海洋地震勘探中地震波、鬼波综合效应分析与应用

鬼波是影响海洋地震资料采集质量的重要因素之一,经过海水表面反射的鬼波与海底反射波相互叠加。“地震波、鬼波的综合效应”受很多因素的影响,文中从传播路径、传播时间等方面讨论了地震波与鬼波的综合效应。通过计算机模拟了二者的综合效应,与实测资料进行了对比,其幅频特性中陷波点、幅度等特性非常接近。结合水合物勘探的目的,文章探讨了基于识别BSR的勘探频率要求震源和电缆的最佳沉放深度,并通过实际应用验证了理论推算的正确性。     

俯冲时的地震振动

在地壳中除一般的地震外 ,还可能发生其他不那么快速的地震过程。例如 ,在火山附近常记录到相当持续的振动 ,被称之为火山的抖动。2 0 0 0年日本开始起动由安置在全国各地、深度为 2 0 0～ 3 0 0m钻孔中的由 60 0台数字地震仪组成的“Hi 网络”。按仪器的灵敏度及其分布的密度 ,它超过了世界上所有其他类似的网络。“Hi 网络”记录到发生在南海俯冲区范围内地壳下层延续数分钟至数星期的振动。日本地震学家ObaraK成功地记录到离火山活动中心非常远的地壳振动。如果没有“Hi 网络”和在集中处理过程中所收集的资料 ,这些振动也许未被注意到…     

地震层析成像及其国内研究进展

地震层析成像及其国内研究进展@吴振利$国家海洋局第二海洋研究所国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室!浙江杭州　310012 @李家彪$国家海洋局第二海洋研究所国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室!浙江杭州　310012 @阮爱国$国家海洋局第二海洋研究所国家海洋局海底科学重点实验室!浙江杭州　310012~~~~~~~~     

制约震源药柱地震响应的激发因素与试验

油田探区的地震勘探工作从二维到三维,乃至多次重复勘探,总是习惯性地沿用同一品种的震源进行激发,也缺乏系统的激发因素试验与研究,取得地震资料一直面临相同的困惑,那就是低信噪比,低分辨率,地震剖面缺口深度大且频度高。为了寻找适合特定地表条件的震源药柱和激发条件,以勘探理论为依据,试验中选择了八种类型炸药,分别结合激发井深、药量、不同围岩及其含水性等开展了系列工作,以定量和定性手段相结合方式,确定了适应泌阳凹陷的激发因素,实际资料证明1kg的高爆速和中层震源弹激发可获得比以往8kg中密度激发更好的资料品质。     

基于倒双谱的地震子波估计方法

根据倒双谱兼有倒谱和双谱优势的特点,利用地震记录的倒双谱估计地震子波。首先采用基于二维傅里叶变换的倒双谱计算方法,求取地震记录的倒双谱系数,再利用倒双谱系数分别得到地震子波的最大和最小相位分量,进而重构出地震子波。该方法避免了双谱法提取地震子波过程中的相位计算。合成数据实验和实际地震资料处理结果表明倒双谱法能较准确的估计地震子波,效果优于双谱法。     

海洋天然气水合物调查地震采集技术——调查初始阶段研究

地震调查方法在水合物中的应用分为两个主要阶段:调查初始阶段和调查深入阶段。调查初始阶段以“突出天然气水合物的四大主要识别标志(似海底反射、振幅空白带、穿层特征、振幅和速度结构异常)”为主要目的,为资料的处理、解释提供丰富的地震信息。从而圈定天然气水合物富集程度高、成藏条件好的“目标”靶区,开展深入调查,更好地展现“天然气水合物矿体立体上的形态特征”,了解“水合物矿体的厚度、顶底界面及富集程度”。文中从震源技术研究、高分辨率地震调查技术的调谐组合参数研究和野外施工方法等方面的内容出发,根据大量野外技术试验资料和有关科研成果,总结了在天然气水合物调查初始阶段的特点及相应的地震调查技术。     

厦门及其邻近地区的地震活动

本文通过对厦门及其邻近地区历史地震和现今小震活动的研究,讨论了厦门可能遭受地震的危险性和厦门周围4个地震潜在震源区。文中用地震复发周期的方法求得今后100a内泉州-汕头地震带可能发生的重大地震震级为6.4,7级震的复发周期约360a。     

Seismic Hybrid Control and its Robustness in Girder Bridges

Two seismic hybrid control methods are studied in this article to mitigate the seismic hazard of girder bridges; one is applied for short-span simply supported, box section girders of concrete bridges using the hybrid mass damper (HMD), the other is applied for long-span girders of concrete bridges to hybridize viscoelastic dampers and actuators. The robustness of the control effect has been paid more attention here. The randomicity of the seismic excitation and the stability of the control algorithm are also taken into account.     

