井地联合提取VTI介质各向异性参数

在新疆塔里木盆地某地区的宽方位三维地震数据中,VTI介质火成岩的各向异性和垂向速度变化引起非双曲线时差。通过对实际资料的系统分析,我们不能利用DMO反演法,移动震源VSP反演法和多偏移距VSP初至旅行时反演法提取Thomsen参数用于各向异性地震资料的处理。因此本文提出一个新的方法:运用地震资料和零偏移距VSP井求取火成岩的各向异性参数δ;在比较精确确定火成岩地层深度和厚度的情况下,利用偏移距VSP井,求取了各向异性参数ε,从而获得火成岩的瞬时各向异性参数η;充分考虑VTI介质垂向速度变化对时差曲线的影响,获得了各向异性参数ηeff。最后,利用所提取的各向异性参数,进行VTI介质各向异性速度分析和成像,成像质量得到明显改善。     

基于各向异性理论的深水区地震资料叠前处理技术

南海北部深水区白云凹陷海底地质构造复杂、速度变化剧烈,各向异性现象普遍存在,多次波极为发育,地震成像难度大。为了更好地提高该深水区地震资料的成像质量,笔者引入了基于各向异性介质的叠前地震资料处理技术,并将其应用到深水白云6-1工区。该技术系列主要由三维广义多次波衰减、各向异性速度分析和偏移成像等技术组成。深水资料应用结果表明：GSMP建立的多次波模型,能有效地压制多次波,使剖面更显著;基于各向异性的高密度速度分析可以更好地描述地质信息;剖面的断层能量在基于各向异性叠前时间偏移处理后得到聚焦,最终该技术系列提高了地震资料的成像质量。     

陆丰凹陷复杂断裂带双方位地震资料联合成像技术研究

陆丰凹陷A洼工区面积小，油气储量大，原有采集地震资料分辨率低，多次重处理之后目的层接触关系难以确定，复杂断裂带及陡倾角基底成像模糊，难以满足勘探需要。因此在该区进行了二次三维地震资料采集，采集方位正交。针对同一区块不同方位采集的三维地震资料，分析不同方位地震资料的差异性，针对性的提出使用断层约束的双方位资料联合层析反演技术来求取精度更高的速度场，通过TTI各向异性中的倾角和方位角属性解决不同方位资料陡倾角地层的同相轴错动，提高偏移归位精度，更好地实现双方位资料的融合成像，古近系陡倾角地层成像品质提升明显，地层连续性、信噪比更高，为后续目标评价工作提供可靠的基础资料。     

VTI介质多波速度与各向异性系数求取及应用

针对具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质,研究了多波速度与地层各向异性系数之间的关系。采用适应大偏移距以及强各向异性介质的双平方根方程,进行速度和各向异性系数分析,并将批量计算与交互解释相结合,实现了高精度各向异性介质多波速度与各向异性系数提取,并形成了一套利用多波地震资料求取地震波纵、横波速度及各向异性系数的方法和软件。所求取的参数可用于多波地震资料处理,提高多波资料的成像质量,也可为地层地质解释提供参考。实际资料的应用效果证明了该方法和软件的正确性及有效性。     

南黄海低信噪比地震资料处理技术探索

随着南黄海海相碳酸盐岩油气地震调查的展开,提高海相碳酸盐岩目标层低信噪比地震资料的成像品质,已成为地震处理工作的主要任务。在充分分析了地震地质条件和原始资料特征的基础上,总结了成像处理存在的主要问题,探索了针对性处理技术流程并进行了攻关试验工作,建立了以叠前综合多域噪声压制、多次波联合衰减、大偏移距各向异性动校正、各向异性叠前时间偏移等关键技术方法组成的处理流程。资料处理结果表明,地震剖面的成像精度显著提高,各种地质现象反射特征突出,有效地提高资料解释的准确性。     

