景谷盆地低演化油气的同位素地球化学特征

对云南景谷盆地第三系原油及其伴生气的研究，共采集了油样6个，气样4个，进行了原油及其族组成、气体甲烷及其同系物的碳同位素测定，结果表明景谷盆地大牛圈原油富集轻碳同位素，其δ^13C1值为－32.2‰-31.0‰，族组成碳同位素也偏轻，并具有δ^13C饱＜δ^13C芳＜δ^13C非＞δ^13C沥异常分布的类型曲线，各组成之间同位素组成的相对差值较小。这些都反映出原油主要来自湖相烃源岩，形成于低演化阶段的未熟－低熟原油。原油伴生气甲烷明显富集δ^12C,δ^13C1值－57.8‰～-53.8‰，用低演化阶段油型气δ^13C1与R0模式计算景谷盆地烃源岩的成熟度约为R0＝0.3%-0.5%，与景谷盆地地质背景基本一致。伴生气乙烷碳同位素偏重，甲烷同系物碳同位素出现反序列现象，可能有煤成气贡献的多源复合。上述特征表明，它是与盆地原油同型、同阶段的产物，即油为湖相烃源岩形成的未熟－低熟原油，气为同一演化阶段形成的油型气，其阶段和地球化学特征与天然气的“过渡带”气相当，因此主源为低演化阶段形成的油型气。     

利用包裹体中气体地球化学特征与源岩生气模拟实验探讨鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田天然气来源

鄂尔多斯盆地上、下古生界地层包裹体气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明:上古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体地球化学性质相似,气藏中气体的地球化学性质能代表成藏初期气体的原始特征;而下古生界气藏中气体与包裹体中气体的地球化学性质差别很大,下古生界气藏中的气体与下古生界源岩模拟生成气体也有非常大的差别。因此,下古生界气藏中的气体不能代表来自下古生界源岩产生天然气。结合前人关于奥陶系源岩的模拟生成天然气、包裹体中气体以及靖边气田天然气的地球化学特征,提出来源于奥陶系的天然气应具有δ¹³C₁<-38‰、δ¹³C₂<-28‰的特征。下古生界地层包裹体中气体与气藏中气体地球化学性质对比表明,下古生界气田天然气乙烷碳同位素的变化范围也比甲烷碳同位素的变化范围大很多,乙烷碳同位素不适合作为判断靖边气田天然气来源的标准。在此基础上,以上古生界天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-32.90‰)与下古生界δ¹³C₁<-38‰天然气甲烷碳同位素的平均值(-39.04‰)分别作为上、下古生界来源天然气甲烷碳同位素的界限值,通过简单计算认为靖边气田大约85%的天然气来源于上古生界煤系。     

中国活动火山区甲烷的碳同位素研究

中国长白山天池、腾冲、五大连池等主要活动火山区逸出气体中甲烷的碳同位素组成测试结果显示，腾冲、长白山（不包括天池火山口内湖滨）火山区岩浆来源气体中甲烷的δ^13C值的变化范围与国际上地热区甲烷大致相同，平均值分别为-19．0‰，-32．6‰；五大连池火山区与天池火山口内湖滨强气体释放带逸出甲烷的δ^13C值较低，平均值分别为-45．8‰和-47．9‰，类似于东非裂谷带基伍（Kivu）湖的甲烷。研究认为，这些低δ^13C值甲烷可能直接来自上地幔；岩浆来源甲烷在火山喷发过程中的动力学分馏导致了其δ^13C值的降低，岩浆源区越深，其δ^13C值越低；岩浆源区深度（d）与甲烷δ^13C值有如下关系：d（km）=0．0107（δ^13C1）^2＋1.14。岩浆来源CO2和CH4之间的碳同位素分馏温度可指示气体最后源区的深度。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田上古生界天然气地球化学及成藏特征

苏里格气田是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界内发现的大型岩性气藏。天然气中甲烷占绝对优势,干燥系数低,为湿气。灭然气的单体碳同位素具有碳数越高,同位素越审的特点,且正构烷烃碳同位素具有δ^13C1〈δ^13C3〈δ^13C2〈δ^13C4的规律。甲烷碳同位素与甲烷含量旱正相关,与乙烷含量为负相关。根据天然气单体碳同值素及其含垣变化,认为苏里格天然气属煤成气。天然气中含少量CO2气,多为有机成因。苏里格气田二叠系气藏的形成与演化可划分为石炭一二叠纪至中侏罗世气源岩沉积埋藏阶段、晚侏岁世至白垩纪天然气形成阶段和第三纪至现今的保存改造阶段。     

川中-川南地区须家河组天然气同位素组成特征

川中-川南地区须家河组天然气烃类组成以甲烷为主,主要分布在80%～96%之间;天然气干燥系数(C1/C1-5)以小于0.95为主,为典型的湿气.天然气同位素组成包括C1-c4碳、氢同位素等.总体特征是碳、氢同位素值主要受成熟度的影响,均表现出较轻的特点, δ13C1,值介于-43‰～-37‰之间,δ13C2值介于-30‰～-24‰之间;δDCH4值介于-190‰～-150‰之间,δDC2H6值介于-150‰～-110‰之间,δD2与δD1的差值大于15‰,明显轻于海相层系的天然气,具有煤型气特征,表明须家河组天然气主要来源于上三叠统煤系烃源岩.天然气甲烷碳同位素值与干燥系数之间有很好的正相关关系,同时,甲、乙烷氢同位素值也呈正相关关系.     

鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中南部高热演化地区古生界天然气地球化学研究

苏里格南部和高桥高热演化地区古生界天然气具有乙烷等重烃组分含量低,大多数样品的湿气系数小于2%,天然气甲烷碳同位素组成显著偏重,乙烷等重烃组分碳同位素组成变化大等特征。热演化程度更高、甲烷碳同位素更重、湿气系数更低的东南部地区,古生界天然气均显示乙烷等重烃组分碳同位素异常偏轻、碳同位素倒转的特征。通常,当乙烷等重烃组分含量极低的高演化天然气混入少量乙烷等重烃组分含量高、碳同位素组成显著偏轻的天然气就可形成天然气的乙烷等重烃组分碳同位素异常偏轻、碳同位素倒转。早白垩世末盆地抬升阶段初期古地温降至相当于高-过成熟阶段的温度区间时,气源岩和储层中残余的少量液态烃的热裂解生成的天然气混入导致了乙烷等重烃组分碳同位素异常偏轻与碳同位素的倒转。因此,应以甲烷碳同位素组成作为主要指标、乙烷等重烃组分碳同位素组成作为参考指标,结合成藏地质条件进行高演化天然气的成因判识。提出了研究区古生界天然气以煤成气为主,并有一定数量油型气混入的认识。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物分解气碳氢同位素组成特征

开展祁连山冻土区天然气水合物气体同位素研究,是解决其气体成因、来源等科学问题的一个重要手段。本研究采集祁连山南麓多年冻土区水合物科学钻探DK2和DK3孔共8个含水合物的岩芯样品,采用真空顶空法收集样品中水合物的分解气,分别用气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱同位素比值质谱(GC-IRMS)测定其气体成分和同位素组成,测试结果表明:祁连山冻土区天然气水合物样品的气体碳氢同位素变化较大,甲烷、乙烷和丙烷的碳同位素(δ13C)变化范围分别为-52.6‰～-48.1‰、-38.6‰～-30.7‰和-34.7‰～-21.2‰,而二氧化碳的碳同位素(δ13C)最低为-27.9‰,最高为16.7‰;甲烷、乙烷和丙烷的氢同位素(δD)变化范围分别为-285‰～-227‰、-276‰～-236‰和-247‰～-198‰。通过对这些碳氢同位素进行综合研究,包括气体分子组成与同位素的关系分析、甲烷的碳氢同位素之间的关系判断等,结果表明研究区天然气水合物的气体主要来源于热解气,而且是在淡水环境中形成的有机成因气。     

东北漠河盆地甲烷碳氢稳定同位素异常及形成机制

东北漠河盆地是我国陆域多年冻土区天然气水合物聚集成藏及勘探的潜在区域。近几年,在漠河盆地实施天然气水合物钻探实验井和气源探井的过程中发现,该区甲烷碳、氢同位素δ^13 CCH4、δDCH4值明显偏低,负向偏移特征明显:碳同位素δ^13 CCH4 值多数小于-60‰,最低达-82.9‰;氢同位素δDCH4 值绝大多数低于-350‰,最低达-450‰。通常,埋深小于1 500m的范围,甲烷碳同位素δ^13 CCH4 值随深度增大,氢同位素δDCH4 值随深度减小;深度大于1 500m,甲烷碳、氢同位素δ^13CCH4 、δDCH4 值随深度同步增大。研究表明:漠河盆地的甲烷碳稳定同位素负向偏移,主要与甲烷的微生物成因有关;甲烷氢稳定同位素负向偏移,则是盆地所处较高纬度独特气候引起的地表水蒸发或大气冷凝降水过程的瑞利蒸馏和乙酸发酵的甲烷生成方式共同作用的结果。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木乌苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.80~0.87,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-48.19‰~-50.87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.91~0.92,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-21.56‰~-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征。该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟—高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根。表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系—白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景。     

南海北部天然气水合物钻探区烃类气体成因类型研究

南海北部天然气水合物钻探区水合物气、顶空气样品和沉积物样品烃类气体组分和甲烷同位素特征测试结果表明,气体样品中烃类气体以甲烷为主,含微量乙烷和丙烷,C1/(C2+C3)值均大于或接近1 000。甲烷的碳同位素值为-54.1‰~-62.2‰,氢同位素值为-180‰~-255‰,属于微生物气或是以微生物气为主的混合气,甲烷由CO2还原生成,由原地提供或侧向运移而来。沉积物样品酸解烃分析显示多数样品甲烷丰度大于90%,含一定量的乙烷、丙烷及少量的丁烷,C1/(C2+C3)值均小于50。甲烷的碳同位素值为-29.8‰~-48.2‰,呈现典型的热解气特征,显示由深部运移而来。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the