Quantile regression and clustering analysis of standardized precipitation index in the Tarim River Basin,Xinjiang, China

Because drought is a very common and widespread natural disaster, it has attracted a great deal of academic interest. Based on 12-month time scale standardized precipitation indices (SPI12) calculated from precipitation data recorded between 1960 and 2015 at 22 weather stations in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), this study aims to identify the trends of SPI and drought duration, severity, and frequency at various quantiles and to perform cluster analysis of drought events in the TRB. The results indicated that (1) both precipitation and temperature at most stations in the TRB exhibited significant positive trends during 1960–2015; (2) multiple scales of SPIs changed significantly around 1986; (3) based on quantile regression analysis of temporal drought changes, the positive SPI slopes indicated less severe and less frequent droughts at lower quantiles, but clear variation was detected in the drought frequency; and (4) significantly different trends were found in drought frequency probably between severe droughts and drought frequency.     

长江流域及三峡库区近542年旱涝演变特征

选取长江流域沿线及三峡库区12个代表站,根据中国500年旱涝图集等级和各站建站以来5—9月降水量资料,按照旱涝等级标准,分别得到长江全流域、上游流域、中游流域、下游流域及其三峡库区1470—2011年旱涝等级序列。结果表明:长江各流域及其三峡库区均呈现较为明显的旱涝交替阶段,20世纪偏旱频率强烈增加,19世纪和20世纪偏涝频率明显增加。长江流域和三峡库区偏旱以上等级具有准160年周期震荡,全流域偏涝以上存在准140年的周期震荡,但20世纪后有所减弱,三峡库区偏涝以上等级存在准百年的周期震荡。三峡建坝蓄水前后库区降水EOF时空分布呈一致减少趋势,与此同时长江上游降水呈下降趋势,反映了长江上游流域及三峡库区气候趋旱;M-K突变检验显示水库蓄水前后流域上游和库区降水均未发生显著变化。在全球气候变化的背景下,三峡库区旱涝演变并不是孤立事件,而是与长江上游乃至整个长江流域旱涝背景密不可分。     

标准化降水蒸发指数在中国区域的应用

利用中国气象局160个站1951～2010年月降水和月平均气温资料,分析了最近定义的一种干旱指数——标准化降水蒸发指数(SPEI)在我国不同等级降水区域的适用性,并与标准化降水指数(SPI)和湿润指数H进行了对比分析。结果表明:1)在我国年均降水量大于200 mm的地区,各种时间尺度的SPEI分析均适用;在干旱区(年均降水量小于200 mm),只有12个月以上的大尺度SPEI分析适用性较好;其中12个月尺度的SPEI分析在各区适用性最好。2)由于干旱区冬季的潜在蒸发量和降水量0值均较多,导致1、3、6个月的小尺度SPEI分析在该区不适用。3)与SPI和H指数相比,SPEI既能充分反映1997年气温跃变以后增温效应对干旱程度的影响,又可作为监测指数识别干旱是否发生和结束,能较准确地表征干旱状况。     

多时间尺度SPI在安徽省气象干旱监测中的适用性研究

基于安徽省81个气象站1961—2017年逐日降水数据及土壤墒情和干旱灾情资料,从诊断干旱日数年际变化、季节演变、空间分布、频率分布、典型干旱过程演变及与土壤墒情、干旱灾情的相关性等方面,研究6种时间尺度SPI在安徽省气象干旱监测效果。结果表明:不同时间尺度SPI在干旱监测中差异明显,6种时间尺度SPI对于干旱日数年际变化、不同等级干旱频率分布具有较好的监测效果,但对于干旱日数季节演变和空间差异性诊断与实况存在偏差;从典型干旱过程诊断来看,时间尺度越短,降水权重越大(例如SPI30、SPI60),SPI监测曲线对降水的响应越敏感,而SPI150、SPI180等时间尺度长的SPI对降水的响应又过于"迟钝";从与土壤墒情的相关性来看,时间尺度短的SPI30与10 cm表层土壤墒情相关性最好,相关系数达0.91,时间尺度长的SPI180与50 cm深层土壤墒情相关性较好;在各时间尺度SPI与年降水量的负相关及与干旱灾情的正相关方面,相关系数随着时间尺度的增长均先增后减,时间尺度适中的SPI120相关性最好。总体来看,不同时间尺度SPI代表不同含义,针对不同时间尺度的气象干旱应采用不同时间尺度的SPI进行监测评估。     

