Impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants in an arid region,Northwest China

Overuse of irrigation water to ensure the crop yield of maize plants has caused serious water shortage problems in the middle reach of Heihe River, China. Thus, further research on the physiological characteristics, i.e., photosynthetic rate and leaf transpiration rate, are urgently needed to develop an efficient irrigation management system. In this paper, we selected two common soil textures (sandy loam, sand) and three one-time irrigation volumes (60 mm, 20 mm, 0 mm) in order to analyze the impact of soil conditions on the physiological characteristics of maize plants. Physiological and meteorological factors, soil water content and plant growing parameters were synchronously monitored on Jun. 30, Jul. 25 and Aug. 27 of 2012. The results indicate that sandy loam is better than sand for the growth of maize plants and single irrigation may provide limited influence on the physiological characteristics. Thus, increasing irrigation times and decreasing one-time volume is suggested for an efficient irrigation system.     

毛乌素沙地与浑善达克沙地水分深层渗漏特征对比

深层渗漏是沙地地表水和地下水连通性的重要指标.为了深入分析不同沙地深层渗漏的特征,采用渗漏仪实时监测流动沙丘降雨对200 cm深层的补给水量.结果表明:浑善达克沙地2017-2019年降雨量为229.9±45.6 mm,年渗漏量8.2±7.4 mm、年渗漏量占同期降雨量3.1％±2.3％;毛乌素沙地2013-2015年...     

毛乌素沙地流动沙丘土壤水分对降雨的响应

为探讨半干旱区流动沙丘土壤水分对降雨的响应,采用AV-3665R型雨量传感器、ECH₂O-5土壤水分传感器同步监测毛乌素沙地东北缘流动沙丘2013年降雨及0～200 cm深度土壤体积含水量动态,分析土壤水分含量变化特征、降雨入渗特征及降雨对土壤水的补给作用。结果表明:5-11月累积降雨399.4 mm,显著(p<0.01)影响0～200 cm深度土壤水分含量; 且0～200 cm深度土壤体积含水量较低(6.49%±1.12%)时53.8 mm降雨、较高(10.22%±1.96%)时24.2 mm降雨湿润锋能够到达200 cm; 试验期间399.4 mm累积降雨对土壤水有一定补给作用,其中45.7±14.1 mm降雨蓄存在0～200 cm深度土壤中,占同期降雨的(11.4%±3.5%,且随着时间的延长,蓄存水大部分将渗漏到200 cm以下补给深层土壤水。     

黄土塬区苹果种植对深剖面土壤水分和地下水补给的影响

通过对长武黄土塬区不同林龄苹果林地下0~20 m深剖面土壤湿度及土壤水氯离子浓度测定,定量分析了黄土塬区苹果种植对厚深黄土剖面土壤水分及地下水补给的影响。结果表明：随着林龄增加,苹果林地深剖面土壤水分由浅及深逐年降低,深层土壤储水量呈倒“S”曲线趋势下降,27龄之后进入稳定期。丰水年份形成的活塞流是黄土塬区深层渗漏以及地下水补给的主导方式,农田下地下水年均潜在补给量为30.2 mm,占年均降水量的5.2%。农田转换为苹果林地后形成的深厚土壤干层将阻断降水对地下水的补给,减弱地下水补给过程中活塞流的主导作用。需通过政策引导协调农果面积比例,保证地下水资源持续补给,达到可持续利用的目的。     

The differences of water balance components of Caragana korshinkii grown in homogeneous and layered soils in the desert–Loess Plateau transition zone

Soil texture greatly influences soil water movement, thus may affect the water balance and vegetation growth in the desert–Loess Plateau transition zone. This study is to determine if the water balance differs in homogeneous and layered soils with Caragana korshinkii stands in semiarid region. Soil water measurements up to 500-cm depth were taken in 2006 and 2007 on homogeneous sandy soil, homogeneous silt loam soil, and layered soil with sand overlying silt loam. HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate the soil water balance. The results indicated the annual water balance components were greatly affected by soil layering. The ratio of average actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) to precipitation (P) during the two years in the layered soil was slightly lower than that in homogeneous soils. The ratios of annual actual transpiration (T_r) to evapotranspiration were 50.9%, 41.2% and 30.6% in layered soil, homogeneous sandy soil, and homogeneous silt loam soil, respectively. C. korshinkii grown in layered soil had deeper soil water recharge and higher T_r/ET_a ratio, thus had more available water for transpiration than that in homogeneous soils. This study suggested the layered soil with sand overlying silt loam is more favorable to C. korshinkii growth in terms of water use than homogeneous soils in the desert–Loess Plateau transition zone.     