煤层长波长地震各向异性的多尺度效应初探

在勘探地震频带范围内,我国陆相沉积的含煤地层均是典型的薄互层。含煤地层中各向同性薄层叠置,在不同地震波长尺度下呈现长波长地震各向异性特征,地震勘探中一般做横向各向同性(Transverse Isotropy with a Vertical Axis of Symmetry,VTI)等效或均匀各向同性(Isotropy,ISO)等效简化处理。但是针对不同弹性性质的地层,长波长等效理论的适用条件不同。以淮南煤田的含煤地层为例,利用钻孔声波和密度测井曲线建立二维水平层状薄互层模型,分析含煤地层的长波长地震各向异性的多尺度效应。通过不同平均长度均化测井曲线,重点分析了2种等效建模方法在不同平均长度下所建立的等效模型弹性参数的差异及其各向异性特征;最后通过不同等效模型弹性波场的数值模拟分析不同等效模型的适用性。结果表明：随着平均长度增加,等效模型的速度、密度和各向异性参数的单点数据异常减弱;ISO等效P波速度大于VTI等效;存在某个临界窗长(本次淮南含煤地层为λmin/L≈3)使等效模型的层状各向异性开始减弱;当平均长度与地层厚度比(L/d)和最小主波长与平均长度比(λmin/L)都满足长波长假...     

TTI各向异性叠前深度偏移在高陡构造区应用——以DB三维区为例

由于DB三维区古近系盐上浅层高陡,盐下目的层逆冲断片发育,导致地震资料品质差:信噪比低,成像不理想.无论是时间域处理还是各向同性叠前深度偏移处理,均难以得到好的成像,不能满足构造精细解释需要,限制了该区天然气勘探.为了提高地震资料品质,这里针对DB高陡构造低信噪比资料,除了处理解释一体化提高高速砾岩体速度建模精度外,重点开展了倾斜介质——TTI各向异性参数研究,获得了参数预测的有效方法.通过各向异性模型与速度模型的迭代,使得叠前深度偏移的速度模型更加合理,明显提高了地震资料成像质量.     

叠前各向异性系数反演及在裂缝预测中的应用

宽方位地震资料波场正演响应特征表明：地震纵波在地下地质体中传播时,反射系数在不同的方向具有明显的方位各向异性特征。利用方位各向异性进行裂缝预测已经成为国内外的研究热点之一。本文通过地震纵波随方位变化的正演响应特征分析,结合Bakulin等提出的含流体裂缝各向异性参数之间的相互关系,对Rüger公式进行了近似简化,推导了裂缝型储层含流体情况下,可以用于表征裂缝发育的各向异性参数γ与反射系数之间的表达式,提出了一种基于各向异性参数反演的裂缝预测方法。通过理论模型和实际资料应用证明了方法的有效性和适用性,为应用宽方位叠前地震资料进行裂缝预测提供了一种可行的方法技术。     

基于VTI介质理论的P波速度分析和动校正

地震各向异性在沉积岩石中是广泛存在的,针对各向异性资料进行处理时,最大的困难就是如何从地面地震资料中恢复出速度场并估算地下介质参数.传统地震资料处理通常假设地下介质是各向同性的,这将大量浪费大排列处的地震信息,而且它提供的叠加速度及层速度通常无法满足钻前压力预测的需要.针对最常见的层状VTI介质,利用P波走时资料,根据非双曲时差理论,通过速度谱分析方法获得水平界面双曲时差速度和地层各向异性参数,并在此基础上对资料进行动校叠加.将该方法应用于理论模型和西部某探区实际资料后,可以看出当目标层埋深较大时,为改善叠加剖面质量,提高资料的分辨率和信噪比,更好的追踪层位,必须考虑各向异性对P波走时的影响.     

地球各向异性介质中地震波动理论、检测与应用研究

地下岩石的各向异性主要表现在地震波速度随传播方向发生变化,不同类型体波间相互耦合,横波发生分裂,波速度频散依赖于传播方向等。薄互层与裂隙定向分布等产生视各向异性,它在石油地震勘探、地震预测和岩石圈物理与动力学研究中有极大潜力和应用前景,并受到广泛重视。为此,文中讨论了地震各向异性研究在解决地球科学问题中的重要性与必要性;系统地介绍了中国在地震各向异性研究领域的各个方面,如波动传播、波场激发、数值模拟、偏移与反演成像,以及应用于油气资源探测、深部地球物理研究和地质灾害监测等方面所取得的新进展。结合笔者参加的第八届地震各向异性国际学术讨论会,及ＳＥＧ,ＩＡＳＰＥＩ,ＩＵＧＧ等有关学术会议情况,综述了国际上在该领域内的主要成果与发展动向,分析了国际上各国地震各向异性研究现状及存在问题,并对我国在该领域研究的进一步开展提供了主攻问题与相应建议。     

Exploring the relative contribution of mineralogy and CPO to the seismic velocity anisotropy of evaporites

