香炉山钨矿残采区地压灾害微震监测技术应用分析

香炉山钨矿东区形成了形状复杂、体积巨大的采空区,地压灾害问题突出。为了确保矿山生产安全,该矿成功地建立了国内最大、最先进的48通道全数字型微震监测系统。本文简要介绍了多通道微震监测系统的组成、传感器的优化布置,分析了微震监测系统对微震事件的定位误差和效果;论文进一步对采区内微震定位事件、非定位事件进行了初步的应用研究;论文还对西区大爆破对东区地压的影响程度进行了监测。最后,论文对井下岩体破裂类型与释放的弹性波波形进行了辨识与频谱分析。初步的地压微震监测与分析结果表明,微震监测技术能对香炉山钨矿残采区进行动态的地压监测,可以预见该技术将在今后的矿山安全管理中起到更加重要的作用。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the direct simple shear test

This paper investigates two aspect of the direct simple shear (DSS) using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Firstly, the different total stress paths followed by DDS devices that impose constant cross-sectional area using a stiff external boundary, and those that use a constant total stress lateral boundary condition are explored. This is done by conducting finite element analysis of a single cubic element. It is shown that this element may be subjected to perfect simple shear using four different boundary condition types. Each boundary condition type results in the same effective stress path, but different total stress paths and excess pore pressures. The boundary condition types are related to DSS devices in use. The second aspect investigated is the fact that no DSS device can impose true simple shear conditions, as they are unable to generate the required complementary shear stress on the vertical boundaries. Full three-dimensional finite element analysis of a UWA/Berkeley type simple shear device, which has a constant total stress lateral boundary, is then presented. The results are compared to the ideal solution and effects of stress non-homogeneity on the friction angle and undrained shear strength, deduced from a standard interpretation, are established.     

构造应力场边界载荷反演的有限元逆逼近法

构造应力场问题的边界条件、加载方式是地应力场分析的难题,由于构造运动未知和地质构造复杂,无法直接求解。边界力反演是进行构造应力场研究的重要手段。从弹性力学基本方程出发,针对油气储层地应力场反问题,结合对区域构造应力场认识,利用阻尼最小二乘法建立了应力场反演的约束模型,提出了一种用于反演构造应力场边界力的反分析方法,该方法根据部分实测点的应力值进行边界力反演,并与有限元方法和有限差分法相结合,以边界力为参量逼近目标函数。根据研究区少量地应力实测资料采用该方法进行最优化计算,使得计算应力场与实测应力达到最优拟合,以弥补目前的回归反演方法和边界载荷调整法的不足来提高计算精度。算例表明了该方法的有效性,可用于解决构造应力场边界力的反演问题。     

弹性介质分向插值无限元

无限元是一种有效的人工边界,可用于处理弹性波的传播问题。在传统动力无限元的基础上,提出了一种采用分向插值技术的新型动力无限元,详细地推导了这种无限元的形函数,建立了完全解析形式的刚度矩阵,以提高计算效率,采用该无限元边界,计算了弹性介质中的线源Lamb问题,通过对比解析解答的地基表面位移,验证了该无限元的有效性。算例分析表明,采用此类无限元时,有限元单元边长建议取不超过1/8剪切波波长,网格边界到激励源点的距离宜取5倍剪切波波长。无限单元中的幅值衰减系数对计算结果影响甚微,建议取较小值。     

Studying the stress redistribution around the longwall mining panel using passive seismic velocity tomography and geostatistical estimation

Generally, knowledge of stress redistribution around the longwall panel causes a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to ground failure, especially to rockbursts. In this paper, passive seismic velocity tomography is used to demonstrate the state of stress around the longwall mining panel. The mining-induced microseismic events were recorded by mounting an array of receivers on the surface, above the active panel. To determine the location of seismic events and execute the process of tomography, double-difference method is employed as a local earthquake tomography. Since passive sources are used, the ray coverage is insufficient to achieve the quality images required. The wave velocity is assumed to be the regionalized variable and it is therefore estimated in a denser network, by using geostatistical estimation method. Subsequently, the three-dimensional images of wave velocity are created and are sliced into the coal seam. These images clearly illustrate the stressed zones that they are appropriately in compliance with the theoretical models. Such compliance is particularly apparent in the front abutment pressure and the side abutment pressure near the tailgate entry. Movements of the stressed zones along the advancing face are also evident. The research conclusion proves that the combined method, based on double-difference tomography and geostatistical estimation, can potentially be used to monitor stress changes around the longwall mining panel continuously. Such observation could lead to substantial improvement in both productivity and safety of mining operations.     