覆砂年限对砂田砂层质量、土壤水热状况及西瓜生长的影响

为探明砂田土壤水、热状况乃至西瓜生长发育随覆砂年限的变化趋势,为提高中、老砂田的生产效率提供理论依据,本试验选取了5～40年砂田为研究对象,对其砂层含土量、砂层厚度、土壤水热效应及西瓜生长发育进行了研究。结果表明:铺砂年限每增加一年,砂层含土量平均增加0.6%左右,砂层厚度减少0.12 cm左右;西瓜生育期内,10、15、20、30、40年砂田较5年砂田0～20 cm土层积温分别降低了47.68、117.28、122.49、206.56、320.06 ℃;1 m土层内土壤贮水量分别下降了11.74、33.15、39.31、51.99、57.3 mm,表现出新砂田与中砂田较老砂田的增温、保墒效果均随着土层的加深递减,且该趋势在西瓜生育前期较强,中后期逐渐减弱。西瓜生育期随着铺砂年限的延长而延长,土壤水、热状况及西瓜产量、品质、水分利用效率均随着种植年限的延长而逐渐降低,以30年砂田为对照,5、10、15、20年砂田西瓜产量分别增加了170.91%、85.06%、58.76%、46.83%;西瓜含糖量分别提高了1.7%、1.6%、1.3%和0.8%;水分利用效率分别提高了83.48%、35.18%、35.35%和31.50%。     

不同粒径沙土水分扩散率

应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地典型沙质农田不同粒径沙土的水分扩散率。结果表明:不同粒径沙土湿润锋迁移速率的大小依次是0.50~0.25 mm、0.25~0.10 mm、原状土、<0.10 mm的沙土;土壤粒径与入渗性能呈正比关系,即粒径大,则入渗快,反之则小;湿润锋迁移速率与入渗距离符合幂函数关系,相关分析结果均达到了极显著水平;粒径<0.10 mm的沙土,当土壤容积含水量<0.415时,λ值随含水量的增加而缓慢降低,而当含水量>0.415时,λ值则随含水量的增加而迅速降低;随着土壤粒径的减小,土壤水分扩散率逐渐降低,其大小依次是0.50~0.25 mm、原状土、0.25~0.10 mm、<0.10 mm的沙土;土壤容积含水率与土壤水扩散率符合经验公式并呈指数曲线变化,相关分析结果具有极显著的正相关关系。     

中国沙漠(地)深层渗漏量及动态特征

土壤水分深层渗漏是沙区水循环的重要环节,深层渗漏的定量测定对沙区水资源评估及水量平衡研究具有重要意义。本文采用YWB-01型土壤深层水量渗漏测试记录仪对中国毛乌素沙地等六大沙漠(地)降雨入渗到深层土壤的渗漏水量进行实时动态监测。结果表明:流动沙丘降雨渗漏补给量存在明显的时空差异,与降雨时空变化特征具有相对一致性,降雨格局是影响深层渗漏过程的主要因素,随降雨增大渗漏补给量增加,半干旱区降雨量与渗漏量显著正相关(p<0.05),干旱区相关性不显著(p>0.05);观测期内正镶白旗、伊金霍洛旗、阜康流动沙丘土壤200 cm以下渗漏量为48.5、146.8、1.0 mm,分别占同期降雨的21.4%、33.3%、1.3%;乌审旗、磴口150 cm以下渗漏量为1009.6、52.6mm,分别占同期降雨的55.7%、12.7%。不同气候区固定沙丘渗漏量基本没有差异,降雨格局不是影响水分深层渗漏的主导因素,而植被覆盖的影响占主要作用,且沙丘植被盖度>45%时深层渗漏量不超过同期降雨的2.0%。中国沙区深层土壤水分补给主要来自于强降雨或高频次小降雨事件,特别是干旱区降水少、频次低,其深层土壤水分补给更加依赖于强降水。     

Is exotic plant invasion enhanced by a traditional wildlife habitat management technique?

Soil disturbance is a wildlife habitat management tool that retards succession and promotes early seral vegetation. Our objective was to determine responses of two invasive herbaceous species (Pennisetum ciliare and Salsola iberica) and native perennial grasses to disking on different soils. Two 10 ×40 m plots were delineated within each of 4 blocks on Ramadero loams and 4 blocks on Delmita fine sandy loams. On Delmita soils, canopy cover of P. ciliare, S. iberica, and native perennial grasses averaged across all years was not affected by disking (ANOVA, P>0.05). On Ramadero soils, P. ciliare canopy cover was similar (Tukey's, P>0.05) on control and disked plots for the first 4 years post-disturbance, but P. ciliare cover was 10-fold greater (Tukey's, P=0.02) the 5th year after disking on disked versus control plots. On Ramadero soils, S. iberica canopy cover averaged across all years was 221 times greater (ANOVA, P=0.05) on disked plots than on control plots. Disking did not affect native perennial grass canopy cover. Land managers should consider soil series when disking for wildlife management, as disking disturbance may exacerbate exotic plant ingress and establishment on certain soils.     