We present the influence of mineralogy and microstructure on the seismic velocity anisotropy of evaporites. Bulk elastic properties and seismic velocities are calculated for a suite of 20 natural evaporite samples, which consist mainly of halite, anhydrite, and gypsum. They exhibit strong fabrics as a result of tectonic and diagenetic processes. Sample mineralogy and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) were obtained with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique and the data used for seismic velocity calculations. Bulk seismic properties for polymineralic evaporites were evaluated with a rock recipe approach. Ultrasonic velocity measurements were also taken on cube shaped samples to assess the contribution of grain-scale shape preferred orientation (SPO) to the total seismic anisotropy. The sample results suggest that CPO is responsible for a significant fraction of the bulk seismic properties, in agreement with observations from previous studies. Results from the rock recipe indicate that increasing modal proportion of anhydrite grains can lead to a greater seismic anisotropy of a halite-dominated rock. Conversely, it can lead to a smaller seismic anisotropy degree of a gypsum-dominated rock until an estimated threshold proportion after which anisotropy increases again. The difference between the predicted anisotropy due to CPO and the anisotropy measured with ultrasonic velocities is attributed to the SPO and grain boundary effects in these evaporites.     

针对储层裂缝检测的三维P波地震采集设计参数分析

理论和实践表明,垂直定向排列的裂缝能够诱导方位各向异性,三维P波地震是一种经济有效的裂缝勘探方法。合理的三维勘探有利于从三维地震数据中提取和增强有效的属性参数,来表征方位各向异性,达到检测和预测储层裂缝的目的。这里通过综述目前常用的纵波裂缝检测技术,结合部分实际数据,总结了三维P波采集方案设计的一些基本原则,为储层裂缝检测提供了野外设计方面的参考。     

多波地震地层各向异性的初步研究和探讨

利用我国海上首次采集的多波地震资料对莺歌海盆地的4个构造的地下岩石介质的各向异性进行了初步研究和探讨,提出了利用闭合差计算准各向异性系数的思路和方法,得出了很有意义的结论。     

Principle and Technique of Calculating Seismic Velocities from Lattice Preferred Orientation (LPO) Data of Minerals

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Deformation microstructures of olivine and pyroxene in mantle xenoliths in Shanwang,eastern China,near the convergent plate margin,and implications for seismic anisotropy

Deformation microstructures, including lattice-preferred orientations (LPOs) of olivine, enstatite, and diopside, in mantle xenoliths at Shanwang, eastern China, were studied to understand the deformation mechanism and seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle. The Shanwang is located across the Tan-Lu fault zone, which was formed due to the collision between the Sino-Korean and South China cratons. All samples are spinel lherzolites and wehrlites, and LPOs of minerals were determined using scanning electron microscope/electron backscattered diffraction. We found two types of olivine LPO: type-B in spinel lherzolites and type-E in wehrlites. Enstatite showed two types of LPO (types BC and AC), and diopside showed four different types of LPO. Observations of strong LPOs and numerous dislocations in olivine suggest that samples showing both type-B and -E LPOs were deformed in dislocation creep. The seismic anisotropy of the P-wave was in the range of 2.2–11.6% for olivine, 1.2–2.3% for enstatite, and 2.1–6.4% for diopside. The maximum seismic anisotropy of the shear wave was in the range 1.93–7.53% for olivine, 1.53–2.46% for enstatite, and 1.81–6.57% for diopside. Furthermore, the thickness of the anisotropic layer was calculated for four geodynamic models to understand the origin of seismic anisotropy under the study area by using delay time from shear wave splitting, and S-wave velocity and anisotropy from mineral LPOs. We suggest that the seismic anisotropy under the study area can be most likely explained by two deformation modes that might have occurred at different times: one of deformed lherzolites with a type-B olivine LPO by lateral shear during/after the period of the Mesozoic continental collision between the Sino-Korean and South China cratons; and the other deformed the wehrlites with a type-E olivine LPO by horizontal extension during the period of change in absolute plate motion in relation to the westward-subducting Pacific plate.     

