火山岩岩石化学,地球化学数据库管理系统及应用程序

在微机上用dBASEⅢ建立了火山岩岩石化学、地球化学数据库管理系统;开发了应用程序。火山岩数据库包括岩石描述、主要氧化物含量、稀土元素含量、其他微量元素含量、同位素分析、矿物分析等六个子库,可以存贮二百余项有关火山岩的数据和信息。数据库管理系统具有建立数据库结构、数据维护、数据输出、应用程序接口及退出系统等项功能。操作简便,易于掌握。应用程序主要包括岩石化学、地球化学和数理统计等计算程序,各种地球化学图件的绘图程序。火山岩数据库及其管理系统和应用程序为火山岩岩石化学、地球化学的综合研究提供了一种方便、实用和有效的手段。     

中国加入综合大洋钻探（IODP）科学计划（2003-2013）

将于2003年秋开始实施的IODP是一个比ODP更加庞大的国际地球科学合作计划。面对国际深海研究的新挑战,我国应抓紧时机,及早准备,扩大队伍、积聚力量,充分发挥我国自然条件和原有研究积累的优势,将深入国际深海前沿领域与国内的研究结合起来,力争实现中国海深海钻探的新航次,促进我国地球科学进入海陆结合的地球系统研究和全面走向国际的新局面。同时,通过国际合作与国内有关深海工作计划的结合,为维护我国海上权益、探索底资源和为环境、减灾以及发展海洋高新技术做出贡献。我国参加IODP要遵循"有所为,有所不为"的原则,在加入ODP以后取得进展的基础上,优先选择比较成熟和最为迫切的领域,以点带面进行重点突破,逐步扩大,继续加强古海洋学研究,并同时向洋中脊、深部生物圈等新领域发展。具体包括以下优先研究领域：深部生物圈及海底下的海洋,古环境研究,西太平洋大陆边缘岩石圈演化与震源带。希望有关部委积极支持我国有关大洋钻探的基础研究力量和深海资源、技术等项目之间的密切合作,在国内大联合的基础上参加国际计划,制定长远的国家计划,在国家层面上部署深海研究,组成"国家队"参与国际竞争。     

Urban tree planting programs, function or fashion? Los Angeles and urban tree planting campaigns

Tree planting programs are being implemented in many US cities (most notably New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago) on the basis of the multiple environmental and health benefits they may provide. However, the magnitude and even the direction of the impacts of trees on specific urban environments have seldom been directly measured. In addition, there has been little research on the historical, cultural, political or institutional origins of such programs, or on their implementation process. Pending questions include the degree to which these programs are integrated in the existing frameworks of city government and infrastructure management, how they are paid for, and the kinds of collaborations between nonprofit organizations, the public, and public agencies at all levels they may require in order to succeed. This paper reports on an interdisciplinary research project examining the Million Tree Program of the City of Los Angeles.     

Local, state, regional, and federal roles in coastal nutrient management

A number of local, regional, state, and federal programs are in place that strive to protect and restore coastal waters and habitats, and which specifically address eutrophication and nutrient over-enrichment. There are, however, no easily implemented and reliable methods or sources of data and information for citizens, coastal managers, elected officials, and agency staff who are responsible for managing a coastal area to determine sources of nutrients and potential impacts to coastal waters. Coordination among federal and local agencies remains inadequate. In the few examples of successful coastal nutrient management programs, effective nutrient management strategies are often partnerships of national, regional, and local efforts. The recent National Research Council (2000) examination of issues and management options calls for development of a National Coastal Nutrient Management Strategy, coordinated between national, state and local programs, academia, and the private sector. The proposed National Coastal Nutrient Management Strategy includes recommendations for local programs to consider in developing an effective nutrient management strategy, such as setting goals for restoration, determining nutrient reductions needed to meet goals, and monitoring results. The proposed strategy also identifies priority actions which federal programs should consider, including identifying gaps and overlaps in existing and proposed national programs for all aspects of nutrient over-enrichment; increasing accessibility to data, information and expertise on nutrient over-enrichment causes, effects, and management options; and setting clear guidelines for nutrient loads. A nationally consistent monitoring program and targeted research, specifically for atmospheric deposition, seasonal variability of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment effects, the role of specific nutrients in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms, and economic impacts of nutrient over-enrichment were also identified as priority needs.     

