影响湛江热带气旋的风雨分型

利用国家气象局编制的《热带气旋年鉴》和南海舰队海洋水文气象中心的天气图1981—2000年共20a资料，对影响湛江的热带气旋进行分析得出：(1)影响湛江热带气旋按其带来的不同风雨天气可分成4种类型：强型、弱型、风型和雨型；(2)影响湛江热带气旋的42.3％为弱型，其所带来的灾害天气并不明显，有危害性的为强型、风型和雨型；(3)影响湛江热带气旋的源地、出现月份、强度及移速与其分型有一定关系；(4)湛江历史上出现的大海潮，都是移速较快的风型和强型西太平洋台风在7月和9月造成的。     

南海海区热带气旋移速突变的分析

应用天气学与动力学相结合的方法,分析发现:鞍型场、西风槽和双热带气旋形势是热带气旋移速突变的环流背景。在上述环流背景的条件下,涡度、涡度平流、流函数、850—200hPa垂直切变以及不对称配置的演变与热带气旋移速突变有超前相关;概括出的一些判据可供业务实践参考。     

近58a来影响和登陆浙江的热带气旋统计特征分析

本文利用1949-2006年热带气旋资料,对58a来影响和登陆浙江热带气旋的登陆位置、登陆时间的年际、月际和日变化、登陆后的移速及路径变化与降水中心分布的关系、登陆后维持和衰减情况等进行了统计分析.统计结果表明：影响和登陆浙江的热带气旋有较明显的年际、月际和日变化特征;登陆浙江的热带气旋陆上维持时间与登陆时的强度正相关,登陆后12h内热带气旋衰减较快;登陆后移向偏北分量大的或移速加快的热带气旋,主要降水区出现在路径右侧的可能性大.     

1971—2020年南海生成热带气旋的活动规律与大风分布特征

利用东京台风中心提供的1971—2020年的西北太平洋热带气旋资料,对南海生成热带气旋的发生频数、发生源地、强度和持续时间、移动路径以及大风分布特征进行统计分析。结果表明：南海热带气旋主要生成于5—12月,其中6—9月为盛行期,约有70%的热带气旋生成;热带气旋生成位置季节变化明显,6—9月多生成于南海北部17°N附近,11月—次年4月多生成于14°N以南的南海南部,5月和10月为季节转换期,生成位置大幅北进或南撤;热带气旋中心最低气压为940～1 004 hPa,平均值为985.4 hPa,近中心最大风速为35～85 kt,平均值为48.3 kt,平均持续天数为6.2 d;热带气旋移动路径以西移和西北移路径居多,各月都有发生,其次为东北移路径,主要发生在5—6月;近90%的南海热带气旋10级以上大风以中心呈对称分布,大风圈平均半径为53.2 n mile,在7级以上大风中以中心呈对称分布的略多于不对称分布的,7级大风圈的平均半径为142.3 n mile。     

登陆珠江三角洲热带气旋暴雨的中尺度特征

利用逐时雨量分布图，对登陆珠江三角洲的热带气旋暴雨尺度特征进行分类，对比和合成分析，实际资料证实了大范围的热带气旋暴雨是由若干中尺度雨团，雨带造成的，纯热带气旋环流形成的中尺度雨团、雨带具有与热带气旋云带大体一致的分布特征；有冷空气与之配合时，热带气旋环流北缘形成东西向的中尺度雨带；热带气旋登陆后的３ｈ可能出现最大中尺度雨团；随热带气旋环流的填塞减弱，中尺度雨团也逐渐减弱消失；山地对中尺度雨团的移     

1975～2008年北印度洋热带气旋特征分析

利用美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)及印度气象局(IMD)公布的1975～2008年热带气旋资料,对34年来发生在北印度洋的热带气旋进行统计分析,得出北印度洋热带气旋的年际变化特征、逐月个数分布及强度变化特征、生成源地分布、移动方向和生命期特征,并结合海表温度的分布特征,指出北印度洋热带气旋的逐月变化与海温变化和夏季SW季风有着极大的关系,而且海温也极大的影响着热带气旋的生成源地分布。     

