MEG钻井液的试验研究

摘 要　 MEG 泥浆是国外最近才研制成功的一种新型无环境污染的油基泥浆替代体系。扼要 介绍了 MEG 母液和泥浆的性能及作用机理‚给出了在国内首次开展的关于 MEG 新型泥浆的 部分试验结果。试验结果表明‚研制出的 MEG 泥浆确实具有优良的抑制性、润滑性、储层保 护特性和抗污染能力。     

岩心钻探中泥浆净化除砂器的研究与应用

在分析了岩心钻探所用泥浆中的固相及固相含量过高对岩心钻探诸多方面的不利影响的基础上,对比了降低固相含量的各种方法。介绍了自行研制的XZ系列泥浆净化除砂器的组成、结构参数以及使用情况,并对该泥浆净化器在岩心钻探中的合理使用提出了相关建议。     

低渗致密砂岩气田储层损害评价及保护措施

储层孔隙类型、孔隙结构、粘土矿物类型和含量等是造成气层受伤害的潜在因素 ,而外来固相、滤液以及生产或作业压差、生产时间等工程因素也可造成或加重对气层的伤害程度 ,因此 ,低渗致密气田 (藏 )的开发效果在很大程度上依赖于开发技术水平的提高。应用岩心评价实验、时间推移测井、生产测井以及试井等方法 ,评价了河南东濮凹陷白庙、文 2 3等气田低渗致密砂岩储层的敏感性及与外来液的配伍性 ,分析了导致或加重对气层造成伤害的工程因素。在气田开发的全过程中 ,有针对性地制定出对气层进行保护的配套措施 ,减少了对储层的伤害 ,充分发挥了气层的潜力 ,提高了气田的开发效果 ,也为同类气田提供了借鉴。     

渤钻低密度固井水泥浆降低煤层气储层伤害的实验

针对煤层气井传统的固井水泥密度较大,在固井过程中产生较大压差,影响半径较大,且滤液成分矿化度较高,持续对储层产生伤害的问题,通过对比渤海钻探所使用的低密度固井水泥浆(统称渤钻浆)和常规固井水泥浆的失水量、滤液性能和稠化时间,并通过分析其滤液成分、电导率、渗透率回复率和计算污染半径,评价了渤钻浆降低煤层气储层伤害的能力。结果表明:渤钻浆失水量比常规固井水泥浆小一半,并且滤液黏度高、矿化度低和电导率低,使渤钻浆污染的煤样渗透率降低为28.97%(常规水泥浆污染的煤样渗透率降低为65.87%),渗透率恢复率为89.81%(常规水泥浆渗透率恢复率为61.18%)。综合来看渤钻浆不仅密度低,形成压差小,保证煤层稳定,还减小污染半径,降低了对煤层气储层的伤害。      

建立辫状河储层地质模型的露头调查———以张家口地区为例

摘 要　 根据储层沉积学原理‚对张家口地区辫状河砂体的成因进行分析‚划分出3级层次 界面和6种岩石相类型‚对沉积、成岩作用与储层物性的关系进行了探讨。指出：沉积作用 是影响砂体物性的主要因素‚成岩作用对物性的改造受沉积作用控制;砂岩物性和粒度中值 及泥质含量密切相关‚胶结物对孔隙度有一定影响‚对渗透率影响较弱。各次洪泛事件的能 量大小控制了有利储集带的分布。最后建立了辫状河砂体的一维和二维储层地质模型。     

南堡地区东营组一段储层敏感性评价及油层保护

南堡地区东营组一段辫状河三角洲前缘中孔低渗油气藏的非均质性强。本文采用实验室储层敏感性评价实验程序,针对油田钻井和注水开发实际工作条件,进行了多种储层敏感性测试。实验结果表明:该地区中孔低渗储集层在钻探过程中水敏和盐敏性突出,应针对特定井区的储层渗透性计算泥浆滤液浸入深度,对钻井施工进度提出要求;低渗透层泥浆伤害后,渗透率难以恢复,应减少泥浆浸泡时间,选用高效射孔弹,解除泥浆污染。     