The day-to-day monitoring of the 2011 severe drought in China

Dry/wet condition has a large interannual variability. Decision-makers need to know the onset, duration, and intensity of drought, and require droughts be monitored at a daily to weekly scale. However, previous tools cannot monitor drought well at this short timescale. The Palmer Drought Severity Index has been found dissatisfactory in monitoring because of its complexity and numerous limitations. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) always asks for a timescale, and precipitation is averaged over the period of the scale. Because of this, the SPI cannot be used for short scales, e.g., several days, and what it tells is the overall drought situation of the period. The weighted average of precipitation (WAP) developed by Lu (Geophys Res Lett 36:L12707, 2009) overcomes the deficiency of the SPI; it does not require a timescale, and can provide the drought (and flood) extent of each day. Therefore, the WAP can monitor drought at scales from daily to weekly, monthly, and any longer scale, and is really “flexible and versatile for all timescales”. In this study, the standardized WAP (SWAP) is used to monitor the 2011 drought over China. Drought swept the country during the year from north to south and from east to west. In spring, a once-in-a-fifty-year drought occurred over the Yangtze River basin and the southern region, causing serious shortage of drinking water for people and livestock, as well as tremendous losses in agriculture and the shipping industry. Results show that the SWAP, with its monthly mean plots, can well reproduce the seasonal shift of the 2011 drought across the country. The animation of daily plots demonstrates that the SWAP would have been able to monitor the day-to-day variation of the spring drought around the Yangtze River basin. It can provide the details of the drought, such as when the drought emerged over the region, how long it maintained there (though drought area may move back and forth with extension and contraction of the area), and when the drought relieved over the basin.     

基于SPEI的1960—2018年赣江流域干旱特征

基于赣江流域39个气象站点逐月降水和气温数据,计算不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI),采用Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法,分析了赣江流域1960—2018年干旱时空变化特征.研究表明:不同时间尺度SPEI均有微弱升高的趋势,干旱形势有所缓解,SPEI能够较好地表征赣江流域旱涝情况.赣江流域中部的轻旱和特旱发生频率要高于其他地区,中旱主要高发地区主要分布在南部和西部区域,重旱主要集中在东部和北部.赣江流域干旱的空间分布具有较好的一致性,旱涝变化整体保持一致,南部与北部旱涝状态存在相反的纵向差异,且中部与南部、北部旱状况涝存在空间差异.     

基于降水数据的云南省近61年旱涝特性研究

选择标准化降水指数(SPI)刻画旱涝特征,基于云南省1954—2014年间32个气象站点逐月降水量资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法、径向基函数(RBF)空间插值法、小波分析法,分析了近61年来云南省SPI序列、旱涝情态的时间特征和空间格局。结果表明:近61年来,云南省整体呈现干旱趋势(SPI变率为-0.009 1),SPI序列在2000年之后变化更加剧烈、速率加快。旱涝等级时间序列中,偏涝至偏旱年份占88.52%,大旱占4.92%,重旱和大涝均占3.28%,且自2003年以后,发生干旱的次数和强度明显增加。旱灾易发区主要分布于2个片区:景洪-思茅-元江站片区,以及沾益站东北地区;洪涝易发区主要分布于3个片区:临沧-大理-华坪沿线的西部片区,昭通站北部区域,及云南省东南部片区。干旱与洪涝事件发生的频率具有较好的对应性,但干旱事件发生的频率要略高于洪涝事件。EOF分析的第一个模态表明云南省整体呈现一致性的变涝或变旱特征,可能受到大尺度气候特征影响,第二模态可能受到地形因素的控制,第三模态可能与季风、大气环流等多种因素的影响有关;相应的时间系数也印证了云南省整体具有干旱趋势。SPI序列存在准2 a、准6 a、准8 a、准18 a、准28 a的周期性特征,且以准28 a为主周期。      

长江中下游地区水汽输送的气候特征

通过分析 1973 ～ 1998 年(共 26 年)4 月到 8 月 NCEP/ N CA R 再分析资料, 研究了夏季风期间长江中下游地区水汽输送的气候特征。 分析了旱涝年水汽输送差异, 特别考察了 1998 年长江流域洪涝期间水汽输送的一些特点, 发现长江中下游地区水汽水平输送特征在各月有很大差异。 来自孟加拉湾经中南半岛和来自华南的水汽输入是长江中下游地区水汽的主要来源。 长江中下游的旱涝与南海夏季风爆发的早晚有密切关系。 孟加拉湾地区及南海地区对长江中下游地区水汽输送的长时间维持是造成 1998 年长江流域洪涝的主要原因。     