Reflections on a Vision for Integrated Research and Monitoring After 15 Years

In May of 1998, Owen Bricker and his co-author Michael Ruggiero introduced a conceptual design for integrating the Nation’s environmental research and monitoring programs. The Framework for Integrated Monitoring and Related Research was an organizing strategy for relating data collected by various programs, at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and by multiple science disciplines to solve complex ecological issues that individual research or monitoring programs were not designed to address. The concept nested existing intensive monitoring and research stations within national and regional surveys, remotely sensed data, and inventories to produce a collaborative program for multi-scale, multi-network integrated environmental monitoring and research. Analyses of gaps in data needed for specific issues would drive decisions on network improvements or enhancements. Data contributions to the Framework from existing networks would help indicate critical research and monitoring programs to protect during budget reductions. Significant progress has been made since 1998 on refining the Framework strategy. Methods and models for projecting scientific information across spatial and temporal scales have been improved, and a few regional pilots of multi-scale data-integration concepts have been attempted. The links between science and decision-making are also slowly improving and being incorporated into science practice. Experiments with the Framework strategy since 1998 have revealed the foundational elements essential to its successful implementation, such as defining core measurements, establishing standards of data collection and management, integrating research and long-term monitoring, and describing baseline ecological conditions. They have also shown us the remaining challenges to establishing the Framework concept: protecting and enhancing critical long-term monitoring, filling gaps in measurement methods, improving science for decision support, and integrating the disparate integrated science efforts now underway. In the 15 years since the Bricker and Ruggiero (Ecol Appl 8(2):326–329, 1998) paper challenged us with a new paradigm for bringing sound and comprehensive science to environmental decisions, the scientific community can take pride in the progress that has been made, while also taking stock of the challenges ahead for completing the Framework vision.     

遗传算法在深基坑支护结构选型中的应用

为了探索遗传算法的优化功能在深基坑支护结构选型方面的应用,分别研制了悬臂桩、水泥土挡墙和锚索桩等深基坑支护结构的方案优化及造价估算遗传算法程序,意在通过不同支护方案最优造价的比较来辅助进行支护结构选型。利用这些程序对厦门市3个实际的深基坑工程进行了支护结构选型分析,结果表明,遗传算法是一种很好的深基坑支护结构选型方法。     

全球水循环研究进展

以国际组织围绕全球变化问题执行的一系列与水循环相关的研究计划为背景,总结了近40年来陆地-大气间水循环研究的重要成果,并探讨了在全球气候变化的背景下,水循环需要进一步研究的突出问题。     

Geostandard Needs for Environmental Research and Monitoring Programs

Geostandards are needed to intercalibrate environmental research and routine environmental monitoring programs. Because a principal concern in both types of analyses is the elemental concentrations of discrete phases, values for partial extractions of geostandards are also needed. This and other information are solicited for an intercalibration among laboratories which monitor metals in marine sediments and wastewater sludge.     

Protecting tourism labor? Sustainable labels and private governance

This paper examines the application of private governance through certification labels and industry initiatives in the tourism industry. These efforts are sold as a way to achieve decent working conditions for tourism workers who participate in global value chains in the global South. The question at hand is, are these mechanisms an effective way to support tourism labor? Specifically, this research documents two main findings. First, I evaluate the programs through a tourism global value chain approach and demonstrate how tour operators use language about sustainability and the certification of accommodation suppliers for brand product differentiation and marketing. My findings demonstrate that these programs do not support tourism workers. Second, even with certification and recommendations, the standards are limited and do not include measures to protect against precarious employment, gendered divisions of labor, and emotional labor demands. Thus, these initiatives do not fully protect tourism workers. Finally, I argue a new governance research approach focused on workers’ rights and empowerment provides insights into achieving a more equitable international tourism landscape. This has implications for a governance analysis focused on rights and ‘synergistic’ governance strategies.     

