Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of the Kolan geothermal field, southeastern Turkey

The Kolan geothermal field is located 24 km northwest of the Karakoçan area of Elaz city in southeastern Turkey. The Keban crystallized limestone of Permo-Carboniferous age is the oldest unit in the area. This unit is overlain by the middle-upper Eocene Krkgeçit formation consisting of conglomerate, sandstone, limestone and marl alternations. The youngest unit in the area is the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene Karabakr formation consisting of basalt, andesite and tuffs. Thermal Springs in the Kolan field issue along two major fault zones. The temperature of the hot springs is between 38°C and 45°C. Thermal waters in the area are heated by the geothermal gradient. The waters are classified as hot or very hot and as brackish waters. On the basis of International Association of Hydrogeologists Classification (IAH), waters are grouped as Ca–Na-HCO₃–CO₂-bearing thermal and mineral waters. Chemical analyses indicate a chemical composition of Ca>(Na+K)>Mg - HCO₃>SO₄>Cl. Saturation calculations reveal that the waters are oversaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite and aragonite while undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite minerals. On the basis of ¹⁸O, ²H and ³H isotope data, Kolan waters are of meteoric origin, recharged from high elevations and then circulated deeply.     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Ilica geothermal system (Erzurum,Turkey)

In this paper, the hydrochemical isotopic characteristics of samples collected from geothermal springs in the Ilica geothermal field, Eastern Anatolia of Turkey, are examined and described. Low-temperature geothermal system of Ilica (Erzurum, Turkey) located along the Eastern Anatolian fault zone was investigated for hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics. The study of ionic and isotopic contents shows that the thermal water of Ilica is mainly, locally fed by groundwater, which changes chemically and isotopically during its circulation within the major fault zone reaching depths. The thermal spring has a temperature of 29–39 °C, with electrical conductivity ranging from 4,000 to 7,510 µS/cm and the thermal water is of Na–HCO₃–Cl water type. The chemical geothermometers applied in the Ilica geothermal waters yielded a maximum reservoir temperature of 142 °C according to the silica geothermometers. The thermal waters are undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite, and oversaturated with respect to dolomite. The dolomite mineral possibly caused scaling when obtaining the thermal waters in the study area. According to the enthalpy chloride-mixing model, cold water to the thermal water-mixing ratio is changing between 69.8 and 75 %. The δ¹⁸O–δ²H compositions obviously indicate meteoric origin of the waters. Thermal water springs derived from continental precipitation falling on to higher elevations in the study area. The δ¹³C ratio for dissolved inorganic carbonate in the waters lies between 4.63 and 6.48 ‰. In low-temperature waters carbon is considered as originating from volcanic (mantle) CO₂.     

Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of Heybeli geothermal area (Afyon,Turkey)

The thermal waters at the Heybeli (K?z?lkirse) low-temperature geothermal field located in the Afyonkarahisar Province (western Turkey) are discharged from Paleozoic recrystallized limestone. The temperature, specific electrical conductivity, and pH values of the thermal waters are within the range of 28.9 to 54.7 °C, 587 to 3580 μS/cm, and 6.32 to 7.37, respectively. The Heybeli geothermal system is fed by meteoric waters. The waters are heated at depth by high geothermal gradient caused by the neotectonic activity in the deep and ascend to the surface through fractures and faults by convection. The thermal waters are of Na-Ca-HCO₃-SO₄ type and their chemical composition of the waters is mainly controlled by water-rock interaction and mixing processes. The δ¹⁸O, δ²H and tritium compositions show that the thermal waters are of meteoric origin and the residence time at the reservoir is longer than 50 years. Isotope data (δ³⁴S and δ¹³C) indicate recrystallized limestones as origin of CO₂ and structural substitution of sulfate into marine carbonates (CAS) as origin of sulfur. Chemical, \( {\updelta}^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{\left({\mathrm{SO}}_4-{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\right)} \) isotope geothermometers and mineral equilibrium diagrams applied to thermal waters gave reservoir temperatures between 62 and 115 °C. Saturation index calculations show that the most expected minerals causing scaling at outflow conditions during the production and utilization of Heybeli geothermal waters are calcite, aragonite, dolomite, quartz, and chalcedony.     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigation of the Bursa-Oylat thermal waters, Turkey