近40年长江中游地区旱涝特点分析

对Z指数确定的旱涝等级及各站月降水距平百分率的标准差分析表明:长江中游地区大范围的旱涝主要集中在盛夏和秋季。不同季节, 旱涝的主要分布区域不同, 但洞庭湖区始终是一个旱涝多发地。对1960年1月—2001年12月各月长江中游地区50个代表站的旱涝等级进行经验正交函数分析, 并在此基础上进行多通道奇异谱分析, 得到长江中游地区的旱涝分布主要存在4种空间型, 且具有明显的年代际和年际尺度变化, 在20世纪80年代以前, 长江中游地区以偏旱型为主, 而到80年代以后则转变以偏涝型为主; 另外, 长江中游地区的旱涝具有准8年、准5年、准2年和准4年的周期振荡性质, 但从80年代初开始, 旱涝的准2年周期特征在长江中游地区表现不再明显。     

Drought analysis in the Tons River Basin,India during 1969-2008

The primary focus of this study is the analysis of droughts in the Tons River Basin during the period 1969–2008. Precipitation data observed at four gauging stations are used to identify drought over the study area. The event of drought is derived from the standardized precipitation index (SPI) on a 3-month scale. Our results indicated that severe drought occurred in the Allahabad, Rewa, and Satna stations in the years 1973 and 1979. The droughts in this region had occurred mainly due to erratic behavior in monsoons, especially due to long breaks between monsoons. During the drought years, the deficiency of the annual rainfall in the analysis of annual rainfall departure had varied from ?26% in 1976 to ?60% in 1973 at Allahabad station in the basin. The maximum deficiency of annual and seasonal rainfall recorded in the basin is 60%. The maximum seasonal rainfall departure observed in the basin is in the order of ?60% at Allahabad station in 1973, while maximum annual rainfall departure had been recorded as ?60% during 1979 at the Satna station. Extreme dry events (z score <?2) were detected during July, August, and September. Moreover, severe dry events were observed in August, September, and October. The drought conditions in the Tons River Basin are dominantly driven by total rainfall throughout the period between June and November.     

Analysis of drought in the region of Abruzzo (Central Italy) by the Standardized Precipitation Index

The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of drought phenomena in the Region of Abruzzo (Central Italy) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed at different time scales (3, 6, 12, 24 months). The study is based on monthly precipitation data collected from 1951 to 2009 at 69 climatic stations uniformly distributed over the region. According to the trend analysis, most stations are characterized by increments in both drought severity and variability, particularly at the longer time scales. A principal component analysis applied to SPI time series enabled to identify two main patterns: the first more correlated to the coastal areas, the second more correlated to the inland, mountainous areas. However, the spatial patterns become less defined as the time scale increases, making more uncertain the definition of homogenous areas to be used in drought management plans. In most cases, the identified drought patterns have similar negative overall tendencies, but different trend directions in some sub-periods. In particular, the first drought pattern is clearly characterized by a trend reversal (from decreasing to increasing) during the last decade. This temporal evolution, consistent with that observed by large-scale analyses in the corresponding (or near) grid points, was not detected for the second pattern, which is probably influenced by local topographic and/or orographic factors. The results confirm the complexity of drought phenomenon in a typical Mediterranean region and the necessity of high-resolution datasets to capture its temporal and spatial variability.     

气候变化影响下极端水文事件的多变量统计模型研究

以黄河流域太原气象站和淮河流域鲁台子水文站为研究对象,利用Copula函数构建气候要素（降水）同极端水文事件（干旱和洪水）之间的多元统计模型,分析不同降水条件下不同等级干旱和洪水的发生概率变化。结果表明,Gumbel Copula能够较好地描述太原站7月份的前期累加降水量和帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）的相关结构。随着降水量的增加,极端干旱的发生概率逐渐减小,重旱、中旱和轻旱的发生概率则先增加后减小。Clayton Copula能够较好地描述鲁台子水文站前期累加降水量和洪峰流量之间的相关结构。当前期累加降水量大于等于某一定值时,随着年最大洪峰x的增大,发生洪峰≥x的极端洪水事件的概率逐渐减小。在同一个极端洪水发生概率下,前期累加降水量越大,洪峰流量出现大值的可能性越大。     