GK-15型地质岩心钻探泥浆固控装置研究应用

固相控制装置在石油钻井中应用比较广泛,已实现系列化、标准化和专用化。地质岩心钻探在深度、口径和工艺等方面不同于石油钻井。因此,石油钻井固相控制装置不适合在地质岩心钻探施工中使用。GK-15型地质岩心钻探泥浆固相控制装置是在综合石油钻井固相控制装置特点的基础上,结合地质岩心钻探工艺的需求,把振动筛、清洁器和离心机通过管路联接,构成封闭的泥浆固相控制装置,实现泥浆的制备、循环、固相控制和储备。介绍了GK-15型泥浆固相控制装置结构、性能参数以及取得的使用效果。     

构造应力场在隐蔽性油气藏勘探中的应用

摘 要　 通过对构造应力场与低渗透储层中裂缝分布、油气运移和聚集以及断层纵向封闭性 之间关系的分析‚说明根据构造应力场的分布‚不仅可以定量预测裂缝性油气藏的分布规律 以及油气的运移方向与聚集场所‚而且还可定量评价断层的封闭性。因此‚从构造应力场的 角度对油气的分布进行评价和预测‚将对隐蔽性油气藏的勘探具有指导作用。     

煤层气储层评价的地球物理测井技术

摘 要 基于国内外煤层气地球物理测井技术的发展现状‚综合分析了煤层气储层测井数据 采集技术以及煤层气储层地球物理测井评价技术;讨论了当前煤层气储层评价的地球物理测 井技术所存在的若干问题以及今后值得注意的几个研究发展方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田长9储层物性特征研究

以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬油田东部长9储层为研究对象,通过岩心观察、压汞实验等方法研究了储层岩石学、储集体物性特征和孔隙结构,同时探讨了地层敏感性方面的内容。研究结果表明：姬塬长9储层物性较差,孔隙细微,为低孔隙度低渗透率储层。敏感性以弱伤害程度为主,少量样品呈现出中等偏弱伤害程度,敏感性对储层伤害有一定影响。     

储层伤害室内评价方法的研究

从分析影响产能的因素着手,修正了油气层损害室内证件夺心伤害率ＤＲ的定义,确定了岩心伤害深度和伤害段岩心渗稼率的测定方法,并针地两种渗透率不同的岩心完善了梯度测量法和储层作害室内评价方法。     

真空负载方式对疏浚淤泥脱水过程中脱水规律的影响

采用自主改装的变压头黏土渗透仪,模拟疏浚淤泥脱水过程中水分在淤泥颗粒多孔介质中的迁移运动过程,通过测定疏浚淤泥脱水过程中渗透系数与过滤常数、渗水量与滤液量、泥饼含水率与孔隙率,探究了负载压力为100 kPa时,不同负载方式（负载时间及负载压力梯度变化）对疏浚淤泥脱水过程中过滤和渗流规律的影响。研究发现：负载下的过滤和渗流同时进行,负载1 h期间,前期0～40 min内过滤占主导地位,后期40～60 min内渗流起关键作用。负载压力梯度由原来1 h内间隔变化1次,变为以20 kPa为梯度递增变化5次,随着压力变化梯度减小,渗透系数、过滤常数增加,淤泥脱水性能得到较明显的改善,并且前期负载压力越小,脱水效果越好。     

Sedimentary facies of the Nova Scotian upper and middle continental slope, offshore eastern Canada

A detailed survey of the upper and middle Nova Scotian continental slope at 42°50′N and 63°30′W indicates a complex morphology dominated by mass movements on various scales and an immature turbidity current channel. The range of sediment facies is diverse including hemipelagic and turbidite muds, turbidite sands and gravelly sandy muds of debris flow origin. Deformed units, interpreted as slump deposits are also observed. Several facies associations, related to discrete morphological environments, are recognized. Thick turbidite sand units with minor intervening mud beds are characteristic of the high-relief uppermost slope and channel margin. Thinner turbidite sands, deformed slump beds and various mud facies are associated with small-scale, hummocky mid-slope topography. Sand beds are more abundant in the depressions than on intervening hummocks indicating the preferred transport paths of small turbidity currents. At the lower end of the main turbidity current channel, frequent turbidite sand beds with relatively minor mud beds are deposited on a depositional lobe. In areas unaffected by mass movements, alternating bioturbated mud and sandy muds make up the core sequences. A local model of sedimentation is proposed for this area and illustrates that simple models of continental slope sedimentation only apply to a limited range of settings.     