The Oylat spa is located 80 km southeast of Bursa and 30 km south of Ineg?l in the Marmara region. With temperature of 40°C and discharge of 45 l/s, the Oylat main spring is the most important hot water spring of the area. Southeast of the spa the Forest Management spring has a temperature of 39.4°C and discharge of 2 l/s. The G?z spring 2 km north of the spa, which is used for therapy of eye disease, and cold waters of the Saadet village springs with an acidic character are the further important water sources of the area. EC values of Main spring and Forest Management hot spring (750–780 μS/cm) are lower than those of Saadet and G?z spring waters (2,070–1,280 μS/cm) and ionic abundances are Ca > Na + K > Mg and SO₄ > HCO₃ > Cl. The Oylat and Sızı springs have low Na and K contents but high Ca and HCO₃ concentrations. According to AIH classification, these are Ca–SO₄–HCO₃ waters. Based on the results of δ¹⁸O, ²H and ³H isotope analyses, the thermal waters have a meteoric origin. The meteoric water infiltrates along fractures and faults, gets heated, and then returns to surface through hydrothermal conduits. Oylat waters do not have high reservoir temperatures. They are deep, circulating recharge waters from higher enhanced elevations. δ¹³C_DIC values of the Main spring and Forest Management hot spring are −6.31 and −4.45‰, respectively, indicating that δ¹³C is derived from dissolution of limestones. The neutral pH thermal waters are about +18.7‰ in δ³⁴S while the sulfate in the cold waters is about +17‰ (practically identical to the value for the neutral pH thermal waters). However, the G?z and Saadet springs (acid sulfate waters) have much lower δ³⁴S values (~+4‰).     

Hydrogeochemical investigation of geothermal springs in Erzurum,East Anatolia (Turkey)

Geothermal water sources located within The Erzurum province were identified and hot water samples were taken from four different geothermal areas. The results of in situ and hydrogeochemical analyses of these hot water samples were interpreted and the properties of hot water, water–rock associations, estimated reservoir temperature and hot water usage areas were determined. The temperatures of the samples collected from the study area vary between 26.2 and 57.7 °C, while pH values change from 6.09 to 7.33, EC values obtained from in situ measurements are between 1829 and 9480 µS/cm and Eh values are (??190) to (26.3) mV. Total dissolved solids of the hot waters have a range from 838.7 to 3914.1 mg/l. The maximum estimated reservoir temperature is calculated as 250 °C by applying chemical geothermometers. However, considering the actual temperatures of Pasinler, Köprüköy, Horasan and Il?ca thermal waters and wells, the most reliable temperature range depending on the applied geothermometers’ results indicate minimum and maximum reservoir temperatures 85–158.9 °C, respectively, taking in account the errors. According to the isotope analysis, the waters circulating within the geothermal system are of meteoric origin and modern waters. In addition, two samples taken from clayey levels observed in the field were analyzed and the mineralogy of the clays was evaluated.     

河北汤泉地热流体水文地球化学特征及其成因

提要：汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文通过对该地区地热流体研究发现：Na⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺与SO^2-₄、HCO^-₃、Cl^-、NO^-₃是该地区地下热水的主要成分,水化学类型主要为SO^2-₄-Na⁺型,属于未污染的天然弱碱性水;流体中F^-含量平均为9.36 mg/l,远高于国家地下水质量标准ⅴ级;可溶性SiO₂的含量可作为地热温标;地热流体总矿化度平均为782.33 mg/l,属于淡水;为中等腐蚀型水,不结碳酸钙垢,无CaSO₄?2H₂O垢和SiO₂垢生成的可能;地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水;根据氢氧稳定同位素可知,河北汤泉地热流体主要来源于大气降水。     

胶西北金成矿区He、Ar同位素组成及成矿流体来源研究

胶东半岛西北地区是我国重要的金成矿区,主要受三山岛断裂、焦家断裂、招平断裂带控制。为探讨3条主要成矿带成矿流体的来源与区别,对成矿带内典型矿床载金黄铁矿中流体包裹体进行了He、Ar同位素测试。结合前人数据表明三山岛成矿带3He/4He均值为1. 95 Ra,焦家成矿带³He/⁴He均值为1. 74 Ra,招平成矿带³He/⁴He均值为1. 54 Ra,从西往东逐渐降低,说明地幔流体参与成矿自西往东逐渐降低。黄铁矿流体包裹体中放射性成因Ar所占比例范围三山岛成矿带1. 17%～87. 12%,平均33. 04%,焦家成矿带15. 57%～90. 00%,平均55. 75%,招平成矿带7. 94%～92. 69%,平均44. 23%,说明在成矿过程中,地壳成矿流体参与成矿作用焦家成矿带最高,招平成矿带次之,三山岛成矿带最低。结合H、O稳定同位素研究,认为成矿流体主要来源于地壳,并有地幔流体加入,具地壳流体和地幔流体混合特征,上升过程中可能还有少量大气降水的参与。     

