新疆伊犁地区黄土与黄土状土粒度对比

对受西风控制的新疆伊犁地区的黄土和黄土粒土系统粒度分析资料表明,二者既有相近之处,也具有明显差别。首先,黄土与黄土状土粒度组成都以粉砂（50－5μm）含量（58％－85％）占优势,但黄土粒土砂偏含量较黄土低,而粘粒含量却较黄土高;第二,黄土与黄土状土众数分布位置相近（15－30μm）,但粒组绝对含量相差较大,黄土状土其值最高可达50％,而黄土均未超过20％。黄土粒度频率频率呈正偏态,黄土状土为极正偏;第三,黄土状土因粘粒含量高而使平均值较黄土细偏,分选较黄土差,在平均值对分选系数、偏度对平均值等图解参数散点图中,黄土与黄土状土样品分别位于不同的区域。因此认为,黄土与水成的黄土状土具有不同的搬运、分选机制和沉积环境,伊犁地区的黄土沉积为风成。     

泥石流源区砾石土的粒度分形特征

以19条泥石流沟源区75个砾石土试样的颗分数据为基础,应用分形理论研究泥石流沟源区砾石土粒度组成特征,并对粒度分形特征与土体颗粒组成的关系进行了讨论。结果表明:1.粒度分布具有分形特征,以一重分形特征为主;2.一重分形特征表明土体各粒组的含量连续分布性较好;二重分形表明土体各粒组的含量连续分布相对较差,某一粒组含量存在突变;3.所研究的沟道平均粒度分维值Da在2.45～2.78间,且平均粒度分维值Da随粘粒含量Pc增加逐渐增大,具有一重分形特征的沟道二者满足关系式Da=0.108ln(Pc)+2.511。最后探讨了研究源区砾石土粒度分形特征的意义。     

北极新奥尔松地区鸟粪土的分子有机地球化学研究

本文研究了位于北极地区的斯瓦尔巴(Svalbard)群岛上的新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)地区的鸟粪土层(YN)的分子有机地球化学组成特征。YN沉积物的烷烃呈双峰分布,奇偶优势不明显,烷烃组分包含UCM(不可分辨成分),姥鲛烷、惹烯是烷烃的主峰,表明烷烃组分受到附近三叠纪含煤地层的强烈影响。脂肪醇类组分偶奇优势明显,主要为现代生物来源。甾醇以谷甾醇为主,由于谷甾醇是草食动物粪便的主要甾醇,所以YN沉积物中谷甾醇可能来源于鸟粪。脂肪酸类组分的偶奇优势同样十分明显,不饱和脂肪酸以C18∶1为主,除脂肪酸外,还检测到β-羟基酸和ω-羟基酸。综合YN生物标志物的组成与分布特征,认为YN既受到附近含煤地层的影响,也受到附近的鸟粪和植被的影响。     

根-土间隙对斜坡降雨入渗的贡献——以头寨和段家营地区为例

在植被发育程度较高的云南昭通头寨试验区和呈贡段家营试验区,使用亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B溶液多次进行染色示踪渗透试验,发现根-土间隙的导流现象十分明显,其导流作用很可能已经超过了传统的三类土体大孔隙。对不同尺寸根-土间隙流道内水分入渗速度模型进行推导与理论计算,并将其与实测实值进行比较分析,最后讨论了头寨试验区和呈贡段家营试验区斜坡土体中根-土间隙在降雨入渗过程中导流量所占比例。结果表明:昭通头寨和呈贡段家营试验区斜坡土体中根-土间隙的尺寸主要集中在0.5~1.0 mm,多数间隙尺寸为0.5 mm左右,根-土间隙流道内水分下渗速度主要分布在区间0.027~0.203 mm/s和0.014~0.102 mm/s,两试验区土体中根-土间隙的导流量分别占总入渗量的72%~82%和54%~70%,相同面积上,头寨试验区土体中根-土间隙的导流量是呈贡段家营试验1.67倍,根-土间隙对降雨入渗的贡献是显著的。     

耕作方式对西南地区紫色水稻土全氮及碱解氮的影响

以位于西南大学试验农场的紫色土长期免耕试验田为研究对象,探讨了不同耕作方式-冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)、厢作免耕(XM)和垄作翻耕(LF)对紫色水稻土全氮及碱解氮的影响。结果表明,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内,不同耕作方式下土壤全氮的含量为LM (1.53 g/kg)>DP (1.50 g/kg)>XM (1.32 g/kg)>LF (1.31 g/kg)>SH (1.16 g/kg),碱解氮为DP (111.48 mg/kg)>LM (105.20 mg/kg)>SH (101.97 mg/kg)>LF (97.26 mg/kg)>XM (95.19 mg/kg),长期垄作免耕有利于土壤中全氮的提高。不同耕作处理下土壤C/N在7.96~16.56之间,免耕农作更有利于有机质矿化过程中养分的释放。     