基于微震监测的深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育特征

导水裂隙带发育高度是矿井水害预测的重要技术参数之一。以彬长矿区文家坡煤矿4103工作面为研究对象,利用井-地联合微震监测技术对顶板导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究。研究结果表明:深埋煤层开采时,微震事件超前工作面回采位置发育,超前影响角最大为35°,最小为28°;断层的存在降低了覆岩稳定性,相较于正常基岩,更易在回采影响下发生应力集中和破坏;断层加大了微震事件发生的超前距,而采空区则使微震事件的高密度区向其所在部位发生偏移,加剧覆岩破坏程度,增大导水裂隙带发育高度;垂向上,4103工作面监测区内的微震事件高密度区域主要集中在高程+400~+520 m,结合微震事件数量和能量分布特征,判定4103工作面垮落带发育高度为50 m,垮采比13.16,导水裂隙带发育高度为117 m,裂采比为30.79。该成果可为彬长矿区类似煤矿深埋煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度研究及顶板水防治提供重要依据。移动阅读      

Microseism Induced by Transient Release of In Situ Stress During Deep Rock Mass Excavation by Blasting

During deep rock mass excavation with the method of drill and blast, accompanying the secession of rock fragments and the formation of a new free surface, in situ stress on this boundary is suddenly released within several milliseconds, which is termed the transient release of in situ stress. In this process, enormous strain energy around the excavation face is instantly released in the form of kinetic energy and it inevitably induces microseismic events in surrounding rock masses. Thus, blasting excavation-induced microseismic vibrations in high-stress rock masses are attributed to the combined action of explosion and the transient release of in situ stress. The intensity of stress release-induced microseisms, which depends mainly on the magnitude of the in situ stress and the dimension of the excavation face, is comparable to that of explosion-induced vibrations. With the methods of time–energy density analysis, amplitude spectrum analysis, and finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter, microseismic vibrations induced by the transient release of in situ stress were identified and separated from recorded microseismic signals during a blast of deep rock masses in the Pubugou Hydropower Station. The results show that the low-frequency component in the microseismic records results mainly from the transient release of in situ stress, while the high-frequency component originates primarily from explosion. In addition, a numerical simulation was conducted to demonstrate the occurrence of microseismic events by the transient release of in situ stress, and the results seem to have confirmed fairly well the separated vibrations from microseismic records.     

地下开采地表下沉预测的三维理论模型

根据弹性力学理论,建立了地表下沉预测分析的三维层状理论模型,并用于小官庄铁矿地下开采引起地表下沉的预测分析。在分析过程中,采用Matlab软件进行数值积分计算和图形绘制。通过工程实例计算分析,表明理论计算结果与矿山现场实测资料二者吻合较好。     

A continuum mechanics‐based framework for boundary and finite element mesh optimization in two dimensions for application in excavation analysis

The determination of the optimum excavation sequences in mining and civil engineering using numerical stress analysis procedures requires repeated solution of large models. Often such models contain much more complexity and geometric detail than required to arrive at an accurate stress analysis solution, especially considering our limited knowledge of rock mass properties. This paper develops an automated framework for estimating the effects of excavations at a region of interest, and optimizing the geometry used for stress analysis. It eliminates or simplifies the excavations in a model while maintaining the accuracy of analysis results. The framework can equally be applied to two‐dimensional boundary and finite element models. The framework will have the largest impact for non‐linear finite element analysis. It can significantly reduce computational times for such analysis by simplifying models. Error estimators are used in the framework to assess accuracy. The advantages of applying the framework are demonstrated on an excavation‐sequencing scenario. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对场地液化的影响

为研究近断层脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对砂土场地液化的影响,基于有限元平台OpenSees开发的边界面塑性本构模型,建立了动单剪单元试验模型和饱和砂土三维有限元模型。选取台湾Chi-Chi地震中10条具有速度脉冲特性的地震波,对比分析了水平双向脉冲波与三向脉冲波作用下土柱竖向位移、循环应力比、孔压比及等效循环周数的差异性,继而明确了脉冲地震动中竖向加速度对砂土液化的影响规律。研究表明,三向脉冲地震波中竖向加速度分量对场地永久位移值影响较小,但使永久位移的发展持时明显增大;土柱循环应力比受竖向地震动影响较小,因此分析脉冲地震动对场地剪切特性的影响时,可将三向脉冲地震动简化为水平双向地震动;考虑竖向地震动的三向脉冲地震波引起的孔压比变化幅度较大,孔压消散时间较长;三向脉冲地震波对应的等效循环周数较大,地震动发展持时长,可认为竖向加速度对场地液化有促进作用。     

