John Whitehurst (1713–1788): philosopher, geologist, horologist and engineer

Among the late 18th-century pioneers of geological science was John Whitehurst. He set the scene for the early Derbyshire geologists, White Watson and John Farey, whose books were not published until 1811, long after Whitehurst's death. But Whitehurst's ideas went beyond Derbyshire; he looked at the global situation in his book An Inquiry into the Original State & Formation of the Earth (1778, 1786). Whitehurst was a founder member of the influential Lunar Society and a close friend of many philosophers of the period.     

The first geological maps of the continent of Australia

Two factors limited the compilation of geological maps of the Australian continent during the nineteenth century, the problems of geological mapping over large areas and the fact that Australia was divided into a group of independent colonies. Only four such maps were compiled and published during this period and all others are mere copies of three of these four.

On the first map, compiled by J. B. Jukes and published in London in 1850 at a scale of 225 miles to an inch, the geological colours are.confined to the coastal areas and a small portion of the interior which had been examined by explorers. The second, compiled by R. B. Smyth and published by the Victorian Department of Mines in 1875 at a scale of 110 miles to an inch, was drawn up from a large number of published and unpublished geological maps including those of Victoria and Queensland. Large areas were filled in from information in explorers’ journals and from their maps. A revised reprint was issued in 1876. The third map, compiled by Arthur Everett who was closely associated with the production of the 1875 map, was again published by the Victorian Mines Department in 1887 at a scale of 50 miles to an inch. Geological maps of the colonies of Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, and South Australia were used, together with large scale maps and data previously gathered for the 1875 map of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The fourth map, compiled by H. Berghaus and published in Gotha in 1888 at a scale of 1:30 000 000, was drawn up from sources similar to those used by Everett.

The compilation of the 1875 and 1887 maps is analysed in detail and annotated lists of the actual source maps used are given in Appendix 1. Mention is made of the numerous copies of these two maps issued in the nineteenth century. A complete list of all known geological maps of the Australian continent, published to date, is given in Appendix 2.     

吉林省通化市地质灾害气象预报预警方法介绍

地质灾害是吉林省通化市较为严重的自然灾害之一。本文介绍了吉林省通化市地质灾害气象预报预警方法,通过建立预报预警模型,然后制作预警预报产品,并在汛期及时发布,对吉林省通化市地质灾害预报起到了较好的效果。     

燕山造山带构造变形格局研究及相关问题

燕山造山带具有极其复杂的地质结构构造，其复杂性在现有公开出版的地质图件中未能有效地反映出来。从事地学研究的科研人员，以公开出版的地质图件为基础所衍生的相关分析图件和由此作出的结论与野外实际地质情况往往相去甚远。本文作者近年来所做基础地质调查成果显示，基础地质调查成果的缺陷成为制约国家地学科研发展的严重障碍。影响基础地质调查成果质量提高的原因很多，但较为重要的是国家对基础地学科研资金的政策性投入存在问题。     

Importance of Charles Lyell’s works for the formation of scientific geological ideology

Ch. Lyell’s works, the main work among which entitled Principles of Geology was published 180 years ago in 1830, created a new concept and laid the groundwork for modern geological science, methods for the study of geological processes and geological history based on the investigation of recent environments and processes. These propositions with natural corrections are also used in geological works at present. They have demonstrated persistence of the geological history and absence of global geological catastrophes. This fact was of great importance in science and ideology, because it changed basically the perception of the Earth’s nature and history based on the biblical world pattern.     

中国双壳类古生物学研究近百年来的发展

近百年来,中国化石双壳类的研究经历了从无到有,从基础资料的积累到向基础理论方向发展和关门自守到走向世界的过程,逐渐摆脱了“标准化石”和从属地位,走上古生物学发展的道路。新中国成立后,经过我国几代双壳类古生物学工作者们的努力,中国各地质时期的双壳类组成总貌和双壳类化石的层序地层学已经得到揭示和确定,双壳类的起源、演化、埋葬、古生态和古生物地理学也受到不同程度的研究或探讨。双壳类古生物学已经并正在积极而有效地指导或支持地质生产。顾知微院士是我国化石双壳类学科最重要的承传和奠基人。     

DETERMINATION OF B, SM AND GD IN TWENTY-THREE GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS BY NEUTRON-CAPTURE PROMPT GAMMA-RAY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (PGAA)