高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分布特征

青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区。高寒草甸草原是青藏高原上最主要的放牧利用草地资源之一。选择青藏高原东北隅海北站内具有代表性的高寒草甸土壤进行高分辨率采样,测定土壤根系和有机碳含量。研究得出,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤贮存有巨大的根系生物量 (23544.60 kg ha^-1~27947 kg ha^-1) 和土壤有机碳 (21.52 GtC);自然土壤表层 (0~10 cm) 储存了整个剖面土壤有机碳总量的30%左右。比较发现,高寒草甸土壤的有机碳平均贮存量 (23.17×10⁴ kgCha^-1) (0~60 cm) 较相应深度的热带森林土壤、灌丛土壤和草地土壤的有机碳贮存量高约1~5倍多。在全球碳预算研究中,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳库不可忽视。随着全球变暖,表层土壤有机碳分解释放的CO₂将增加。为了减少高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,应加强高寒草甸土壤地表覆被的保护,合理种植深根系植物。这对减缓全球大气CO₂浓度升高的速率以及可持续开发高寒草甸的生态服务功能都具有重要意义。     

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量研究进展

高寒草甸是广布于青藏高原的主要植被类型,它是青藏高原大气与地面之间生物地球化学循环的重要构成部分,在区域碳平衡中起着极为重要的作用。基于对青藏高原主要高寒草甸生态系统类型CO2通量研究方面的综述,系统分析了高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量日、季、年等不同时间尺度的变化特征以及温度、光合有效辐射、降水等主要环境因子对高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响;同时,结合其他地区草地生态系统,就青藏高原三种典型高寒草甸生态系统类型源汇效应和Q10值进行了比较;最后,结合青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量研究的现实与需要,提出了当前存在一些不确定性和有待深入研究的问题。     

137Cs示踪法研究青藏高原草甸土的土壤侵蚀

运用137Cs示踪法对青藏高原高寒草甸典型的两个小流域的土壤侵蚀进行了研究,结果表明:高寒草甸植被区的土壤137Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布,分布深度一般在20cm左右;坡顶部由于风蚀、冻融侵蚀和水蚀较强,致使侵蚀强于下部,除坡顶部外其他坡位侵蚀强度都符合坡上部<坡中部<坡下部的规律;高寒草甸植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀强度呈显著的负相关关系(p<0.01),土壤平均侵蚀模数随植被覆盖度的增加呈线性降低的趋势,相关系数R2达到0.997以上。高寒草甸退化程度越高,土壤侵蚀越强。退化较强的草甸区的平均侵蚀模数是退化较弱区的2.23倍,最大侵蚀模数可达2960.22t/(km2.a)。     

Biophysical Regulation of Carbon Flux in Different Rainfall Regime in a Northern Tibetan Alpine Meadow

Inter-annual variability in total precipitation can lead to significant changes in carbon flux. In this study, we used the eddy covariance (EC) technique to measure the net CO₂ ecosystem exchange (NEE) of an alpine meadow in the northern Tibetan Plateau. In 2005 the meadow had precipitation of 489.9 mm and in 2006 precipitation of 241.1 mm, which, respectively, represent normal and dry years as compared to the mean annual precipitation of 476 mm. The EC measured NEE was 87.70 g C m^-2 yr^-1 in 2006 and -2.35 g C m^-2 yr^-1 in 2005. Therefore, the grassland was carbon neutral to the atmosphere in the normal year, while it was a carbon source in the dry year, indicating this ecosystem will become a CO₂ source if climate warming results in more drought conditions. The drought conditions in the dry year limited gross ecosystem CO₂ exchange (GEE), leaf area index (LAI) and the duration of ecosystem carbon uptake. During the peak of growing season the maximum daily rate of NEE and P_max and α were approximately 30%-50% of those of the normal year. GEE and NEE were strongly related to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on half-hourly scale, but this relationship was confounded by air temperature (T_a), soil water content (SWC) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The absolute values of NEE declined with higher T_a, higher VPD and lower SWC conditions. Beyond the appropriate range of PAR, high solar radiation exacerbated soil water conditions and thus reduced daytime NEE. Optimal T_a and VPD for maximum daytime NEE were 12.7℃ and 0.42 KPa respectively, and the absolute values of NEE increased with SWC. Variation in LAI explained around 77% of the change in GEE and NEE. Variations in R_e were mainly controlled by soil temperature (T_s), whereas soil water content regulated the responses of Re to T_s.     