Measuring and modeling two-dimensional irrigation infiltration under film-mulched furrows

Furrow irrigation with film-mulched agricultural beds is being promoted in the arid region of northwest China because it im-proves water utilization. Two-dimensional infiltration patterns under film-mulched furrows can provide guidelines and criteria for irrigation design and operation. Our objective was to investigate soil water dynamics during ponding irrigation infiltration of mulched furrows in a cross-sectional ridge-furrow configuration, using laboratory experiments and mathematical simulations. Six experimental treatments, with two soil types (silt loam and sandy loam), were investigated to monitor the wetting patterns and soil water distribution in a cuboid soil chamber. Irrigation of mulched furrows clearly increased water lateral infiltration on ridge shoulders and ridges, due to enhancement of capillary driving force. Increases to both initial soil water content (SWC) and irrigation water level resulted in increased wetted soil volume. Empirical regression equations accurately estimated the wetted lateral distance (R_l) and downward distance (R_d) with elapsed time in a variably wetted soil medium. Optimization of model parameters followed by the Inverse approach resulted in satisfactory agreement between observed and predicted cumulative infiltration and SWC. On the basis of model calibration, HYDRUS-2D model can accurately simulate two-dimensional soil water dynamics under irrigation of mulched furrows. There were significant differences in wetting patterns between unmulched and mulched furrow irrigation using HYDRUS-2D simulation. The R_d under the mulched furrows was 32.14% less than the unmulched furrows. Therefore, film-mulched furrows are recommended in a furrow irrigation system.     

卫宁平原包气带水分运移特征研究

降雨、灌溉入渗和潜水蒸发在卫宁平原地下水循环中有重要的作用。为了准确评价卫宁平原地下水垂向入渗补给量和蒸发量,通过设立中卫、中宁两个包气带原位试验点,观测期为2013年6月~2013年11月和2014年4月~2014年10月,获取了两个试验点不同埋深处的土壤水负压、温度、岩性及水分运移参数,并采用定位通量法计算试验点的地表蒸散发、入渗量和潜水面蒸发、入渗量。结果显示：在包气带岩性相同、灌溉期相同（7~10月）、总灌溉量相近条件下,作物的灌溉模式决定了灌溉对潜水的补给强度：玉米少次大量（150 mm·次^-1）灌溉对潜水的补给量为373.65 mm,远远大于茄子多次小量（50 mm·次^-1）的灌溉模式下的152.3 mm;而在包气带岩性相同、种植作物相同、灌溉模式不变的前提下,同时期潜水面净补给强度相近：中宁试验点2013年7~10月份潜水面净通量为32.88 mm,2014年同期为57.42 mm。在降雨情况或灌溉量较小（50 mm）的情况下,植被的生长会阻碍水分在包气带中的下渗;在灌溉量较大（100 mm和150 mm）的情况下,植被的生长会促进包气带水分的下渗。     

Soil water deficit and vegetation restoration in the refuse dumps of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine, Inner Mongolia, China

The sustainability of ecosystem restoration of refuse dumps in open-pit coal mines depends on plant species selection, their configuration, and the optimal usage of water resources. This study is based on field experiments in the northern refuse dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia of China established in 1995. Eight plant configurations, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and their combinations, as well as the adjacent community of natural vegetation, were selected. The succession of the revegetated plants, soil water storage, the spatiotemporal distribution of plant water deficits degree and its compensation degree were also studied. Results indicated that the vegetation cover (shrubs and herbaceous cover), richness, abundance, soil nutrients (soil organic matter, N and P), and biological soil crust coverage on the soil surface are significantly influenced by the vegetation configurations. The average soil water storage values in the shrub+grass and grass communities throughout the growing season are 208.69 mm and 206.55 mm, which are the closest to that of in the natural vegetation community (215.87 mm). Plant water deficits degree in the grass and shrub+grass communities were the lowest, but the degrees of water deficit compensation in these configuration were larger than those of the other vegetation configurations. Differences in plant water deficit degree and water compensation among the different configurations were significant (P<0.05). Plant water deficit degrees were predominantly minimal on the surface, increased with increasing soil depth, and remained stable at 80 cm soil depth. The soil moisture compensation in the natural vegetation, shrub+grass, and grass communities changed at 10%, while that in other vegetation communities changed between 20% and 40%. Overall, we conclude that the shrub+grass and grass configuration modes are the optimal vegetation restoration models in terms of ecohydrology for future ecological engineering projects.     