低荧光防塌沥青及低荧光特效封堵防塌降滤失剂的研制与应用

研发了一种具有优良防塌效果的低荧光钻井液用井壁稳定剂，提高石油沥青磺化度，解决降低产品荧光级别的新工艺，突破因荧光干扰测录井导致油储层被误判、漏判的关键技术，磺化反应后期，引入提高产品综合性能的特种材料进行交联反应。介绍了低荧光防塌沥青LF—TEX-1及低荧光特效封堵防塌降滤失剂FSL-1的关键技术原理和生产工艺流程，并对这两种处理剂的性能测试结果进行了分析。实际生产应用表明，他们具有明显的封堵、降失水功能。     

Provenance of buried esker groundwater: the case of Vars-Winchester esker aquifer,Eastern Ontario,Canada

An innovative mode of groundwater recharge to a buried esker aquifer is considered. The current conceptual model affords a natural safeguard to underlying aquifers from the overlying muds. A hypothesis of groundwater recharge to a buried esker aquifer via preferential pathways across its overlying muds is tested here by heuristic numerical one-dimensional and two-dimensional modeling simulations. The hypothesis has been tested against two other conventionally accepted scenarios involving: (1) distal esker outcrop areas and (2) remote shallow-bedrock recharge areas. The main evidence comes from documented recharge pressure pulses in the overlying mud aquitard and in the underlying esker hydraulic-head time series for the Vars-Winchester esker aquifer in Eastern Ontario, Canada. These perturbations to the potentiometric surface are believed to be the aquifer response to recharge events. The migration rate of these pressure pulses is directly related to the hydraulic diffusivity of the formation. The measured response time and response amplitude between singular radar precipitation events and well hydrographs constituted the heuristic model calibration targets. The main evidence also includes mud-layering deformation (water escape features) which was observed in seismic surveys of the over-esker muds. These disturbed stratigraphic elements provide a realistic mechanism for migrating water to transit through the muds. The effective hydraulic conductivities of these preferential pathways in the muds were estimated to be between 2?×?10^?6 and 7?×?10^?6 m/s. The implications of these findings relate to the alleged natural safeguard of these overlying muds.     

腐植酸泥浆正交试验优化研究

腐植酸泥浆是非开挖钻进砂层、砾石、卵石以及破碎地层时常用的一种护壁浆液。针对常用的腐植酸泥浆的配方,设计了四因素三水平的正交试验,分析了泥浆性能受各组分影响的主次,然后进行配方优化。把NaCl作为一个正交试验因素,分析了NaCl不同加量对泥浆性能的影响。正交优化后的泥浆性能粘度较高,失水量较小,能较好的满足施工的要求。     

Test Investigation on Liquefied Deformation Structure in Saturated Lime-Mud Composites Triggered by Strong Earthquakes