开采状态下河北平原孔隙热储地热水资源的构成——以辛集集中开采区为例

地热水属于承压水,其储存量包括容积储存量和弹性储存量两部分,当水位处于含水层顶板以上时,已开采出的地热水只能是弹性储存量。在河北平原区进行区域地热资源评价时,地热水可开采量按照开采系数法、解析法等不同方法计算,与弹性储存量存在巨大差距。为研究地热水开采资源的构成并更加准确评价集中开采区地热水的可开采量,采用地下水均衡法对辛集集中开采区地热水开采资源量进行了计算,结果显示: 侧向补给量为126×10⁴ m³,占开采资源量的60.9%; 越流补给量为19.7×10⁴ m³,占开采资源量的9.55%; 弹性释水量为33.1×10⁴ m³,占开采资源量的16.1%; 弱透水层压密释水量为27.4×10⁴ m³,占开采资源量的13.3%。研究结果说明,集中开采区地热水的开采资源量不仅仅来自于热储层的弹性释水量,还包括侧向补给量、越流补给量和弱透水层的压密释水量。研究成果对于科学合理地开发地热资源、更好地遏制和缓解地热水开采引发的地质环境问题具有一定意义。     

湖南省地热水水文地球化学特征

为了查明湖南省地热水的赋存状况、估算研究区热储的温度、冷热水的混合比值及热水循环深度等信息,文章利用离子比值法、phreeqc计算矿物饱和指数法以及硅—焓模型等方法,对研究区69处地热水进行水文地球化学分析。结果表明：研究区地热水主要的水化学类型为HCO3-Ca和HCO3-Ca·Mg,其次为SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg和SO4-Ca;77%地热水中钙镁离子的比值大于3,表明地热水的封存时间久;利用phreeqc计算出多矿物饱和指数,表明二氧化硅矿物最接近饱和状态;使用硅—焓混合模型估算研究区热储温度和冷水混入比例,表明热储温度范围为32~226 ℃,均值为140 ℃,冷水混入比例平均为85%,占比较大;利用地温梯度计算地热水循环深度范围为5~6 km,平均深度5.34 km。总之,湖南省地热水演化时间长,径流时间比较久,区域循环深度大,热液经热储增温后,经过长时间的径流、水岩作用等,地热水在高压以及热动力驱动下向地表循环,在地表附近与冷水混合后形成以低温为主的“未成熟”中低温热水。     

Estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE in a GIS framework: a case study in the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed,northwest Turkey

This study was aimed at predicting soil erosion risk in the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed located in the western part of Istanbul, Turkey, by using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in a GIS framework. The factors used in RUSLE were computed by using different data obtained or produced from meteorological station, soil surveys, topographic maps, and satellite images. The RUSLE factors were represented by raster layers in a GIS environment and then multiplied together to estimate the soil erosion rate in the study area using spatial analyst tool of ArcGIS 9.3. In the study, soil loss rate below 1 t/ha/year was defined as low erosion, while those >10 t/ha/year were defined as severe erosion. The values between low and severe erosion were further classified as slight, moderate, and high erosion areas. The study provided a reliable prediction of soil erosion rates and delineation of erosion-prone areas within the watershed. As the study revealed, soil erosion risk is low in more than half of the study area (54%) with soil loss <1 t/ha/year. Around one-fifth of the study area (19%) has slight erosion risk with values between 1 and 3 t/ha/year. Only 11% of the study area was found to be under high erosion risk with soil loss between 5 and 10 t/ha/year. The severe erosion risk is seen only in 5% of the study area with soil loss more than 10 t/ha/year. As the study revealed, nearly half of the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed requires implementation of effective soil conservation measures to reduce soil erosion risk.     