从地震波各向异性到各向异性地震学: 地震波各向异性研究综述

介绍了地震波各向异性研究的发展历史和进展,着重叙述在地球各个圈层特别是地壳和上地幔中的地震波各向异性,及其在地球动力学和地震监测中的应用。地震波各向异性为动力地球作用过程的研究提供了一种崭新的手段,它的科学潜力是巨大的、空前的,正逐步形成一个地震学的重要分支——各向异性地震学。     

地震波各向异性：窥测地球深部构造的“探针”

地震波各向异性日益成为不可忽视的地质地球物理现象。地球内部不同圈层（地壳、地幔和地核）都存在着地震波各向异性，并表现为不同的规模（小到单矿物和岩石，大到地体甚至上地幔）和强度。通过地震波各向异性可以间接获取岩石圈厚度、地球深部结构与构造变形、地球动力学和地幔对流等信息。主要从地震波各向异性的表现形式、原因及地质地球物理意义等方面对近年来大洋俯冲带、大陆裂谷、地幔转换带和大陆碰撞造山带（青藏高原）等构造环境中的研究成果进行了评述，讨论了各向异性[JP2]研究中需要重视的几个问题：①剪切波分辨率；②矿物组构研究；③其它各向异性成因机制。还强调了各向异性研究与流变学、高温高压岩石物理实验相结合的新方向。     

Intrinsic versus extrinsic seismic anisotropy: Surface wave phase velocity inversion

The precise determination and interpretation of anisotropy are relatively difficult because the apparent anisotropy is usually a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic anisotropy, which might partly hide the true properties of the medium investigated. The artificial anisotropy can be due to the fact that seismic waves do not ‘see’ the real details of a medium, but a ‘filtered’ (or ‘upscaled’) version of the Earth model. This can be due to a bad quality of the data coverage, to limited frequency band effects, or to errors in the approximate theory. With the limitation to layered Earth models, through comparisons of the results of the homogenization method with those of the periodic isotropic two-layered model as an analytical solution, we illustrate that the Backus theory for the long wavelength equivalent effect can be extended to calculate the extrinsic anisotropy, due to upscaling effects at discontinuities for the general isotropic layered model, when its spatial scale is much less than or equal to the seismic wavelength. We find that the extrinsic radial S-wave anisotropy produced by the vertical heterogeneities in the upper mantle of the Earth can be as large as 3% (about 30% extrinsic anisotropy of the 10% radial anisotropy). To better recover information from seismic data, we propose a surface wave phase velocity inversion method based on the first-order perturbation theory. We show that resolution at discontinuities can be improved by adding overtone modes of surface wave data. For more general layered models, the homogenization method could be considered, which can flexibly adapt the scale of the model to seismic wavelengths. However, the periodic isotropic two-layered model can also help to analytically quantify the amount of extrinsic radial, and possibly azimuthal anisotropy produced by the tilted fine layering.     

Deformation microstructures of olivine and chlorite in chlorite peridotites from Almklovdalen in the Western Gneiss Region,southwest Norway,and implications for seismic anisotropy

Chlorite peridotites from Almklovdalen in southwest Norway were studied to understand the deformation processes and seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. The lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine and chlorite was determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD)/scanning electron microscopy. A sample with abundant garnet showed [100] axes of olivine aligned sub-parallel to lineation, and [010] axes aligned subnormal to foliation: A-type LPO. Samples rich in chlorite showed different olivine LPOs. Two samples showed [001] axes aligned sub-parallel to lineation, and [010] axes aligned subnormal to foliation: B-type LPO. Two other samples showed [100] axes aligned sub-parallel to lineation, and [001] axes aligned subnormal to foliation: E-type LPO. Chlorite showed a strong LPO characterized by [001] axes aligned subnormal to foliation with a weak girdle subnormal to lineation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the specimens revealed that the olivines with A-type LPO contain a small amount (170 ppm H/Si) of water. In contrast, the olivines with B-type LPOs contain a large amount (340 ppm H/Si) of water.

The seismic anisotropy of the olivine and chlorite was calculated. Olivine showed Vp anisotropy of up to 3.8% and a maximum Vs anisotropy of up to 2.7%. However, the chlorite showed a much stronger Vp anisotropy, up to 21.1%, and a maximum Vs anisotropy of up to 31.7%. A sample with a mixture of 25% of olivine and 75% of chlorite can produce a Vp anisotropy of 14.2% and a maximum Vs anisotropy of 22.9%. Because chlorite has a wide stability field at high pressure and high temperature in the subduction zone, the strong LPO of chlorite can be a source of the observed trench-normal or trench-parallel seismic anisotropy in the mantle wedge as well as in subducting slabs depending on the dipping angle of slab in a subduction zone where chlorite is stable.