稀有稀土资源的地质—经济分析

根据世界一些主要国家的稀有稀土资源政策以及稀有金属主要矿种（锂、铍、铌、钽、锆、稀土）的资源现状，指出世界稀有金属资源充足，可以保证未来相当长时期的需求。从总的看，世界稀有金属需求殷切，其产量和需求量呈逐年稳步增长趋势。     

稀土资源储备刻不容缓

本文基于全球稀土资源供需形势和我国储量减少的趋势分析了我国开展稀土资源储备的紧迫性.从储备规避“世贸规则”进行间接控制出口、增强在国际稀土市场的话语权以及降低国家外汇储备风险三个方面阐明了我国开展稀土资源储备的必要性.通过借鉴美国和日本在稀土矿产地和矿产品储备方面的成功经验,结合我国稀土资源储备现状,初步构建了适合我国...     

内蒙古白云鄂博稀土资源开发利用生态环境影响成本分析

稀土资源开发利用所造成的环境污染和生态破坏严重制约了我国稀土行业的可持续发展.本文以白云鄂博稀土资源开发为例,在定量分析包头稀土采选冶过程中的废气、废水、废渣等污染物排放情况的基础上,开展稀土资源开发环境成本分析,并以2010年为基准年进行基于虚拟治理成本的定量计算.结果显示,2010年白云鄂博稀土资源开发利用总环境外部成本为11 652.1万元,折合到每吨稀土产品(REO)为2 335元.虽然受数据、研究方法的限制和参数选取的准确程度的影响,本次核算结果具有一定程度的不确定性,但是本研究结果可以为实现稀土资源的合理开发、价格制定以及环境保护提供参考依据.     

非洲稀土资源研究进展

稀土是现代高科技产业发展的关键金属,被世界主要经济体列为关键矿产资源。虽然中国稀土资源丰富,但2017年以来中国稀土资源进口量呈现出明显的上升趋势。总结中国稀土资源的进口数据,以及非洲稀土项目分布、储量及资源量、矿床类型、成矿时代、典型矿床特征及勘查投资等情况,以提升对非洲稀土资源的认识。研究表明,非洲稀土资源丰富,稀土氧化物的高级资源量超过1000×104 t,近年来勘探及开发进度提升迅速。稀土储量及资源量主要集中于坦桑尼亚等12个国家,成矿类型可划分为火成碳酸岩型及离子吸附型等8种（成矿时代跨度大）,其中火成碳酸岩型和离子吸附型稀土矿床是目前勘探及开发的重点。非洲稀土矿床勘查投资规模2012年达到顶峰,之后持续下降,2017年降至低谷,2018年开始迅速反弹。未来,随着国际上稀土矿项目逐步投产,由中国主导全球稀土市场价格的局面将面临挑战。非洲稀土矿成矿条件优越,中资企业可利用地-采-选-冶的技术优势,积极引导并推动非洲稀土生产进入中国产业链。     

一场稀土资源争夺战已经打响

稀土!稀土!从地方到央企,从国内到国际,一场资源争夺战已经打响……半年内国家总理给予13次批示,南方五省区15市联手监管稀土开发……一个产值不到400亿元的矿业,却成为了从国内到国际,从地方到中央的热议话题。稀土作为＂现代工业的维生素＂,中国以占全球30%左右的储量,一度＂敞开大门＂供应了国际95%以上的市场需求。在此背景下,中国提出了自己的产业发展战略,＂指令性＂开采、控制出口配额之后,量减价升,中国稀土不再卖成＂白菜价＂。产业发展战略调整的背后,是国内稀土储量日益减少,是资源开发与环境保护产生了矛盾,是乱采滥挖带来了恶性竞争,至今,＂盗采＂、＂超采＂、＂挑肥拣瘦＂及＂走私＂等现象仍在治理之中……而伴随产业发展战略的调整,各种形式的＂抗议＂接踵而至。同时,还引发了地方国企与中央企业的纠葛,导致产业发展、稀土建储等诸多争端产生。稀土话题持续＂高烧＂,部分敏感问题至今仍无明确答案。中国稀土储量有多少？中国需不需要限制出口？中国在挟稀土而操纵国际市场吗？中国稀土要不要国家储备？中国稀土的开采整治、产业整合、环境与资源保护情况如何……裹挟了各方利益与价值取向的稀土纷争,引起了众多业内人士、学者、官员甚至中央主要领导的密切关注。8月,沿着中国稀土产业＂路线图＂,记者深入江西、广东、湖南等稀土资源大省调查,试图还原稀土争端真相。     