西藏当雄高寒草甸碳通量定位观测站小气候的基本特征

分析了西藏当雄高寒草甸碳通量站4 a高密度小气候观测资料的净辐射、光合有效辐射,气温的年变化和日变化的规律,绝对湿度、相对湿度、风、大气压、土壤温度及湿度、土壤热通量的年变化规律.该地区具有明显的高原大陆性气候特征,光照强、日照长,太阳辐射和光合有效辐强;气温年较差小,日较差大;空气湿度小,较干燥,雨季和旱季分明,降水集中强度小;气压低,有常风;土壤温度年变化较小,土壤湿度和降水有明显的对应关系,降水节律是土壤湿度的决定因素.     

澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点

摘要：采用样方调查方法获得94个草地群落样方,对澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点进行了初步分析。结果表明,该县亚高山、高山草地群落类型存在20个类型。在放牧干扰下,大多数群落类型处于退化状态,相互之间存在明显的群落替代关系;调查发现群落中每平方米内平均含8种草本植物,平均盖度62．4％,地上平均生物量是4859kg／hm^2,平均可食率为61．5％;鸢尾群落、牛旁群落和小狼毒群落是草地严重退化后形成的典型有毒害群落类型;长期的高强度放牧虽然增加了群落类型多样性,但减少了群落内物种多样性。总体而言,长期的放牧干扰降低了德钦草地的生物多样性的质量及其生态服务功能,导致草地生态系统的非持续发展。     

The Effect of Higher Warming on Vegetation Indices and Biomass Production is Dampened by Greater Drying in an Alpine Meadow on the Northern Tibetan Plateau

In order to understand whether or not the response of vegetation indices and biomass production to warming varies with warming magnitude, an experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was conducted in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau beginning in late June, 2013. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) data were obtained using a Tetracam Agricultural Digital Camera in 2013-2014. The gross primary production (GPP) and aboveground plant biomass (AGB) were modeled using the surface measured NDVI and climatic data during the growing seasons (i.e. June-September) in 2013-2014. Both low and high warming significantly increased air temperature by 1.54 and 4.00°C, respectively, and significantly increased vapor pressure deficit by 0.13 and 0.31 kPa, respectively, in 2013-2014. There were no significant differences of GNDVI, AGB and ANPP among the three warming treatments. The high warming significantly reduced average NDVI by 23.3% (-0.06), while the low warming did not affect average NDVI. The low and high warming significantly decreased average SAVI by 19.0% (-0.04) and 27.4% (-0.05), respectively, and average GPP by 24.2% (i.e. 0.21 g C m^-2 d^-1) and 44.0% (i.e. 0.39 g C m^-2 d^-1), respectively. However, the differences of the average NDVI, SAVI, and GPP between low and high warming were negligible. Our findings suggest that a greater drying may dampen the effect of a higher warming on vegetation indices and biomass production in alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau.     

Comparison of Methods for Evaluating the Forage-livestock Balance of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Livestock grazing is one of primary way to use grasslands throughout the world, and the forage-livestock balance of grasslands is a core issue determining animal husbandry sustainability. However, there are few methods for assessing the forage-livestock balance and none of those consider the dynamics of external abiotic factors that influence forage yields. In this study, we combine long-term field observations with remote sensing data and meteorological records of temperature and precipitation to quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on the forage-livestock balance of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau for the years 2000 to 2016. We developed two methods: one is statical method based on equilibrium theory and the other is dynamic method based on non-equilibrium theory. We also examined the uncertainties and shortcomings of using these two methods as a basis for formulating policies for sustainable grassland management. Our results from the statical method showed severe overgrazing in the grasslands of all counties observed except Nyima (including Shuanghu) for the entire period from 2000 to 2016. In contrast, the results from the dynamic method showed overgrazing in only eight years of the study period 2000-2016, while in the other nine years alpine grasslands throughout the northern Tibetan Plateau were less grazed and had forage surpluses. Additionally, the dynamic method found that the alpine grasslands of counties in the northeastern and southwestern areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau were overgrazed, and that alpine grasslands in the central area of the plateau were less grazed with forage surpluses. The latter finding is consistent with field surveys. Therefore, we suggest that the dynamic method is more appropriate for assessment of forage-livestock management efforts in alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau. However, the statical method is still recommended for assessments of alpine grasslands profoundly disturbed by irrational human activities.