Three identical model boxes were made from transparent plexiglass and angle iron. Using the method of sinking water and according to the sedimentary rhythm of saturated calcium carbonate(lime-mud) intercalated with cohesive soil,calcites with particle sizes diameters of ≤ 5 μm,10–15 μm and 23–30 μm as well as cohesive soil were sunk alternatively in water of three boxes to build three test models,each of which has a specific size of calcite. Pore water pressure gauges were buried in lime-mud layers at different depths in each model,and connected with a computer system to collect pore water pressures. By means of soil tests,physical property parameters and plasticity indices(Ip) were obtained for various grain-sized saturated lime-muds. The lime-muds with Ip ranging from 6.3 to 8.5(lower than 10) are similar to liquid saturated silt in the physical nature,indicating that saturated silt can be liquefied once induced by a strong earthquake. One model cart was pushed quickly along the length direction of the model so that its rigid wheels collided violently with the stone stair,thus generating an artificial earthquake with seismic wave magnitude greater than VI degree. When unidirectional cyclic seismic load of horizontal compression-tension-shear was imposed on the soil layers in the model,enough great pore water pressure has been accumulated within pores of lime-mud,resulting in liquefaction of lime-mud layers. Meanwhile,micro-fractures formed in each soil layer provided channels for liquefaction dewatering,resulting in formation of macroscopic liquefaction deformation,such as liquefied lime-mud volcanoes,liquefied diapir structures,vein-like liquefied structures and liquefied curls,etc. Splendid liquefied lime-mud eruption lasted for two to three hours,which is similar to the sand volcano eruption induced by strong earthquake. However,under the same artificial seismic conditions,development of macroscopic liquefied structures in three experimental models varied in shape,depth and quantity,indicating that excess pore water pressure ratios at initial liquefaction stage and complete liquefaction varied with depth. With size increasing of calcite particle in lime-mud,liquefied depth and deformation extent increase accordingly. The simulation test verifies for the first time that strong earthquakes may cause violent liquefaction of saturated lime-mud composed of micron-size calcite particles,uncovering the puzzled issue whether seafloor lime-mud can be liquefied under strong earthquake. This study not only provides the latest simulation data for explaining the earthquake-induced liquefied deformations of saturated lime-mud and seismic sedimentary events,but also is of great significance for analysis of foundation stability in marine engineering built on the soft calcium carbonate layers in neritic environment.     

The biogeochemistry of heavy metals in polluted lakes and streams at Flin Flon,Canada, and a proposed method for limiting heavy-metal pollution of natural waters

The biogeochemistry of Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Fe in lakes and streams polluted by mine and smelter wastes emitted at Flin Flon, Canada, was investigated. In Schist Lake, a repository for both tailings-pond drainage and sewage, green algal blooms generated by nutrients from sewage promote entrapment of metals in sediments by (1) accumulation of metals from solution by algal seston, with preferential uptake of Zn, the most abundant metal, followed by sinking of the seston; and (2) production of H₂S during decomposition of dead algae, resulting in sulfide precipitation. Metals are partially resolubilized from seston as it decomposes while sinking. Preferential retention of Cu by sinking seston and by mud promotes Cu enrichment in the mud but the Cu/Zn ratio of mud varies with the Cu/Zn ratio of surface water seston. In bottom muds, partitioning of a metal between sulfide and organic matter is strongly dependent on the stability of the metal sulfide as measured by its standard entropy, the proportion of sulfide-bound metal decreasing in the order Hg>Cd>Cu>Fe>Zn. When sulfide-rich muds were heated under helium, x-ray diffraction revealed abundant well-crystallized ZnS (sphalerite) containing Cd, Hg, and Fe; only poorly crystallized traces of the mineral were detected in unheated mud, however. Cu sulfide failed to crystallize, suggesting interference by sorbed impurities. Metals were concentrated in H₂S-rich muds and extraction of muds with various solvents and by electrodialysis showed that sulfide was much more effective than organic matter in suppressing remobilization of metals. Remobilized Cu is probably bound to organic complexing agents. Some extractable complexing agents bind Cu preferentially with respect to Zn and Cd but others preferentially bind Zn and Cd; the complexes, being stable in the presence of free sulfide, may cause some release of metals from sulfide-rich muds in nature. These results indicate that introduction of sewage together with heavy-metal effluents into settling ponds could be an effective and economic method for limiting heavy-metal pollution of natural waters.     

澳门美高梅金殿扩底灌注桩施工泥浆技术

在澳门美高梅金殿大直径扩底灌注桩工程中,为了减少钢护筒的人埋深度,确保其顺利回收,设计和实施了一套有效的泥浆技术,包括：用优质膨润土造浆,用具有降粘稀释和抑制地层水化分散的腐殖酸钾（KHm）处理剂,配制高抑制性低固相泥浆;应用气举反循环系统清洁钻孔,地表大循环系统调度泥浆、调整泥浆性能;强化重力沉淀和旋流除砂方法清除钻屑;把钻屑和废弃泥浆用低标号水泥硬化处理后外运,避免污染环境等。并通过泥浆损耗量的计算分析,提出了降低损耗和成本的措施。