Nd Isotopic Composition and Material Source of Pre—and Post—Sinian Sedimentary Rocks in Xiushui Area,Jiangxi Province

Reported in this paper are the Nd isotopic compositions of the pre-Sinian and Sinian-Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Xiushui area,Jiangxi Province.Significant differences are noticed between them in their Nd isotopic dompositions.As for the pre-Sinian lightly metmorphozed sedimentary rocks,^143Nd/^144Nd=0.512000-0.512214,CNd(T)=-8.04-9.99,and TDM=18332426Ma are suggested for the Sinian-Cambrian sedimentary rocks .These differences would reflect the diversity of material source for the sedimentary rocks deposited before and after the Sinian period.Mantle material ap-pears to have been involved in the formation of the pre-Sinian sedimentary rocks while the post-Sinian sedimentary rocks are composed mainly of recycled detritus from the continental crust.     

Estimation of reservoir temperature using silica and cationic solutes geothermometers: a case study in the Tengchong geothermal area

Acta Geochimica - Reservoir temperature estimation is vitally important for assessing the exploitation potential of a geothermal field. In this study, the concentrations of major chemical...     

The importance of hydrogeological and hydrological investigations in the residential area: a case study in Burdur,Turkey

Water resources in residential areas are negatively affected by floods. In addition, many aquifers are contaminated as a result of urbanization. Great damage caused during earthquakes are partly attributed to the residential pattern which ignores the potential effect of groundwater. Hydrogeological and hydrological surveys must be carried out in the residential areas to determine the interaction between water and residential development of all types.Recent hydrogeological and hydrological investigations regarding the impact of urbanization were made for the city of Burdur (Turkey). To evaluate the effect of earthquakes on groundwater, groundwater isohypse and groundwater isopach maps were prepared showing most of the buildings within the Burdur city boundaries, which are in the areas where groundwater depth is less than 10 m. This is considered a critical depth for liquefaction during an earthquake. Lowering of the groundwater table has to be considered as one of the alternatives in reducing earthquake hazards. The chemical makeup of groundwater was also determined to consider its relationship to contamination and possible effects upon the foundations. Streams flowing across the Burdur residential area formed a flooding risk. Results of the peak flow analysis can be used to design improvements for the city. Maps of the best residential development areas have been prepared by using hydrological and hydrogeological results.     

Lake water quality assessment: a case study of Shahu Lake in the semiarid loess area of northwest China

A comprehensive assessment on lake water quality was carried out in Shahu Lake, northwest China, to provide valuable information about present lake water quality for decision making. Major ions, general parameters, bacteriological parameters, organics and trace metals monitored monthly in 2014 were considered. Monitored parameters were compared with quality criteria for surface water of China, and overall water quality assessment was carried out using an entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) based on 20 selected parameters. Lake water quality was also assessed for irrigation purpose. The results show that the lake water is of Cl·SO₄–Na facies with high salinity and COD. The geochemistry of the lake water is regulated by intense evaporation and human activities. TP, TN and F^? are major inorganic contaminants, with over 50% of the water samples polluted by them. Oil, mainly attributed by leaky motor tourist boats, is the major organic pollutants in the lake water, with 10 samples (37.04%) showing higher oil content than the permissible limit. The concentrations of other inorganic and organic contaminants as well as trace metals are well below the permissible limits. The present study indicates that inorganic contamination in the lake water is more severe than organic pollution. The overall lake water quality, assessed by EWQI, is poor and very poor with SO₄ ^2?, TDS, TH and Cl^? being the dominant contributing factors. The lake water is suitable for irrigation in terms of alkalinity, but is unsuitable for irrigation from the salinity point of view. Accelerating the circulation and replenishment of the lake water is an important way of reducing contaminant concentrations. This study is important in providing comprehensive information on lake water quality for decision makers and valuable reference for international lake water researchers.     

新疆曲曼高温地热田水文地球化学特征研究

介绍了新疆曲曼高温地热田的地热地质背景,利用水质测试结果分析了地热田及其邻区一带地热水、浅表冷水及冷-热过渡水的基本化学组分和地热水标性组分特征,并研究了热水化学组分来源及其运移规律。在此基础上分析了深部热储的水岩平衡状态,计算了热储温度。研究表明:地热水的化学成分以Na+、Cl-和SO2-4为主,Ca2+和HCO-3次之,为典型的高温地热流体化学类型;地热流体在热田中部呈垂向上涌,在热田南部、东部及北部地热流体经深部垂向上涌后发生了明显的侧向径流;曲曼地热田深部热储为还原环境,渗透性较强,具中强的地热活动背景,计算热储温度在114～186 ℃之间,温度背景中等偏高。     

CSAMT investigations of the Caferbeyli (Manisa/Turkey) geothermal area

Journal of Earth System Science - Western Turkey is one of the most remarkable regions of very active continental extension in the world. The most significant structures of this region are...     