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Mechanical State of a Coal Pillar During Longwall Mining Panel Extraction

This study presents a numerical investigation on the dynamic mechanical state of a coal pillar and the assessment of the coal bump risk during extraction using the longwall mining method. The present research indicates that there is an intact core, even when the peak pillar strength has been exceeded under uniaxial compression. This central portion of the coal pillar plays a significant role in its loading capacity. In this study, the intact core of the coal pillar is defined as an elastic core. Based on the geological conditions of a typical longwall panel from the Tangshan coal mine in the City of Tangshan, China, a numerical fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions (FLAC^3D) model was created to understand the relationship between the volume of the elastic core in a coal pillar and the vertical stress, which is considered to be an important precursor to the development of a coal bump. The numerical results suggest that, the wider the coal pillar, the greater the volume of the elastic core. Therefore, a coal pillar with large width may form a large elastic core as the panel is mined, and the vertical stress is expected to be greater in magnitude. Because of the high stresses and the associated stored elastic energy, the risk of coal bumps in a coal pillar with large width is greater than for a coal pillar with small width. The results of the model also predict that the peak abutment stress occurs near the intersection between the mining face and the roadways at a distance of 7.5 m from the mining face. It is revealed that the bump-prone zones around the longwall panel are within 7–10 m ahead of the mining face and near the edge of the roadway during panel extraction.     

齿坎式挡土结构物极限抗滑力研究

以齿坎式挡土结构物的现场抗滑试验为依据,运用非线性弹性有限元方法,对齿坎长度分别为0、0.7 m和1.0 m的挡土结构物的现场试验进行了理论分析,研究了位于软弱地基中的挡土结构物中的齿坎抗滑机制,其有限元理论分析能很好地表征现场试验成果,并运用强度折减的有限元方法对齿坎式挡土结构物进行极限设计,该理论研究可为工程设计提供齿坎抗滑作用的设计理论。     

Nodal-based three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA)

This paper presents a new numerical model that can add a finite element mesh into each block of the three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA), originally developed by Gen-hua Shi. The main objectives of this research are to enhance DDA block’s deformability. Formulations of stiffness and force matrices in 3-D DDA with conventional Trilinear (8-node) and Serendipity (20-node) hexahedral isoparametric finite elements meshed block system due to elastic stress, initial stress, point load, body force, displacement constraints, inertia force, normal and shear contact forces are derived in detail for program coding. The program code for the Trilinear and Serendipity hexahedron elements have been developed, and it has been applied to some examples to show the advantages achieved when finite element is associated with 3-D DDA to handle problems under large displacements and deformations. Results calculated for the same models by use of the original 3-D DDA are far from the theoretical solutions while the results of new numerical model are quite good in agreement with theoretical solutions; however, for the Trilinear elements, more number of elements are needed.     

水平-摇摆耦合振动波阻板主动隔振三维分析

为研究三维地基中波阻板（简称WIB）的隔振效果,建立了以薄层法基本解答作为格林函数的半解析边界单元法。对水平-摇摆耦合激振作用下WIB隔振系统的主动隔振进行了计算,详细分析了WIB参数对隔振效果的影响。研究表明,WIB可以有效地隔振;增加WIB的厚度、提高WIB的弹性模量、减小WIB 的埋深可以有效提高隔振效果,而增加WIB的直径可以显著降低WIB范围内地表位移振幅,但对WIB范围外的地表位移影响较为复杂。     

地基不均匀沉降对上部结构影响的三维弹性支承分析法

地基不均匀沉降是导致建筑工程事故的主要原因之一。为了研究地基不均匀沉降对上部结构内力、变形、周期等影响,提出了将地基(或基础)模拟为三维弹性支座的有限元分析方法,将上部结构和地基基础进行整体分析。以深圳市少年宫“水晶石”大厅结构为例,运用有限元软件ANSYS,将三维弹性支承分析法与常用的固定支座法和竖向弹性支承分析法进行了对比分析,验证了三维弹性支承分析法的合理性,从而得出了一些有益的结论,可供设计人员参考。     

