constant value of C_HN and C_EN with wind speed, underestimated large fluxes of both sensible and latent heat flux. The limited area models do not resolve the influence of the height of the marine boundary layer in coastal zones and the entrainment (on the surface fluxes), which may explain the observed low correlations between modelled and measured latent heat fluxes. Estimates of evaporation, E, and precipitation, P, for the entire Baltic Proper were made with several models for a 12 month period. While the annual variation was well represented by all predictions, there are still important differences in the annual means. Evaporation ranges from 509 to 625 mm year^-1 and precipitation between 624 and 805 mm year^-1 for this particular 12 month period. Taking the results of model verification from the present study into account, the best estimate of P-E is about 100 ± 50 mm for this particular 12 month period. But the annual mean of P-E varies considerably from year to year. This is reflected in simulations with the PROBE-Baltic model for an 18 year period, which gave 95 mm year^-1 for the 12 month period studied here and 32 mm year^-1 as an average for 18 years.     

黑河流域日蒸散发遥感估算研究

地表蒸散的估算在干旱半干旱区水资源研究中具有重要意义。利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感资料、NCEP再分析格点资料和气象站点资料,根据能量平衡模型和FAO-17 Penman公式,计算了研究区域内逐日蒸散发量;对于晴天,用遥感模型反演出瞬时蒸散,进而推算出日蒸散;同时用FAO-17 Penmen公式和气象资料,计算研究区域内的同一天的蒸散,利用气象资料计算得到的蒸散与遥感估算的蒸散的关系,估算非晴空日的蒸散,进而得到逐日蒸散发结果。与同类研究结果的比较表明:该方法能够估算逐日蒸散发,通过气象与遥感资料结合,提高了气象格点资料的空间分辨率,弥补了难以得到遥感逐日晴空资料的不足,同时也为流域内同类研究提供参考依据。     

Climatic trends in the Amazonian area of Ecuador: Classical and multifractal analyses

The climate evolution and change in the Amazonian area is very important at least at a continental scale involving Latin America where more than 550 million people live. The objective of the present study was to investigate, from an environmental perspective, the climatic trends in the Amazonian area of continental Ecuador. We performed both classical and multifractal analyses of these trends on four climatic variables (maximum and minimum temperature, evaporation and evaporation/precipitation ratio). Data were collected from Puyo meteorological station, Pastaza Province, Ecuador. Data sets covered 31 years (from January 1974 to September 2005). Each time series consisted of 380 months.Piecewise regression analyses with breaking point showed two regimes with a cutoff ranging from t = 80 months (maximum and minimum temperature) to t = 133 months for the evaporation pattern (determination coefficient ≥ 0.979) while the multifractal analyses showed an increasing complexity within each climatic variable. All the considered climatic variables showed an increase since 1974 to approximately 1985. After that some type of smoother increase was observed.     

土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量传输模拟和验证

本文建立了包括地下水的土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量传输综合模型,并对模型中冠层动量湍流交换反梯度传输现象的描述进行了改进。在此基础上,依据冠层内动量和热量的交换以及辐射传输过程,同时求解地表、冠层能量平衡方程,进而模拟饱和-非饱和土壤的水热传输。用浅地下水地区冬小麦田间试验资料对模型进行验证,结果表明,系统能量平衡各分量和土壤含水量的模拟与观测结果相当一致。模型敏感性分析发现,叶面积指数对总蒸散量的影响随叶面积指数的增加而逐渐减弱;叶片最小气孔阻力对总蒸散量的影响,在该阻力较小时更显着;地下水位对蒸散量的影响在它小于1.5m时不显着,而在1.5～1.75m之间时,蒸散减小较快,主要由于土壤蒸发减小显着,冠层蒸腾稍有增加。     

余量称重法在土壤蒸散测量中的应用

土壤水分的蒸散能力与蒸散量的大小是研究干旱灾害的一个重要参数。由于没有长时间大范围的观测数据资料,目前水文气象研究干旱结果仍然局限在单点或者小范围的实验研究及数值模式中,没有时空变化的代表性。余量称重法的方式,可以较为直观地得到土壤中水分蒸散的量及其量值变化规律,对土壤蒸散能力有一个量化的概念。此方法操作简便,代表性强,对干旱研究将起到一定的作用。与数模测量法相比较,余量称重法的测量数据无需考虑气象环境中辐射与空气气温、湿度、风速大小和降水四个方面因素的影响,可以直接运用到气象、水文、水利及相关需要的测量与研究行业当中。