Hydrogeochemical and isotopic study of the Kumho River, Korea: implications for anthropogenic and seasonal effects

The geochemical and isotopic compositions of river water are controlled by different factors. The seasonal and spatial variations in the geochemical composition, δD, δ¹⁸O, and δ¹⁵N–NO₃ of the Kumho River were investigated to reveal the geochemical processes occurring at different seasons. The Kumho River, which runs through different geologic terrains with different land use characteristics, is the largest tributary of the Nakdong River, the longest river in South Korea. The data varied significantly according to the land use and the season. Each monitoring station showed the lowest concentrations of various ions during July, the rainy season, due to the increase of precipitation rate. The ionic concentrations gradually increased downstream by the mineral weathering and anthropogenic activity. At the upper regions of the river, Ca and HCO₃, which are closely associated with mineral weathering, were the most dominant cation and anion, respectively. The relatively high Si concentration of the headwater samples, caused by the weathering of volcanic rocks, also showed the importance of weathering in the upper regions mainly composed of volcanic rocks. The downstream regions of the Kumho River are mainly influenced by sedimentary rocks. At the lower reaches of the river, especially near the industrial complexes in Daegu, the third largest city in Korea, Na, Cl, and SO₄ became the dominant ions, indicating that the anthropogenic pollution became more important in regulating the chemical composition of the river. The increasing (Ca + Mg + Na + K)/HCO₃ ratio downstream also indicates that the anthropogenic effects became more important as the river flows downstream. The isotopic compositions of δD and δ¹⁸O indicate that the river waters were significantly affected by evaporation during May and July, but the evaporation effect was relatively low during October. The isotopic composition of δ¹⁵N–NO₃ increased downstream, also confirming that anthropogenic effects became more significant at the lower reach of the river and near Daegu.     

柳林泉域滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄分析

为了研究柳林泉域西部滞流区低温岩溶热水的年龄,在区域地质、水文地质条件调查及野外取样、分析的基础上,以滞流区横沟自流井的岩溶热水为例,利用δ2H（‰）、δ18O（‰）、3H（TU）和14C（pMC）同位素测年技术分析、计算并校核了该区岩溶水的滞留时间。通过分析岩溶水中3H和14C的关系及其δ2H、δ18O值,表明横沟岩溶水属于古岩溶水,其年龄应在10 000 a以上;利用14C计算并校核后的岩溶水年龄也印证了这一点,横沟1#和2#井岩溶水的14C年龄分别为12 908 a和9 090 a。因此,横沟附近岩溶热水应属于末次冰期盛冰期内补给的古岩溶水。      

四川巴塘地热田水文地球化学特征及成因

地下热水的地球化学特征能够揭示深部地热过程。川西巴塘地区域地热资源丰富,但当前研究程度较低。为进一步查明川西地区地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,揭示热循环机理,定量评估研究区热储温度、冷水混入比例、热循环深度等,利用巴塘热坑和巴塘热水塘两处地热田共20组温泉水样进行水化学分析和氢氧同位素分析,进行定量计算,并分析巴塘地区地下热水的演化过程。结果表明:巴塘地区地下热水主要为HCO3—Na型;水中Sr2+、Li+和F-与Cl-的相关性不佳;主要受大气降雨补给;冷水混入比例为64%~68%,未混入冷水时深部热储温度为218~229 ℃,热储循环深度4 546.32~4 777.89 m;Na+、HCO-3、SiO2浓度在热水循环过程中变化相对较大。说明Sr2+、Li+和F-只来自于水岩作用的矿物溶解,且该地区地下水补给主要来自于大气降水,川西地区地热水于围岩发生水岩作用,进行离子交换,在完成一系列水化学作用及水岩作用后,升至地表,最终形成温泉水。研究成果可为川西巴塘地区地热研究提供数据支撑及理论支持,同时也为川西整体区域地热研究提供方法借鉴,为研究区地下水开发利用研究提供参考。