我国水资源需求管理现状及发展趋势分析

加强水资源需求管理是资源水利的重要内容之一.随着水资源供需矛盾日益突出,分析了水资源由供给管理转向需求管理的主要原因及采取的一系列对策和措施,提出了依然存在的一些问题和展望了水资源管理的发展趋势.     

Rare earth elements in groundwater from different Alpine aquifers

Rare earth elements (REE) were determined in 39 groundwater samples collected at 14 sites under low- and high-flow conditions. Water samples derived from aquifers hosted in crystalline, molasse, flysch, carbonate and evaporite rocks located in Western Switzerland. The concentration of REE in groundwater circulating in different rocks showed large variations: lowest concentrations (ΣREE≤10 ng/L) occurred in groundwater from evaporite aquifers; highest concentrations (ΣREE up to 516 ng/L) were observed in carbonate aquifers, although REE in these waters do vary under different hydrological conditions; groundwater from other aquifers had ΣREE from 10 to 100 ng/L. Distinct REE signatures were observed in waters draining specific rocks. The REE patterns in groundwater from crystalline, molasse and flysch aquifers showed heavy-REE enrichment at different degrees. Groundwaters circulating in crystalline rocks were distinguished by negative anomalies in Ce and Eu, whereas those from carbonate aquifers were nearly flat with ΣREE and the magnitude of negative anomaly in Ce is likely to be controlled by iron concentrations. The REE-Post-Archean Australian Shales (PAAS) normalized patterns appear useful to recognize the aquifer type and suggest the possibility to use the REE as geochemical tracers.     

基于高分一号数据的稀土矿山环境问题遥感监测

离子吸附型稀土矿是1969年在我国江西赣南地区发现的一种新型外生矿物,具有储量丰富、稀土配分齐全、开采工艺简单等特征,是我国特有的宝贵资源,广泛应用于机械、农林、化工及航空航天等领域（王登红等,2013;邓茂春等,2013;代晶晶等,2013）。随着稀土需求量的不断增加,稀土越界开采和盗采现象时有发生,一些不法商人为了牟取暴利,罔顾环境,采取不当的开采方式,导致稀土矿区出现一系列环境问题（罗才贵等,2014;彭燕等,20016）,严重影响矿区的生态环境。遥感作为一种新兴的监测技术,被广泛应用于矿山开发调查与监测中,而大量的高分辨率遥感数据的出现,也为矿山遥感监测工作提供了数据保障（王龙飞,2014）。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用国产高分一号数据,以江西寻乌稀土矿区为例,开展了稀土矿山环境问题遥感监测研究,展示了高空间分辨率遥感技术在稀土矿山监测中的应用优势,为相关部门提供技术支持和决策依据。     

Concentrations of rare earth elements in topsoil from East China

Fifty topsoil samples collected from 12 different regions of East China have been analyzed for rare earth elements (REEs). The average REE concentrations of the 50 topsoil samples are much higher than world average and are characterized by LREE-enrichment, HREE-depletion, Eu-depletion and Ce-enrichment. However, the REE concentration is not strongly affected by the climate of the sampling site; it is controlled mainly by parent materials. The plot of Ce/Eu against Eu/Sm is proved to be useful to distinguish different parent materials of topsoil. Each element in the 50 topsoil has a good correlation with its neighboring element. Seven of the 13 values are above 0.987.     

