厦门西海域水体富营养化状况的综合评价

根据１９９２年６月～１９９３年４月的４个季节的观测资料，对厦门西海域水体富营养化与赤潮关系进行了研究。结果表明，同安湾、厦门西港、九龙江口均属于中营养海区，马銮湾、员当湖均属于过营养海区。同安湾、厦门西港、九龙江口浮游植物数量少、种类多，马銮湾、员当湖则相反。马銮湾、员当湖扭曲小环藻已形成了慢性赤潮。马銮湾生态养殖，员当湖污水治理后，水质明显地得到改善，同时也减轻了厦门西港环境容量的负荷，近年来厦门西港再没有发生赤潮。     

厦门西海域水体富营养化与赤潮关系的研究

本文根据1992～1993年的4个季节观测资料,对厦门西海域水体富营养化与赤潮关系进行了研究,结果表明同安湾、厦门西港、九龙江口均属于中营养海区,马銮湾、筼筜湖均属于过营养海区.同安湾、厦门西港、九龙江口浮游植物数量少,种类多,马銮湾、筼筜湖则相反.马銮湾扭曲小环藻、柔弱菱形藻形成了慢性赤潮.筼筜湖扭曲小环藻、骨条藻已形成了赤潮.马銮湾生态养殖,筼筜湖污水治理后,水质明显地得到改善,同时也减轻了厦门西港环境容量的负荷,1988年以来,厦门西港未再发生赤潮.     

厦门近岸海域营养盐时空变化特征分析及其富营养化评价

本研究根据2016—2020年厦门近岸海域15个航次的监测数据,对该区域营养盐的时空分布特征、影响因素及营养盐限制状况进行综合分析,并评估各海区的富营养化状态。结果表明,空间上,营养盐的分布特征表现为从近岸向远岸逐渐下降的趋势,溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN)平均浓度排序为：九龙江口>西海域>同安湾>南部海域>东部海域>大嶝海域,溶解无机磷(Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus, DIP)平均浓度排序为：同安湾>西海域>九龙江口>东部海域>南部海域>大嶝海域;时间上,营养盐浓度总体呈逐年下降趋势;枯水期最高,平水期次之,丰水期最低。研究海域平均DIN/DIP摩尔比值为40,总体表现为磷限制。2016—2020年厦门近岸海域富营养化指数(E)基本呈逐年下降的趋势;从空间分布上看,九龙江口和西海域富营养化较为严重。富营养化指数与盐度呈显著负相关关系,说明陆源输入对研究海域富营养化存在重要影响。     

厦门邻近海域油类污染状况评价

本文根据1998年7月和11月两个航次厦门邻近海区油类污染调查资料，对该海区的含量分布特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：厦门邻近海区油类含量均在海水水质标准范围内，如含量较高的马銮湾内其油含量为22．5μg/dm^3，九龙江口8号站为32．16μg/dm^3，马銮湾外6号站在11月份的37．28μg/dm^3。厦门邻近海区的油类来源主要是由于码头和船舶排污造成的，并且与其环境条件直接相关。     

天然放射性示踪剂的应用 Ⅱ.利用总β放射性探索九龙江泥沙对厦门航道淤积的影响

本文通过测定厦门海域特别是九龙江口海区沉积物中总β放射性(以下简称总β)的水平分布,了解到九龙江入海泥沙的绝大部分是沿着九龙江水的主流方向流经厦门外港输入外海,仅有一小部分泥沙输入厦门西港.但是进入西港的九龙江泥沙仅能停留在西港的西断面,不能进入西港的东断面,而且进入西断面的九龙江泥沙仅能到达16号站,不能再往北推移.同样地也有一部分西港泥沙随着落潮输出九龙江口,最后进入外海.因此我们认为造成西港淤积的主要原因是西港周围环境泥沙的冲刷造成的.至于九龙江下来的泥沙也仅对西港的嵩鼓海峡产生一些影响,对厦鼓海峡(即西港的东航道)看不出有明显影响.     