Eleven USGS geological reference materials and twelve French geological reference materials have been measured for B, Sm and Gd concentrations by prompt-gamma activation analysis. For those materials that have already been analysed, our data is in agreement with published recommended values. These values constitute the first measured data for several French geological reference materials     

Potentials of alternate polarization of Envisat ASAR data in geological mapping — A case study in Kurnool Group of rocks,Andhra Pradesh

The application of SAR data is a proven technology in geological studies but very few accounts are available in India, which can evaluate and demonstrate the utility of microwave signatures as an important tool for geological mapping. In this connection, the significance of polarization is an important parameter in enhancing geological elements. Present study reveals that the simple polarization composite prepared from different polarization channels can significantly aid the delineation of geological features as demonstrated from the Proterozoic metasedimentary sequences of Kurnool Group. The polarization colour composites reveal that different sedimentary units can be differentiated on the basis of variable back scattering return in different polarization channel. Further geological structures of regional importance can also be delineated in these colour composite images. Comparative analysis of different composite images with published geological maps, illustrates the capabilities of the microwave polarization in enhancing geological elements and how they can be used in updating geological data.     

Documentary and Geological Records of Tsunamis in the Aegean Sea Region of Greece and their Potential Value to Risk Assessment and Disaster Management

Understanding the nature and impacts of tsunamis within the Aegean Sea region ofGreece is of importance to both the academic community and those organisationsconcerned with tsunami disaster management. In order to determine hazard and riskand consequently pre-plan mitigative strategies, it is necessary to analyse historical(documentary) and geological records of former tsunami events. Therefore, firstlythis paper provides a summary of the written sources of information on Aegeantsunamis paying particular attention to published catalogues. From the availabledata, it is noted that a large number of events have been reported during the last3500 years. Secondly, the paper provides a review of the published on-shore(terrestrial) geological records of tsunamis within the region. From this analysisit is seen that little geological evidence has been identified for the large numberof tsunamis reported in the catalogues. Thirdly, the paper considers the reliabilityof the written and geological records and how problems of accuracy, coverage,extent and reliability, may have potential implications for the estimation of hazardand risk. The paper concludes by making recommendations for disaster managers,geologists and historians to work closely together.     

浅谈新的地质资料汇交内容及其制度

在学习国务院《地质资料管理条例》的基础上，就新的地质资料管理制度方面，重点在地质资料的汇交人、汇交内容、汇交时间、汇交要求、汇交管理机关、汇交管理工作中的法律责任等几方面做了较详细介绍。意在我省进一步贯彻实施《地质资料管理条例》工作中，坚持规范，加深管理。     

云南"十五"区域地质调查取得丰硕成果

“十五”期间承担区域地质调查项目七项18个图幅。地层古生物、区域岩石及地质构造、地质灾害、矿产资源及旅游地学等方面取得较多的新成果和新认识。提交地质图及地质报告外,还提交专题研究成果7份,以测区所收集的地质资料为基础编写硕士论文7篇,公开发表文章7篇,从而极大地提高了云南及西藏基础地质的研究程度和水平。     

Determination of Uranium in Thirty-six Geological Reference Samples by Fluorimetry and Extractive Spectrophotometry

The uranium contents of 36 geological reference samples have been determined by fluorimetry after ion-exchange separation, and spectrophotometry using Arsenazo III after solvent extraction with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide. The agreement between present results and published data is generally good. The methods of fluorimetry and spectrophotometry proved very convenient in the determination of uranium in geological materials.     

中亚成矿域核心区地质演化和巨型成矿带划分

随着中亚成矿域地质矿产研究的不断升温和新资料的不断积累,学术界对其地质演化和成矿作用的认识出现诸多争议和矛盾。文章主要基于前苏联时期有关中亚地区的地质资料,并结合近年来地质矿产勘查新进展和高精度年代学数据,梳理了中亚成矿域核心区的主要地质特征及其演化规律,划分出中亚成矿域核心区的成矿省和巨型成矿带,论述了重要成矿带的形成和演化特征,并进行对比分析。在中亚成矿域核心区划分出4个成矿省：阿尔泰成矿省、巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省、楚伊犁-天山成矿省和西南天山成矿省,并重点论述了巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省和楚伊犁-天山成矿省的地质特征以及其中的巨型成矿带。巴尔喀什-准噶尔成矿省由4个巨型成矿带（含11个大型矿集区）组成：扎尔玛-萨吾尔成矿带、塔尔巴哈台-谢米斯台成矿带、阿科斗卡-巴尔鲁克成矿带和巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿带。楚伊犁-天山成矿省由4个巨型成矿带（含22个大型矿集区）构成：莫因特-阿拉套-赛里木成矿带、楚伊犁-博洛霍勒成矿带、伊赛克-阿吾拉勒成矿带和卡扎尔曼-那拉提成矿带。文中所提出的成矿省和巨型成矿带划分方案依然是初步的,在以后的工作中还需要不断修订和完善。我们期待着发现更多大型矿床和矿集区,使中亚成矿域核心区更丰富、更完善。地质资料的不断积累和新数据的不断补充,必然带动科学认识的提高和深化。     

