Bonding character of SiO2 stishovite under high pressures up to 30 Gpa

 The charge density and bond character of the rutile-type structure of SiO₂ (stishovite) under compression to 30 GPa were investigated by X-ray diffraction study using synchrotron radiation and AgKα rotating anode X-ray generator through a newly devised diamond-anvil cell. The valence electron density was determined by least-squares refinement including the κ parameter and the electron population in the X-ray atomic scattering parameters. The oxygen κ-parameter of SiO₂ is 0.94 under ambient conditions and 1.11 at 29.1 GPa and the silicon valence changes from +2.12(8) at ambient pressure to +2.26(15) at 29.1 GPa. These values indicate that the electron distributions are more localized with increasing pressure. The difference Fourier map shows the deformation of the valence electron distribution and the bonding electron population in residual electron densities. The bonding electron observed from the X-ray diffraction study is interpreted by molecular orbital calculations. The deformation of SiO₆octahedra and the bonding electron density of stishovite structures are elucidated from the overlapping electron orbits. The O–O distances of shared and unshared edge of SiO₆ octahedra change with the cation ionicity. The repulsive force between the two cations in the adjacent octahedron makes its shared edge shorter. The pressure changes of the apical and equatorial Si–O interatomic distances are explained by the electron density of state (DOS) of Si and electron configuration. Received: 7 January 2002 / Accepted: 6 May 2002     

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy: A fast and reliable tool for diamond prospecting

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy is introduced as a faster, reliably and cost-reducing alternative to conventional electron microprobe analyses on kimberlite indicator minerals. The method is based on conventional scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, but due to extended counting times, optimised settings and computer-controlled particle recognition valid data can be obtained on a low amount of operator and machine time. A comparison of the results between both methods yields that computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy is able to investigate major and minor element concentrations in indicator minerals with almost the same precision as the electron microprobe.     

双室电化学体系中产电微生物与黄铁矿单晶协同电子转移反应

通过构建产电微生物—黄铁矿双室体系, 应用电化学方法对以黄铁矿单晶电极作为产电微生物电子受体时, 两者间的电子转移过程进行表征和分析.结果显示, 与惰性石墨电极相比, 以黄铁矿单晶作为产电微生物电子受体时, 体系最大功率密度提升132.9%;电化学阻抗谱显示, 黄铁矿单晶电极极化电阻降低98.8%, 表现出优良的电化学反应特性, 表明产电微生物与黄铁矿单晶间具有良好的电子转移活性.籍由产电微生物对底物的氧化作用, 与黄铁矿单晶接受产电微生物电子在0.34 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极)处发生的还原反应, 构成了两者间完整的协同电子转移过程.      

Computer simulation of electron transfer at hematite surfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations in combination with ab initio calculations were carried out to determine the rate of electron transfer at room temperature in bulk hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) and at two low-index surfaces, namely the (012) and (001) surfaces. The electron transfer reactions considered here involve the II/III valence interchange between nearest-neighbor iron atoms. Two electron transfer directions were investigated, namely the basal plane and c direction electron transfers. Electron transfer rates obtained in bulk hematite were in good agreement with ab initio electronic structure calculations thus validating the potential model. The surfaces were considered both in vacuum and in contact with an equilibrated aqueous solution. The reorganization energy is found to increase significantly at the first surface layer and this value is little affected by the presence of water. In addition, in the case of the (012) surface, the electronic coupling matrix element for the topmost basal plane transfer was calculated at the Hartree-Fock level and was found to be weak compared to the corresponding electron transfer in the bulk. Therefore, most surfaces show a decrease in the rate of electron transfer at the surface. However, where iron atoms involved in the electron transfer reaction are directly coordinated to water molecules, water lowers the free energy of activation to a great extent and provides a large driving force for electrons to diffuse toward the bulk thus opposing the intrinsic surface effect. The surfaces considered in this work show different electron transfer properties. Hematite has been shown to exhibit anisotropic conductivity and thus different surfaces will show different intra- and inter-layer rates depending on their orientation. Moreover, the calculations of electron transfers at the hydroxyl- and iron-terminated (001) surfaces revealed that surface termination has a significant effect on the electron transfer parameters in the vicinity of the surface. Finally, our findings indicate that undercoordinated terminal iron atoms could act as electron traps at the surface.     