土壤含水率对风沙流结构及风蚀量的影响

通过对科尔沁沙地典型生境(流动沙丘、沙质草地和农田)的土壤进行风洞试验,分析了不同含水率下3类土壤的风沙流结构、输沙率及总输沙量的变化趋势.结果表明:(1)不同含水率下,3类土壤的输沙率随高度的增加均呈现减小趋势,且有良好的指数函数关系.(2)随含水率的增加,流动沙丘和沙质草地土壤风沙流沙粒的平均跃移高度增加、0-12...     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土土壤蒸发特征

土壤表面蒸发是降水的无效损失,其大小直接决定着降水转化为有效土壤水的效率,从而间接决定了植物可利用水分的多寡。在降水稀少的沙漠区,定量认识土壤蒸发的大小和其所占降水的比例显得尤为重要。在2004年全生长期(5~9月)应用自制的微型蒸渗仪(Micro-Lysime-ter)测定了风沙土(有结皮覆盖的丘间低地和裸露沙丘顶部)和对照的荒漠盐碱土的土壤蒸发。结果表明:在相似的气象条件下,风沙土区的丘间低地和荒漠盐碱土的日平均蒸发量分别约是裸露沙丘(风沙土区)的2倍和3倍。整个生长期裸露沙丘的累积蒸发量为18.7mm,丘间低地为38.8mm,荒漠盐碱土为52.1mm。根据整个观测期的累积蒸发量和累积降雨量计算得出的蒸发降雨比分别为:裸露沙丘0.20,丘间低地0.42,荒漠盐碱土0.62,表明裸露沙丘由降水转化为土壤水而储存的比率最高。同时,从数据分析中可以看出:在风沙土区0~5cm土层的含水量对土壤蒸发起决定作用,而盐碱土区的土壤蒸发则受到更深层次土壤水分的影响。裸露沙丘低的土壤蒸发、高的降水转化效率,为植被恢复奠定了良好的基础。因此,裸露沙丘的低蒸发量可以视为植被状况对生态水文过程的一种良性反馈。     

Responses of photosynthesis and water relations to rainfall in the desert shrub creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) as influenced by municipal biosolids

Responses of photosynthesis (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_lp) and leaf water content (ω_l) of creosote bush to 10 rainfall events in the Chihuahuan Desert were investigated. Infiltration of rainwater was manipulated by applying municipal biosolids. The responses of P_nand water relation parameters to rainfall (>10 mm) were mainly dependent upon drought severity: (1) following a moderate drought, P_n, g_s, Ψ_lpand ω_lrecovered to corresponding values of irrigated plants within 2 days after a 23-mm rainfall; (2) Ψ_lpand g_sresponded to a 15-mm rainfall within 2 days, following a 25-day drought, whereas responses of P_nand ω_lwere delayed for several days; (3) responses of P_n, g_s, Ψ_lpand ω_lto a 14·7-mm rainfall were all delayed for several weeks following a 110-day drought, but the delay was longer in P_n, g_sand ω_lthan in Ψ_lp. Creosote bush responded to small rainfall events (approximately 6 to 8 mm) with an increase in Ψ_lp, but without noticeable changes in g_sand P_n, suggesting a strong stomatal control of water loss even though xylem embolism was reduced. Biosolids applied at high rates (3·4 and 9 kgm⁻²) decreased the soil water by 2 to 4 mm following rainfall events, and this in turn delayed and decreased the responses of P_nand water relation parameters to rainfall.P_nand g_swere linearly related to ω_land exponentially related to Ψ_lp. With the generally coincidental responses of P_nor g_sand ω_lto rainfall, we concluded that the responses of P_nand g_sto rainfall were dependent on leaf rehydration which resulted from restored hydraulic conductance following drought.     