四川地区夏季旱涝与西太平洋副热带高压的关系

利用近46年西太平洋副热带高压特征指数资料、四川地区123个测站的逐日降水资料集及NCEP\NCAR再分析资料,研究了四川地区夏季旱涝事件的空间分布特征及其与西太副高的关系。结果表明,四川盆地东西部经常出现"西旱东涝"或者"西涝东旱"的异常特征。西太平洋副热带高压的脊线、北界位置与四川盆地东(西)部区的旱涝之间存在很高正(负)相关关系。西太平洋副热带高压南北位置的异常变化对应着东亚地区大气环流的异常变化,从而影响四川盆地东部区及四川盆地西部区的旱涝变化。      

黄河流域夏季旱涝变化及气候物理因素的影响

利用1951-2008年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,探讨了黄河流域夏季降水气候分布范围,在此基础上研究了黄河流域夏季降水旱涝的年代际变化特点。结果表明：20世纪90年代以前,黄河流域夏季旱涝变化为9-11 a和2-3 a周期,20世纪90年代后周期变化不明显。对导致黄河流域夏季旱涝的气候物理因素分析表明,东亚高度场负距平异常直接造成中国黄河流域的夏季偏旱,而亚洲高度距平场东高西低的配置造成黄河流域偏涝;夏季南亚季风、东亚季风在黄河流域的辐合是流域降水偏多的关键。在同期OLR距平场,涝年黄河流域处在大的负距平中,对流强盛有利于水汽的辐合。影响大气的主要下垫面要素海温场,赤道东太平洋海温指数与夏季黄河流域降水同期呈负相关关系。流域旱年赤道东太平洋海温多为正位相,对应流域涝年赤道东太平洋海温多为负位相。本研究提出了一个寻找旱涝成因方法并为预测旱涝提供了科学参考。     

近50年四川地区旱涝时空变化特征研究

根据1961-2007年四川地区123个测站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,采用Z指数作为旱涝等级划分标准,分析了四川地区旱涝出现的频率,采用EOF、REOF分析、趋势分析、滑动t检验以及小波分析等方法,研究了四川地区旱涝灾害发生、发展的空间演变特征及时间变化趋势。结果表明,该地区旱涝事件的空间分布可...     

长江流域、华北降水特征与南亚高压的关系分析

利用多年月平均气象场再分析资料和中国月平均降水资料,研究了长江流域和华北地区的典型旱涝年降水与南亚高压的关系,发现两地区的典型旱涝现象与南亚高压的异常增强或减弱、中心位置的经纬度偏差均有关。南亚高压异常增强,易造成长江流域涝、华北地区旱;南亚高压异常减弱,易造成长江流域旱、华北地区涝。同时发现、长江流域、华北地区的典型旱涝现象具有明显的反位相特征。     

我国单站旱涝指标确定和区域旱涝级别划分的研究

根据1951～1995年各月降水资料，在全国选取8个代表站，测试了3种单站旱涝指标，并作了相互比较，认为Z指数方法最优。在此基础上，以华北地区为例，选取80个站点，探讨了能反映区域旱涝时空分布和强度的区域旱涝指标以及旱涝等级。     

Development of a meteorological and hydrological coupling index for droughts and floods along the Yangtze River valley of China

To comprehensively investigate characteristics of summer droughts and floods in the Yangtze River valley, a meteorological and hydrological coupling index （MHCI） was developed using meteorological and hydro- logical data. The results indicate that： （1） in representing drought/flood information for the Yangtze River valley, the MHCI can reflect composite features of precipitation and hydrological observations; （2） compre- hensive analysis of the interannual phase difference of the precipitation and hydrological indices is important to recognize and predict annual drought/flood events along the valley; the hydrological index contributes more strongly to nonlinear and continuity features that indicate transition from long-term drought to flood conditions; （3） time series of the MHCI from 1960-2009 are very effective and sensitive in reflecting annual drought/flood characteristics, i.e. there is more rainfall or typical flooding in the valley when the MHCI is positive, and vice versa; and （4） verification of the MHCI indicates that there is significant correlation between precipitation and hydrologic responses in the valley during summer; the correlation coefficient was found to reach 0.82, exceeding the 0.001 significance level.     

1959-2008年广西西江流域洪涝气候特征

 利用1959-2008年西江流域气象测站降水资料、西江干流及其支流年最高水位资料,建立逐年洪涝发生站次序列,并分析其时空特征和演变规律。结果表明：西江干流发生洪涝的频率比各支流大,各支流的中下游发生洪涝频率比上游大;西江流域洪涝的发生站次具有较显著的阶段性和突变性特征,主要突变发生在1967年和1993年;近16 a洪涝发生频率显著偏多,流域性大洪涝基本集中在这一时期。了解西江流域洪涝变化的规律,有利于提高洪涝灾害评估和预测水平,为防灾减灾提供科学依据。