某矿床铂钯等贵金属元素的电子探针分析

某矿床为一大型的铜镍铂钯矿床,原矿石化学分析有用元素为：Ｐｔ１－３８ｇｔＰｄ２－３６ｇｔ、Ｃｕ０－１４％、Ｎｉ０－２２％。显微镜观察发现,矿石主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、紫硫镍矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿、铬铁矿,脉石矿物为蛇纹石、辉石等。经显微镜观察以及电子探针扫描分析,铂钯矿物在矿石中嵌布颗粒粒度细小,与不同矿物连生,根据电子探针分析,仍有许多超显微状态的铂钯矿物赋存在硫化矿物中。１　样品制备与仪器设备及实验条件从原矿石中挑选部分有代表性矿石,切割抛光制成矿石光片,经显微镜镜下鉴定后,留待进行电子探针分…     

伊毛缟石在我国的首次发现及其分析电子显微术研究

伊毛缟石是一种具有纤维状形态的类晶质水化铝硅酸盐矿物。本文对我国首次发现于福建郭山风化型高岭土矿床中的伊毛缟石用分析电子显微术进行了矿物学研究。研究结果表明,在透射电镜下,伊毛缟石呈长数μm,宽60—250的似线状或纤维状,这是它最重要的矿物学特征之一。选区电子衍射分析给出d_(42)=3.30、d_(04)=2.10和d_(06)=1.40三个比较(氵弥)散的衍射环所表征的典型伊毛缟石衍射花样。其化学成分主要由SiO_2、Al_2O_3和H_2O组成。     

Excitation of electromagnetic lower hybrid instability in the region of bouncing electron beams

The region of bouncing electron beams in the earth’s magnetosphere can be unstable against a non-resonant electromagnetic lower hybrid instability. The instability is purely growing in the rest frame of the plasma, and can be excited either by the temperature anisotropy or the drift velocity of the bouncing electron beams. The growth rates of the instability decrease with the increase of cold electron density. Consequently the growth rate is maximum at the equator where the cold electron density is minimum. The intense turbulence generated by this instability could broaden the bouncing electron beams thereby explaining the observed wider cone width of the beams at the equator. The instability could generate magnetic pulsations in the frequency range of orderPc ₁?Pc₃ with typical wavelength ≈ (3–10) km in the, magnetosphere during magnetic storms or substorms.     

国产DX-5型扫描电镜二次电子图象分辨率及其应用

本文叙述了光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜的分辨率极限,对国产 DX-5型扫描电镜的最佳分辨率的获得条件进行了讨论。DX-5型扫描电镜的分辨率为80埃(见照片1),最高放大倍数为100000倍(见照片3,4)。我们利用 DX-5型扫描电镜对粘土矿物、南海海洋土和石膏-硅藻土模型材料等的显微结构进行了观察研究。其结果表明 DX-5型扫描电镜适用于岩土力学中土的微观研究。     

微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的电化学研究

微生物可以还原铁氧化物矿物。本文通过使用电化学方法对铁氧化物矿物在微生物还原作用下的氧化还原特性进行模拟与表征,补充了从新角度对微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的研究。研究结果显示,微生物可直接以铁氧化物矿物作为电子受体将其还原得到二价铁生成物。电化学实验显示,0.2 mA阴极恒电流条件下铁氧化物矿物可以接受电子,同时铁氧化物矿物中的Fe3+在0.89±0.01 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极)时发生还原反应,表明铁氧化物矿物满足被微生物还原的电化学条件。双室微生物-铁氧化物矿物体系研究证实,铁氧化物矿物可以作为阴极接受微生物提供的电子。     

Electron irradiation damage in natural quartz grains

The effect of electron irradiation on defects in natural quartz grains has been studied using strong-beam and weak-beam transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Damage is visible soon after the sample is exposed to the electron beam. The defect centers grow with increased irradiation, but the density of centers is independent of electron dose. Dislocation images also widen during irradiation; the rate of widening is independent of Burgers vector and dislocation nodes widen without constriction. Both of these observations indicate that the widening of dislocation images is related to vitrification of the material in the vicinity of the dislocations rather than irradiation-assisted separation of partial dislocations. This interpretation is supported by observations on grain boundaries.     

叶腊石微结构及其晶体结构缺陷的高分辨透射电镜分析

采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）、高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）结合选区电子衍射（SAED）、X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）及X射线荧光光谱（XRF）等对浙江青田叶腊石的微结构特征进行较系统的研究。结果表明：①粉晶X射线衍射证实青田叶腊石具有典型的单斜晶系特征,该结论与叶腊石粉体选区电子衍射结果吻合,且其伴生矿为石英。②叶腊石微晶体呈＂复式板片＂构型,且＂复式＂板片中薄片厚度约为8±2 nm。③在高能电子束辐照下,叶腊石矿物颗粒形貌及晶格结构发生明显的改变,且由此产生晶格膨胀,并最终形成非晶态。     

电子探针自动控制系统

该系统用新型微机２８６／３８６／４８６／５８６通过ＲＳ－２３２Ｃ异步串行口向电子探针仪的控制机发送各种控制命令，接收相应的回传数据，实现了对电子探针仪的自动控制；用Ｃ＋＋语言开发了新的电子探针分析软件，对测量和修正计算过程进行了优化，增加了自动排序、打印分析报告等功能，提高电子探针分析速度３倍。     