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)叶片气孔导度与气体交换对典型降水事件的响应

C4植物以其较高的水分利用效率而表现出较强利用荒漠环境有限降水的能力,但对其气孔行为和气体交换对降水响应的理解并不深入。本研究选择荒漠区沙丘上6~7年生的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron),利用自制的降水拦截设施,将每次降水事件后样地中接受的降水量分别减少和增加10%、20%和30%,形成包括对照在内的7个降水梯度,研究梭梭气孔导度(Gs)与净光合速率(Pn)对典型降水事件的响应。结果表明:6~12mm的降水对土壤水分的补给集中在50cm土壤深度范围内。降水量每增加10%,Gs和Pn分别增加9.17%和4.17%;Gs和Pn在降水前后呈现先增加后降低的单峰型趋势,峰值出现在降水后第1天,两者与土壤水分含量(SVWC)、空气相对湿度(RH)以及水汽压差(VPD)显著相关。降水后梭梭黎明前叶水势在-2.08~-2.74 MPa时叶片气体交换主要受气孔因素影响,而当叶水势降至-3.16MPa以下时主要受非气孔因素控制。     

不同利用方式下沙地土壤凝结水变化规律野外试验分析

 根据大量野外实测资料,研究位于科尔沁沙地南缘的不同利用方式下4个样地（受破坏的沙质草场D1、紧牧的优势沙生草甸子地C3、紧牧半流动沙地A3、紧牧固定沙地F3）在植被生长期内（5—9月）的裸地土壤凝结水变化规律。结果表明:①主凝结现象均发生在日落至次日日出期间,而日出至日落期间均发生主蒸发现象;②连通的MLS测出的凝结量均大于不连通的MLS测出的凝结量;③A3和F3的旬平均凝结量均大于C3和D1的旬平均凝结量,即沙地的凝结量大于草地的凝结量;④研究区4个样地5—9月的月平均凝结量分别为:1.04 mm、0.84 mm、0.63 mm,0.61 mm、0.59 mm,凝结量总体呈下降趋势。研究成果对沙地的生态保护具有一定的指导作用。     

干旱沙漠地区小麦田土壤水分变化的数值模拟

利用SWAP模拟程序模拟沙漠地区小麦土壤水势变化、水分利用的结果,无论是灌淤土,还是流动沙丘沙土,即使是在最低灌溉标准(土壤水分含量保持田间持水量的40%),小麦作物仍不受干旱威胁。由于每次灌溉水量偏大,以及土壤的高渗水特性,流动沙丘风沙土深层渗漏损失率高达60%~90%,而灌淤土也达30%~70%,这种损失随灌溉量增加而增加,这表明在这一地区将灌溉量降到目前的最低标准(6 490 m³·hm^-2)以下是值得考虑的。实验区土壤养分含量较低,且施肥改良土壤水肥保持能力的效果不能立即表现,在目前的施肥标准下,施肥量对土壤水势、以及水分利用率没有显著影响。流动沙丘沙土的灌溉量远高于灌淤土,但根系区土壤水势平均值、最低值均相对较高,特别是最低值是灌淤土的2~3倍。相比两种土壤,除在表土层、根系层土壤水势有明显差异之外,临界层以下土层并无显著差异。     

Physiological and growth responses of Populus davidiana ecotypes to different soil water contents

Changes in dry matter accumulation and allocation, gas exchange, abscisic acid content (ABA) and water use efficiency (WUE) of three contrasting Populus davidiana ecotypes were recorded after exposure to five different soil water contents. The ecotypes used were from dry, middle and wet climate regions, respectively. In the controlled environment study, five different soil water contents which were watered to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% field capacity were used, respectively. Significant differences in height growth (HT), total biomass (TB), total leaf area (LA), total leaf number (TLN), specific leaf area (SLA), root/shoot ratio (RS), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (C), transpiration efficiency (WUE_T) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) between the ecotypes were detected under all soil water contents. Ecotypic differences in ABA and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) were also detected under low soil water contents, but these differences were not significant under high soil water content. Compared with the wet climate ecotype, the dry climate ecotype had lower HT, TB, LA, TLN, SLA, A, E and C, and higher RS, WUE_T and WUE_i under all soil water contents. On the other hand, the dry climate ecotype also exhibited higher ABA and δ¹³C as affected by low soil water contents than the wet climate ecotype. These morphological and physiological responses to water availability showed that the different ecotypes may employ different survival strategies under drought at the initial phase of seedling growth and establishment. The wet climate ecotype possesses a prodigal water use strategy and quick growth, while the dry climate ecotype exhibits a conservative water use strategies and slow growth.     

低覆盖度治沙理论的核心水文原理概述

土壤水分的渗漏过程是陆地生态水文的3个最核心过程之一,降水向土壤深层渗漏或者补给地下水,关系到干旱沙区水平衡维持和植被稳定持续发育.多年的治沙实践和研究结果表明:(1)天然分布稳定的沙生植被,覆盖度一般低于30％,降水均能够渗漏到土壤深层或者补给地下水;(2)人工营造的固沙林,当林分的覆盖度大于40％后,林下土壤含水率...