基于STA/LTA方法的微地震事件自动识别技术

快速准确地从微震监测数据中提取微地震事件是微地震监测技术的关键。采用理论模拟数据分析了STA/LTA方法的可行性,选择了更能反映微地震信号变化的特征函数代替原始信号,结合实际数据对时窗长度、长短时窗比、阈值等重要参数进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,STA/LTA方法能够从海量微地震监测数据中快速准确地自动识别微地震有效信号,去除冗余信息,大幅减少微地震监测数据的传输量,从而为微地震监测数据的无线实时传输提供了可能,同时也减少了数据存储所需要的磁盘空间,取得了较好的应用效果。      

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6致密砂岩储层现今地应力分布特征及其开发建议

致密油藏物性差,非均质性强,现今地应力分布特征影响着致密油藏钻井施工、 井网部署、 压裂改造和注水管理等方面.文章根据微地震监测法分析了鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6储层单井现今地应力的方向,利用水力压裂资料分析了研究区单井现今地应力大小.在单井现今应力分析的基础上,结合合水地区长6储层构造、沉积、岩相特点建立了三维非均质地...     

基于光纤传感的石膏矿地面塌陷监测预警系统

近年来,江苏省邳州市北部石膏矿区发生了20多起采空塌陷灾害。由于传统的采空区地表土体变形监测方法均难以满足采空区地面塌陷监测超前预报的要求,为解决石膏矿区采空塌陷监测预警机制缺乏的问题,邳北石膏矿区开展了基于光纤传感技术的监测预警工作。根据前期调查分析和数值模拟等成果推导石膏矿地面塌陷机理,并采用光纤传感器对采空区上覆松散层底部含水层地下水位动态监测、深部岩土体位移监测及微震监测。在监测过程中,当水位变动幅度、岩土体位移突然超出正常波动值时或接收到较强震动信号时触发报警,在地面塌陷发生前期进行有效的预警,为防灾减灾工作提供充足的准备时间。通过监测预警工作的实施,验证了这些监测预警手段的有效性,可以为矿区地面塌陷地质灾害的监测、预报以及防治提供数据基础与科学依据,也可为石膏矿和其它类似条件的地面塌陷地质灾害防治和监测预警工作提供参考。     

断层构造对北票矿区煤层气地表泄漏的影响

针对北票矿区台吉井田断层地质分布状况和关井后煤层气由地表泄漏的实际情况,从数值分析角度,利用ANSYS有限元软件,建立三维有限元模型,模拟了不考虑断层构造和考虑断层构造情况下,不同断层组合在开采前后的地应力场和位移场变化规律,得到了开采前后断层剖面应力场和特定水平剖面垂向位移等值线图等模拟结果,及一些有价值的结论。断层构造对开采前后应力场和位移场均有影响,应力场数值模拟得到采空区为原生气源集聚区;断层与采空区交界处的上、下端头位置所受应力最大,导致富集于采空区的煤层气向此处扩散运移,并通过断层中贯通裂隙向地表逸散,断层即是煤层气向地表逸散的重要通道;采空区上方的冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲带是次生气源集聚区。该数值模拟为搞清断层构造对北票矿区煤层气泄漏规律的影响和原生、次生气源集聚位置的确定提供了科学依据,对有效进行煤层气开发利用具有一定指导意义。     

Evaluating the stress intensity factors of anisotropic bimaterials using boundary element method

This paper presents a boundary element method (BEM) procedure for a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in two‐dimensional anisotropic bimaterials. In this formulation, a displacement integral equation is only collocated on the uncracked boundary, and a traction integral equation is only collocated on one side of the crack surface. A fundamental solution (Green's function) for anisotropic bimaterials is also derived and implemented into the boundary integral formulation so that except for the interfacial crack part, the discretization along the interface can be avoided. A special crack‐tip element is introduced to capture the exact crack‐tip behavior. A computer program using FORTRAN has been developed to effectively calculate the stress intensity factors of an anisotropic bimaterial. This BEM program has been verified to have a good accuracy with previous studies. In addition, a central cracked bimaterial Brazilian specimen constituting cement and gypsum is prepared to conduct the Brazilian test under diametral loading. The result shows that the numerical analysis can predict relatively well the direction of crack initiation and the path of crack propagation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.