Rare earth elements in waters from the albitite-bearing granodiorites of Central Sardinia, Italy

With the aim of contributing to the knowledge of the geochemical behaviour and mobility of the rare earth element (REE) in the natural water systems, the ground and surface waters of the Ottana-Orani area (Central Sardinia, Italy) were sampled. The study area consists of albititic bodies included in Hercynian granodiorites. The waters have pH in the range of 6.0-8.6, total dissolved solid (TDS) of between 0.1 and 0.6 g/l, and major cation composition dominated by Ca and Na, whereas predominant anions are Cl and/or HCO₃.The pH and the major-element composition of the waters are the factors affecting the concentration of REE in solution. The concentrations of ∑REE+Y in the samples filtered at 0.4 μm vary between 140 and 1600 ng/l, with La of between 14 and 314 ng/l, and Yb of between <6 and 12 ng/l. A negative Ce anomaly, especially marked at high pH, is observed in the groundwaters. The surface waters show lower REE concentrations, which are independent of pH, and negligible Ce anomaly.Speciation calculations, carried out with the EQ3NR computer program, showed that the complexes with the CO₃²⁻ ligand are the dominant REE species at pH in the range of 6.7-8.6. The REE³⁺ ions dominate the speciation at pH <6.7 and only in the light REE (LREE).The relative concentrations of REE in water roughly reflect those in the aquifer host rocks. However, when concentrations of REE in water are normalised relative to the parent rocks, a preferential fractionation of heavy REE (HREE) into the water phase can be observed, suggesting the greater mobility and stability of HREE in aqueous solution.     

Rare earth element and strontium isotope geochemistry in Dujiali Lake,central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China: Implications for the origin of hydromagnesite deposits

Rare earth element (REE) and strontium isotope data (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) are presented for hydromagnesite and surface waters that were collected from Dujiali Lake in central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China. The goal of this study is to constrain the solute sources of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake. All lake waters from the area exhibit a slight LREE enrichment (average [La/Sm]_PAAS = 1.36), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*]_PAAS = 1.31), and nearly no Ce anomalies. The recharge waters show a flat pattern (average [La/Sm]_PAAS = 1.007), clear Eu anomalies (average [Eu/Eu*] _PAAS = 1.83), and nearly no Ce anomalies (average [Ce/Ce*]_PAAS = 1.016). The REE+Y data of the surface waters indicate the dissolution of ultramafic rock at depth and change in the hydrogeochemical characteristics through fluid-rock interaction. These data also indicate a significant contribution of paleo-groundwater to the formation of hydromagnesite, which most likely acquired REE and Sr signatures from the interaction with ultramafic rocks. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data provide additional insight into the geochemical evolution of waters of the Dujiali Lake indicating that the source of Sr in the hydromagnesite does not directly derive from surface water and may have been influenced by both Mg-rich hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water. Additionally, speciation modeling predicts that carbonate complexes are the most abundant dissolved REE species in surface water. This study provides new insights into the origins of hydromagnesite deposits in Dujiali Lake, and contributes to the understanding of hydromagnesite formation in similar modern and ancient environments on Earth.     

Rare earth elements in fine-grained sediments of major rivers from the high-standing island of Taiwan

Thirty-eight sediment samples from 15 primary rivers on Taiwan were retrieved to characterize the rare earth element (REE) signature of fluvial fine sediment sources. Compared to the three large rivers on the Chinese mainland, distinct differences were observed in the REE contents, upper continental crust normalized patterns and fractionation factors of the sediment samples. The average REE concentrations of the Taiwanese river sediments are higher than those of the Changjiang and Huanghe, but lower than the Zhujiang. Light rare earth elements (LREEs) are enriched relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) with ratios from 7.48 to 13.03. We found that the variations in (La/Lu)_UCC–(Gd/Lu)_UCC and (La/Yb)_UCC–(Gd/Yb)_UCC are good proxies for tracing the source sediments of Taiwanese and Chinese rivers due to their distinguishable values. Our analyses indicate that the REE compositions of Taiwanese river sediments were primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock, and the intensity of chemical weathering in the drainage areas. The relatively high relief and heavy rainfall also have caused the REEs in the fluvial sediments from Taiwan to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains, and in turn delivered nearly coincidently to the adjacent seas by currents and waves. Our studies suggest that the REE patterns of the river sediments from Taiwan are distinguishable from those from the other sources of sediments transported into the adjacent seas, and therefore are useful proxies for tracing the provenances and dispersal patterns of sediments, as well as paleoenvironmental changes in the marginal seas.     