台湾瘦长红珊瑚的纳微结构特征

采用电子显微技术观察台湾瘦长红珊瑚,研究了其纳微结构。扫描电子显微镜观察到瘦长红珊瑚的特殊微结构形貌及其中方解石的晶体排布;透射电子显微镜发现了瘦长红珊瑚内部方解石晶体的形态、大小和两层结构及有机物的赋存;高分辨透射电子显徽镜显示了纳米畴、晶格和晶体结构的过渡。体现了瘦长红珊瑚的有机～无机复合结构特征,揭示了纳微尺度的生物矿化作用的机理和过程,启示了医用复合功能生物材料的研究及仿生合成。     

金牙金矿载金矿物及金的赋存状态研究

应用电子探针、电子衍射、电子顺磁共振和化学分析等多种现代方法和手段，综合研究载金矿物的特征及金的赋存状态，认为金牙金矿中载金矿物主要是毒砂和黄铁矿，金的主要赋存形式是超显微包体金，为解决金芽金矿床难处理的原生矿石提供了科学数据资料。     

Modeling of solute transport and biological sulfate reduction using low cost electron donor

Serial data from soil–sawdust column experiments were used to develop a mathematical model to describe the biological sulfate reduction processes in porous media. The mathematical model numerically solves the equation of solute transport in one-dimensional saturated state. Solute transport is coupled to sulfate reducing bacteria sub model. Bacterial growth is assumed to follow double Monod kinetic equation. Two bacterial groups (X1 and X2) were described. Bacterial group X1 uses under aerobic conditions oxygen and under anaerobic conditions nitrate as electron acceptor. Under anaerobic conditions bacterial groups X2, use sulfate as an electron acceptor. Sulfate rich wastewater is usually deficient in electron donor and requires external addition of electron donors in order to achieve complete sulfate reduction. The organic carbon as electron donor is one of the most important factors that affect sulfate reduction bacterial activity. In this study the possible source of organic carbon is the solid organic carbon supplied to the system in the form of sawdust. The results of this study indicate that sawdust could be employed as low-cost materials to enhance the biological sulfate reduction processes in porous media. While the availability of organic carbon as electron donor is one of the most important factors that affect the sulfate reducing bacterial activity in porous media, this study demonstrates that using sawdust as a carbon source can improve the bacterial activity and increase the column permeability.     

扫描电镜在黄土湿陷及花岗岩古风化壳成生机理研究中的应用

本文利用扫描电镜对黄土湿陷变形机理及古风化花岗岩成生环境机理进行了研究, 分析了扫描电镜在工程岩土的变形与强度问题机理研究中的重要作用。     

低温高压微地质体中微米纳米级矿物相研究——以大冶葡萄石中绿纤石和多硅白云母为例

低温高压地质体因与地壳碰撞、俯冲等构造活动密切相关,长期以来一直是国内外地学界关注的研究对象。但由于受研究手段、分辨能力所限,对于呈微米纳米级微粒形式存在于低温高压微地质体（即矿物）中的成分、物相及其成因等问题的研究,至今仍是地学研究中的薄弱环节。随...     

太平洋中部多金属结核中锰矿物的电镜研究

利用电子显微术,研究太平洋中部多金属结核中的锰矿物。主要锰矿物为水羟锰矿和钡镁锰矿,它们显示不同的电子衍射花样特征和形貌特征。钡镁锰矿根据形态特征分为三个相:纤维状、片状和板条状。水羟锰矿和钡镁锰矿都是自生矿物,水羟锰矿主要是通过微生物氧化直接从溶液中沉淀生成。而钡镁锰矿则是在没有微生物参加下由溶液中分离出来的。两种矿物之间有着密切的生长关系。     

钇易解石的高分辨电子显微学研究

本文利用EM-430分析透射电子显微镜研究了内蒙古斑岩型稀有金属矿床中的天然量质钇易解石。电子衍射分析表明该矿物系斜方晶系,其晶胞常数为:a=5.22,b=10.92,c=7.44。同时摄取了Z轴方向及X轴方向投影的高分辨结构象。结构象与由X射线结构分析导出的人工晶质易解石结构模型中重原子排列吻合得很好。     

大青山巨厚煤层夹矸中高岭石的显微特征及其成因意义

本文采用多种电子显微技术,研究了内蒙古大青山煤田晚古生代巨厚煤层平矸－隐晶质高岭石泥岩。透射电镜下,晶体程序不一、形态复杂多变的玻屑状高岭石和盘旋状埃洛石;扫描电镜下,泥粒状高岭石和蠕虫状高岭石及及二者所构成的斑状结构等许多具成因意义的微有（０．１～１０－μｍ）显微特征,充分证明该夹矸层为火山灰蚀变成因（ｔｏｎｓｔｅｉｎ）。