北印度洋热带气旋月季变化特征及成因分析

采用美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)提供的北印度洋1977年至2008年热带气旋(TC)资料、NOAA提供提供的1977—2008年月平均海表面温度(SST)资料、逐日的高度场(HGT)资料和NCEP提供1982—2008年全球再分析资料,对北印度洋热带气旋的月季变化的双峰结果进行分析,结果表明:500 hPa流场上热带辐合带的北进南退和500hPa高度场上南亚高压季节性进退跟双峰结构的季节变化有很好的对应关系。此外,海温的季节性变化和季风的爆发对热带气旋的月季变化有很大的影响,海温较高的时期,热带气旋发生频数较多,反之依然。当季风爆发时,存在着强的垂直风切变,不利于热带气旋的生成。正是这些综合因素,才造成了北印度洋热带气旋的双峰结构。     

福建地区的大风

本文分析了福建地区大风的时空变化。结果表茫,沿海和岛屿大风明显多于内陆,高山之顶多于河谷山地。沿海、岛屿秋冬大风多,强度弱,灾害轻;春在风较少,强度大,灾害重。内陆山地大风春夏多,强度大;秋冬少、强度弱。造成大风的天气型有热带气旋型、冷空气和热带气旋共同影响型、气旋型、入海高压型、北低南高型、雷雨前型、龙卷风型。     

2008年登陆我国热带气旋异常的成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和美国NOAA向外长波辐射(OLR)等资料,对2008年登陆我国热带气旋活动具有初台登陆早、秋台集中、登陆热带气旋比例高等特点及其成因进行了初步分析.结果表明,南半球冷高压发展引发的越赤道气流增强,使得赤道西风加强并向东延伸,热带辐合带对流活跃,有利于热带气旋生成;并且,在中纬度地区冷空气活动不频繁、西南季风涌活跃、副高位置偏北偏西等背景条件配合下,登陆热带气旋多而集中.运用大气视热源和全型垂直涡度倾向方程,发现热带辐合带增强北推,使得热带气旋接连产生,强降水产生的非绝热加热异常,促使副高位置发生显著北抬和西伸.当一个时期生成的热带气旋多而集中,副高的这种异常状态就会维持,从而造成这一时期热带气旋西行,频繁登陆我国.     

秋季西北太平洋热带气旋累积能量的年际变化及其预报

秋季是西北太平洋热带气旋平均强度最强的季节,热带气旋累积能量(accumulated cyclone energy,ACE)是热带气旋平均强度的表征指标,基于1979—2015年日本气象厅最佳路径热带气旋数据集,以及美国冰雪中心海冰数据和哈得来环流中心海温数据,利用回归分析和多元逐步回归等方法,对秋季西北太平洋ACE指数进行了分析和预报。研究表明:秋季西北太平洋ACE指数具有显著的年际变化特征,与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)有关,最大和最小值分别出现在1991年的厄尔尼诺年和1999年的拉尼娜年,在厄尔尼诺发展年的秋季ACE一般较强,而在拉尼娜衰减年的秋季热带气旋强度则较弱; ACE指数变化受来自北极海冰变化强迫中纬度异常波列的影响及其受到厄尔尼诺海温模态的调制;由于海冰在波弗特海的异常增多,强迫对流层高层夏季出现类似北半球环球遥相关型异常波列,波列正压下传,使得夏秋季西北太平洋副热带高压东退北移;副热带高压活动的变化和太平洋海温的异常分布影响了局地的环流,热带气旋生成源地弱的垂直风切变区域偏东和涡度显著增大有利于热带气旋在暖海洋上发展强盛。最后进行建模预报,预报效果为0.69。若单独使用海温或海冰作为唯一要素来预报,预报效果将大大降低。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.