Community readiness for a new tsunami warning system: quasi-experimental and benchmarking evaluation of a school education component

Youth preparedness for disasters is a growing area of research. However, studies to date have relied on cross-sectional, correlational research designs. The current study replicated aspects of the one other study to date that has used a quasi-experimental strategy to evaluate youth preparedness for disasters. This study evaluated whether children were more knowledgeable and prepared for hazards generally but also in more specific relation to the rollout of a new tsunami warning system. Using a pretest–posttest with benchmarking design, the study found that following a brief school education program, supplementing a larger community-wide effort, children reported significant gains in preparedness indicators including increased knowledge as well as increases in physical and psychosocial preparedness. Within group effect sizes compared favorably with those from the previous experimental study in this area used to benchmark current intervention-produced findings and produced hints that combining school education programs with larger community preparedness efforts can enhance preparedness. Given that this is only one of two experimentally-based studies in an area of research largely dominated by cross-sectional designs, future research should consider the use of experimental designs, including those that are pragmatic and fit with needs of the school. The current approach has limitations that need to be considered. However, it also has some real advantages, including being used more extensively in fieldwork studies that evaluate various types of interventions. Through increased use of experimental design strategies, researchers can then also have increased confidence that educational programs are the source of increases in disaster resilience in youth and their families.     

Doing community geography

Community Geography offers researchers, community groups, and students opportunities to engage in action oriented applied geographical research. Creating and sustaining these research programs can be challenging, programs can involve many partners from both academic and the community, have different goals and purposes, and utilize a variety of methods to perform research. In this paper we offer a framework of three primary overarching principles for implementing CG projects; (1) Who, (2) Why, and (3) How. (1) “Who” describes who is involved in CG, including researchers, community partners, academic institutions, (2) “Why” describes the justifications and benefits of taking this approach. (3) “How” explains how CG borrows methodologies from many disciplines within geography and beyond. Our examples are not exhaustive; rather, they serve as starting points to inspire researchers interested in CG.

     

NCAR下一个10年新的研究方向

21世纪初，美国国家大气研究中心（Nat ionalCenterforAtmosphericResearch，NCAR ）专门组织人员撰写了它将来在研究、设施及教育上的规划报告。该报告围绕什么是要继续的、什么是阶段性的、如何开创新的研究方向、新方向的选择标准等作了阐述。介绍了该规划报告中关于下一个 10年新的研究方向，其中包括NCAR各分支机构之间联合研究的新研究计划，以及模式集成、先进的工具和方法以及将信息技术用于研究和教育等方面的新研究计划，同时还界定了新研究计划的选择标准。     

湿地生态水文学研究综述

基于湿地生态水文研究文献计量分析,透视国内外有关湿地水文、生态水文和水资源等领域的重大研究计划和重要学术会议,系统总结了湿地生态水文学发展历程,可分为萌芽起步阶段（20世纪50年代至80年代）、研究探索阶段（20世纪90年代）和快速发展阶段（21世纪以后）3个阶段,列举了重要代表性研究成果,并重点阐述了湿地生态水文学研究进展;基于对国际湿地生态水文学发展历程、研究进展及热点的综合分析,未来湿地生态水文学研究主要向基于"多要素、多过程、多尺度"的湿地生态水文相互作用机理及耦合机制、气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响机理及适应性调控、湿地"水文-生态-社会"耦合系统互作机理及互馈机制和基于湿地生态需水与水文服务的流域水资源综合管理等方向发展。最后,以国家重大需求为导向,提出了未来中国湿地生态水文学优先发展方向及建议。     

Partners in knowledge-sharing

IRRI's Training Program and Information and Knowledge Exchange Program entail collaboration and partnerships with national agricultural research systems (NARS). Both programs disseminate research results to develop collaborators and accelerate information transfer. IRRI's training program has evolved in parallel with IRRI's strategic research focus to address specialized needs of national rice scientists. Forging partnerships with NARS rice-related training programs to collaborate in national and regional in-country training activities addresses the more general training needs of national rice research systems. IRRI's information and knowledge exchange program publishes and disseminates research results to national rice scientists, maintains and makes available to rice scientists the world's largest collection of rice literature, develops and maintains rice data bases, organizes conferences and workshops to discuss research findings with NARS scientists, and is actively involved in public awareness activities.     