Seismic Hybrid Control and its Robustness in Girder Bridges

Two seismic hybrid control methods are studied in this article to mitigate the seismic hazard of girder bridges; one is applied for short-span simply supported, box section girders of concrete bridges using the hybrid mass damper (HMD), the other is applied for long-span girders of concrete bridges to hybridize viscoelastic dampers and actuators. The robustness of the control effect has been paid more attention here. The randomicity of the seismic excitation and the stability of the control algorithm are also taken into account.     

On Some Similar Regularities of Cyclonic and Seismic Activity

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Similar regularities of cyclonic and seismic activity have been revealed. This research is based on information on tropical cyclones and earthquakes in...     

The Oblique Seismic Experiment in oceanic crust-equipment and technique

In an Oblique Seismic Experiment (OSE), shots which have been generated at the surface from small (<1 km) to large (>10 km) ranges, are received in an oceanic crustal borehole. The objective is to study the shallow structure of the oceanic crust in the vicinity of the hole. A three component borehole geophone with a discrete variable gain preamplifier was developed for the experiment by modifying a commercially available tool. The first successful OSE in oceanic crust was carried out on DSDP Leg 52 in March, 1977. The experiment demonstrated the feasibility of instrumenting oceanic crustal boreholes.     

海洋天然气水合物调查地震采集技术——调查深入阶段研究

地震调查方法在水合物中的应用分为两个主要阶段:调查初始阶段和调查深入阶段。调查深入阶段以"井位优选"为主要目的,在对天然气水合物进行初步调查的前提下,开展深入调查,更好地展现"天然气水合物矿体立体上的形态特征",了解"水合物矿体的厚度、顶底界面及富集程度"。文中从震源技术研究、高分辨率地震调查技术的调谐组合参数研究和野外施工方法等方面的内容出发,根据大量野外技术试验资料和有关科研成果,总结了在天然气水合物调查深入阶段的特点及相应的地震调查技术。     

使用地震波反映地球的内部结构

在地球内部产生的地震波提供了帮助我们更好地认识驱动板块运动的地幔对流方式的图案。海底扩张的发现和板块构造理论被接受以后的四十年,重要的盲点在于我们对驱动板块运动的地幔对流的方式以及导致地震、海啸和火山爆发等的原因知之甚少,目前仍然有许多激烈的争论。海洋岩石圈向下嵌入内陆板块,在板块汇聚边界处达到了地球的地幔底部了吗？细热的地幔柱上升通过板块中部“热点”火山下面的地幔了吗？     

Seismic amplifications from offshore to shore

The objective of this study is to determine numerical estimations of seismic amplifications of waves traveling from offshore to shore considering the effect of sea floor configurations. According to the Boundary Element Method, boundary elements were used to irradiate waves and density force can be determined for each element. From this hypothesis, Huygens’ Principle is implemented since diffracted waves are constructed at the boundary from which they are radiated and this is equivalent to Somigliana's theorem. Application of boundary conditions leads to determine a system of integral equations of Fredholm type of second kind, which is solved by the Gaussian method. Various numerical models were analyzed, a first one was used to validate the proposed formulation and some other models were used to show various ideal sea floor configurations to estimate seismic amplifications. Once the formulation was validated, basic slope configurations were studied for estimating spectra of seismic amplifications for various sea floor materials. In general terms, compressional waves (P-waves) can produce seismic amplifications of the incident wave in the order of 2–5. On the other hand, distortional waves (S-waves) can produce amplifications up to 5.5 times the incident wave. A relevant finding is that the highest seismic amplifications due to an offshore earthquake are always located near the shore-line and not offshore despite the seafloor configuration.     