中国地质科学50年的简要回顾

在世界之效科学技术大发展的现阶段,中国地质科学必将发展,因为它具箅了社会需求、科学问题和社会基础技术三个科学发展的条件。由于中国地质学奠基者的远见卓识,中国地质学在本世纪２０～３０年代已建立了世界声誉。新中国建立后,５０～７０年代中国地质科学取得迅速工。自７０年代珂至今的改革开放时期更取得了全面的发展。随着地球系统科学的新概念为广大地质学者所接受,地质学各分支学科必将走向互相交驻融合,形成综合的和     

A reconstruction of the pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of central Corinth,Greece

The pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of the center of Corinth, southern Greece, was reconstructed using a combination of geological and geomorphological observation and archaeological evidence. Preserved areas of calcrete and overlying calcareous soil, which represent surviving remnants lying close to the pre‐8th century B.C. land surface, were mapped. The geology of the site was also mapped. The topography of Corinth in pre‐8th century B.C. times was radically different from that observed today. Most topographic modification occurred as a result of quarrying from a line of Pleistocene oolitic sand dunes for construction‐stone during antiquity. The reconstruction presented differs in key respects from previously published palaeotopographies, which did not include geological evidence. The results of the new reconstruction illustrate the importance of combining geological, geomorphological, and archaeological evidence and have implications for the urban development of Corinth in post‐8th century B.C. times. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Mineral Atlas of the World

In 1997 the mineral resources of Europe and neighbouring countries were presented as a printed map and a book of exhaustive information and references. This was the first published map inventory of mineral deposits from all parts of the formerly politically divided Europe (East and West), measured and evaluated according to identical geological and mining standards.     

20世纪地质科学学科体系的发展与演变——根据地质论文统计分析

地质科学100年的发展折射了20世纪经济发展和社会进步的曲折过程，地质学科的演化反映了工业化对矿产资源的依存度和社会进步对地质学科布局的深刻影响。通过对20世纪100年世界地质科学论文的统计、分析和综合，从计量的角度获得了反映地质科学及其各学科发展和演化的轨迹，包括：①见证了地质科学的发展动力从“供给驱动型”向“需求驱动型”的转变；②记录了工业化过程中对矿产资源的需求对地质科学发展和演变的影响；③反映了过去100年重大历史事件对地质科学发展的影响；④体现了技术进步是地质科学发展的革命性推动力；⑤揭示了我国与发达国家地质科学发展的差距。运用学术论文定量分析地质科学长周期发展规律，用数据反映地质学科的百年兴衰，是研究地质科学发展战略的新思路、新方法。     

The Structure and Formation Conditions of the Callovian–Oxfordian Deposits of Sudak Bay (Crimea)

The composition and origin of the Callovian–Oxfordian deposits of the Sudak Bay were characterized on the basis of the generalization and analysis of our own results, as well as published and unpublished data. The botanical future was first implemented for the geological mapping of the Oxfordian deposits.     

基于文献资源的Re-Os同位素定年数据库建设研究

地质数据库是地球信息科学的重要组成部分,可为地球科学研究工作提供可靠的数据基础.Re-Os同位素定年已广泛应用于矿床成因、地幔演化、海洋环境的研究中,建设Re-Os同位素定年数据库可整合相关研究成果,提升该领域成果资料的集成化管理和应用水平.本文采用GIS空间数据库构建的技术路线,从数据库建设思路、数据整合加工方法、数...     

Comments to the article by Verner et al.: Magmatic history and geophysical signature of a post-collisional intrusive center

Verner and co-authors (Int J Earth Sci (2009) 98:517–532) published geological and structural model of evolution and emplacement of the Plöckenstein pluton in the border area of Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. They used data of other authors, giving no reference as to their source, for interpretations without any discussion of the already published results.