天然放射性示踪剂的应用 Ⅱ.利用总β放射性探索九龙江泥沙对厦门航道淤积的影响

本文通过测定厦门海域特别是九龙江口海区沉积物中总β放射性(以下简称总β)的水平分布,了解到九龙江入海泥沙的绝大部分是沿着九龙江水的主流方向流经厦门外港输入外海,仅有一小部分泥沙输入厦门西港。但是进入西港的九龙江泥沙仅能停留在西港的西断面,不能进入西港的东断面,而且进入西断面的九龙江泥沙仅能到达16号站,不能再往北推移。同样地也有一部分西港泥沙随着落潮输出九龙江口,最后进入外海。因此我们认为造成西港淤积的主要原因是西港周围环境泥沙的冲刷造成的。至于九龙江下来的泥沙也仅对西港的嵩鼓海峡产生一些影响,对厦鼓海峡(即西港的东航道)看不出有明显影响。     

九龙江口、厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学研究──Ⅲ.生物活动参与下的磷形态转化及磷循环估算

１９８７年３月～１９８８年１２月笔者于九龙江口、厦门西海域的调查研究结果表明，厦门西海域特殊的地理、水文环境、沉积物的高磷量、磷形态的快速转化是西海域初级生产力［５５５ｇ／（ｍ２·ａ）］比九龙江口区［１５９ｇ／（ｍ２·ａ）］高得多的主要原因。颗粒态磷（ＰＰ）、溶解态无机磷（ＤＩＰ）、溶解态有机磷（ＤＯＰ）等以生物为媒介发生了某种程度的形态转化。本文估算了九龙江水总磷（ＴＰ）的入海通量为７８７ｔ／ａ，其中ＤＩＰ为６９．２ｔ／ａ，ＤＯＰ为１７０ｔ／ａ，ＰＰ为５４７ｔ／ａ；九龙江口和厦门西海域沉积物磷的年释放量估计为１６ｔ和１３ｔ．接初级生产力估算全调查海域消耗磷约为９８１ｔ／ａ，而生物活动参与下磷的再生和转化起重要的作用。     

九龙江口、厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学研究──Ⅲ.生物活动参与下的磷形态转化及磷循环估算

１９８７年３月～１９８８年１２月笔者于九龙江口、厦门西海域的调查研究结果表明，厦门西海域特殊的地理、水文环境、沉积物的高磷量、磷形态的快速转化是西海域初级生产力［５５５ｇ／（ｍ＾２·ａ）］比九龙江口区［１５９ｇ／（ｍ＾２·ａ）］高得多的主要原因。颗粒态磷（ＰＰ）、溶解态无机磷（ＤＩＰ）、溶解态有机磷（ＤＯＰ）等以生物为媒介发生了某种程度的形态转化，本文估算了九龙江水总磷（ＴＰ）的入海通量为７８７ｔ     

2006—2007年珠江口富营养化水平的季节性变化及其与环境因子的关系

以珠江口海域2006-2007年丰水期、平水期和枯水期的水质监测结果为基础,采用改良后的营养状态指数法,并结合C_N/C_P(物质的量比)的潜在性富营养化划分方法,对该海域在3个水期的富营养化水平进行评价,同时对富营养化指数与环境因子的关系进行讨论。结果表明:由营养状态指数值和C_N/C_P值的总体评价结果来看,珠江口海域的富营养化程度较高,属于磷限制潜在性富营养区;在时空分布上,珠江口海域富营养化程度呈现由湾内向湾外递减的趋势,不同水期的富营养化水平从高到低的顺序依次为:枯水期、丰水期、平水期;富营养化水平的时空变化主要受地表径流的影响。     

中国近岸海域潜在性富营养化程度的评价

根据近岸海域的富营养化普遍受营养盐限制的特征,提出了潜在性经的概念,并在此 提出了一种新的富营养化分级标准及相应的评价模式,运用该模式分别评价了厦门海域及中国近海的富养化程度。结果表明,厦门东海域敞 于贫营养水平,而西海域则为磷限制潜在性营养水平;与厦门西海域相近,中国近海主要河口、海湾总体上处于磷限制或磷中等限制潜在性富营养水平。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.