井间地震资料解释方法--以垦71区块井间地震为例

垦71区块井间地震代表胜利油田地震勘探工作进入一个新的时期。通过合成记录的制作以及井间地震反射波成像资料与常规地震资料的对比，对垦71区块井间地震资料的可靠性进行了评价。通过粗化处理和测井约束反演，探讨了井间地震资料的综合解释方法。     

对海上高分辨率二维地震作业的认识

1994－1996年，广州海洋地质调查局承担了南海西部石油公司在北部湾的部分高分辨率二维地震调查工程，调查船使用设备为1993年从美国引进的OYO地震仪（型号为DAS－1），施工过程前期进行了参数选择试验。本文介绍了高分辨地震调查参数选择依据、高分辨率二维采集中的一些注意事项、高分辨率二维采集中的一些注意事项、高分辨率地震资料的采集方法以及一些参数设定的原因。     

Seismic monitoring of western Pacific typhoons

Typhoons inflict large damage to societies, but are usually difficult to monitor in close proximity in real-time without expensive instruments. Here we study the possibility of using seismic waveforms on the seafloor and on land to monitor the turning of a far away or approaching typhoon. Up to 67% of the typhoons making landfall in Taiwan come from the eastern shore, so that we deployed broadband ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs) offshore eastern Taiwan in 2006 to study ground motion in close proximity to a typhoon. Typhoons generate ocean waves, which generate pressure signals in the water column before being transmitted to the seafloor as seismic waves and recorded by the OBSs. The ground motions on the seafloor correlate with locally increased (ocean) wave heights and wave periods, suggesting that the ground motions are mostly induced by in situ or nearby pressure fields, as shown by coherence function analyses. When a typhoon turns and changes wave-wave interaction near the source region, a new set of en echelon patterns develops which can be observed by OBSs and land stations. Similar features occur when a typhoon crosses a landmass and re-enters the ocean. The energy level ratio between the single-frequency and double-frequency microseisms also changes abruptly when the typhoon turns. These features can potentially help near real-time early warning with little cost to complement other conventional typhoon early warning methods.     

台湾海峡及其两岸地震和地热特征

本文主要论述了台湾海峡及其两岸地震和地热的各自特征以及它们之间的关系。该地区的4个北东向地震带刻划了各个块体的相互关系。台东地震带的震源机制解表明台湾纵谷具有复杂的过渡性构造。台湾西部和台湾海峡的地震活动也受到菲律宾海板块的控制。福建沿海的地震活动与巴士断层活动有关。在自东向西各地震带的活动能量急剧下降的同时,相应的地热流异常值有一个上升趋势,海峡西岸的地热异常高值多分布在NE与NW向断裂的交汇点上。     

Seismic expression of contourites and related deposits: a preface

Contourites are widespread throughout the deep sea, ranging from those that build up individually distinct bodies (mounded drifts) to those that occur closely interbedded with other deep-water facies. Although seismic data should not be used to make a firm identification of contourites without supporting evidence, much progress has been made in determining the combination of seismic criteria that best represent contourite deposits. With some modifications and additions, these criteria are in broad agreement with those recently proposed by Faugères and colleagues (1999). The papers in this special issue are mainly drawn from those presented at an IGCP workshop held in Trieste, Italy (October 2000), together with selected additions. Some of the new and important topics covered include: discussion of bottom-current controlled deposits on continental shelves and in large lakes (shallow-water and lacustrine `contourites'); the unique characteristics of high-latitude contourite systems that show interaction with turbidity current, debris flow and glacigenic processes; and the importance of local slope topography, developed as a result of synsedimentary tectonics and downslope mass movement, in focussing and shaping drift deposits (infill and fault-related drifts). An introduction to the powerful use of 3D seismic data in understanding contourite systems points the way towards important future research.     

海底天然气水合物的地震资料处理与分析

介绍了利用多道反射地震资料，采用反射振幅随炮检距变化AVO（Ampltude versus Offset)技术和其他地震正、反演方法，通过研究地震剖面上的拟海底反射层（BSR）分布、地震弹性参数特征，来探讨BSR上、下方含天然气水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积层的内部结构和某些主要物理性质，如沉积物的空隙率、天然气水合物的饱和度等，由此来评估海底天然气水合物的资源前景并研究其成矿机制。