国际地球科学与资源环境科学发展战略分析

介绍了国际主要地学机构（NASA、USGS、NOAA、NERC、BGS）、主要组织（ICSU、EU、OECD、UNESCO）、国际主要基金机构（NSF、ESF）21世纪初10～20年有关地球科学与资源环境科学的研究与发展战略的目标、研究计划、主要研究内容与优先研究领域。这些机构与组织的地学与资源环境科学发展战略，反映了国际上地球科学与资源环境科学的研究重点和发展趋势，对把握国际地球科学与资源环境科学发展方向、明确我国地球科学与资源环境科学的战略重点和优先领域具有重要的参考价值。同时，依据美国科学信息研究所（ISI）的基本科学指标数据库（ESI），分析了过去20年国际地学（geosciences）、环境／生态学（environment／ec ology）领域著名科学家的国别和机构分布状况，分析了国际地学、环境／生态学过去10年成果产出最多、论文被引频次最多、篇均被引频次最高的前10个研究机构，反映了过去10年国际地学、环境／生态学研究的影响力。最后，简要分析了国际地球科学与资源环境科学的优先研究领域与主要特点。     

某地铁停车场出入线基坑支护方案优化设计及变形模拟

研究基于某地铁停车场出入段线基坑支护方案的优化设计,利用比选排除法得出适合该研究区基坑支护方案并对每个方案进行支护设计,进而利用数学模糊评判方法对所有适用方案进行综合评分,选出最优方案。对基坑设计进行验算,ADINA软件进行模拟,验证了最终方案的可行性,对基坑支护方案选型及设计有一定的参考意义。     

Export programs and SME market choice: evidence from North West England

Exporting, despite its potential for fostering increased overall sales, presents substantial obstacles for firms when compared to serving domestic or spatially proximate markets. Some of these problems center on accessing market information and selecting export destinations. Such challenges become even more demanding for small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), given their resource constraints and in many cases, relative inexperience with global markets. Export promotion programs are a way by which firms can potentially explore new markets. If firms take part in such programs, how do they access global markets and with which countries do they choose to engage? This research note examines the results of a recent export promotion program for SMEs located in North West England. It explores how firms utilized this program and more importantly, it explores market choice for firms participating in two types of direct buyer interaction: onsite visits and trade fair attendance. The results suggest that firms, even in light of trade promotion assistance, often choose to explore proximate or similar markets.     

基于曙光3000计算环境的寒旱区资源环境数据平台建设

通过对寒区旱区资源环境研究中已积累的大量特色数据、应用模式和程序的分析,对分布式网络环境中的数据采集与管理、应用模式和程序的移植集成、应用程序与数据的交互访问等技术进行了讨论,提出建立由数据中心、中间件服务、应用服务、一站式管理组成的数据平台是提高数据利用效率,方便实现数据与应用集成,提高科研效率的一种有效途径之一.对数据平台建设的主要思路及实现技术进行了详细讨论,并在实验基础上,初步建立了基于曙光3000高性能计算环境的寒区旱区资源环境数据平台,为以后的数据网格建设做了一定的技术准备.     

全球LAI地面验证方法及验证数据综述

叶面积指数(LAI)的地面验证是LAI反演算法研究及LAI产品验证的重要部分。近年来,为了验证遥感参数产品以及对大气、地表的系统性研究,国际上在全球主要大洲开展了多个针对主要植被类型的大型观测项目,逐渐形成了较完善的地面采样框架与全球尺度不同植被类型的地面验证数据集。国内外已开展的大型观测项目采用的采样框架对以后观测试验中LAI的地面验证框架的制定与研究具有重要的借鉴意义,同时,已观测到的全球LAI地面验证数据集是开展全球LAI算法及产品验证的基础数据集,因此,有必要对目前全球LAI地面验证方法及验证数据情况做个综述。首先综述全球主要LAI地面观测项目及其所采用的地面验证框架。在此基础上,分析比较各大观测项目中所采用的地面测量方法、采样方法及像元真值估算方法。最后,指出全球LAI产品地面验证中存在的不足,并对尚需进一步研究的方向进行展望。