Rare earth elements in modern coral sands: an environmental proxy

The concentration rare earth elements and Yttrium (REE + Y) were determined in coral sands from Kavaratti Island, Arabian Sea, India. Chondrite-normalized REE + Y patterns show: (1) high REE concentration particularly light REE (LREE) enrichment; (2) consistent negative Ce anomaly; (3) nearly chondritic Y/Ho ratios. All these features are consistent with the geochemistry of well oxygenated seawater with significant terrestrial contribution. The seawater composition of Nd/Yb ratio inferred from the coral record point to the dominance of LREE more than the heavy REE (HREE). The high terrestrial input rich in LREE and property of adsorption/scavenging processes of LREE than that of HREE may be the cause. Terrigenous contributions were detected on the basis of co-occurring trace element concentrations (Sc, Hf and Th) and Y/Ho ratio. Except for La, the REE distribution coefficients, KD(REE)s, are between 100 and 300. KDs are high comparing to the other elements in biogenic calcite which is attributed to detrital contamination during elemental incorporation. This study may not reflect original seawater chemistry but it can be a good proxy to indicate proximity of corals to terrigenous input sources.     

中国稀土矿产资源定量分析与预测

全国矿产资源潜力评价工作积累了大量的多矿种的预测成果和数据,为了更好地将预测成果转化为地质找矿工作实践,在对稀土矿预测成果汇总归纳的基础上,对全国稀土矿进行了综合潜力分析和预测评价。我国稀土资源丰富,但轻稀土储量大,重稀土储量小,今后应重视重稀土矿床的找矿评价工作。结合我国稀土矿产开发现状,提出了新整装勘查区的选区建议。另外,加强稀土矿产的综合开发利用,是扩大稀土资源的重要途径。     

Rare earth element sources and modification in the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Pennsylvania: implications for the origin of coal mineral matter and rare earth element exposure in underground mines

In this study, we examine the variations in rare earth elements (REE) from the Lower Kittanning coal bed of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, USA, in an attempt to understand the factors that control mineral matter deposition and modification in coal, and to evaluate possible REE mixed exposure hazards facing underground mine workers. The results of this study suggest that the Lower Kittanning coal mineral matter is derived primarily from a clastic source similar to that of the shale overburden. While highly charged cations like silicon, aluminum, and titanium remained relatively immobile within the coal mineral matter, iron (primarily as pyrite) was added from nonclastic sources, either during deposition of the coal mire vegetation or subsequent to burial. Other mobile cations (e.g., alkali and alkaline earth elements) appear to have been added to and/or leached from the originally deposited clastic mineral matter. Most of the sulfur in the Lower Kittanning coal bed is bound as FeS₂ in the mineral matter, but a majority of samples contain a small excess of S that is most likely organically bound.In general, the total rare earth element content (TREE) in coal ash is greater than that in the shale overburden. If the primary source of mineral matter is the same as that for the overlying shale, then REE must have been enriched in the coal mineral matter subsequent to deposition. The total rare earth element content of Lower Kittanning coals correlates strongly with Si concentration ([TREE]≈0.0024 [Si]), which provides a threshold for evaluating possible mixed exposure health effects. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal a shale-like light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment for the coal, similar to that of the shale overburden, again suggesting a primarily clastic REE source. However, when normalized to the shale overburden, most of the coal ash samples display a small but distinct heavy rare earth element (HREE) enrichment. We surmise that the HREE were added and/or preferentially retained during epigenesis, possibly associated with groundwater flow through the coal unit, but not necessarily in close association with the addition of iron. At least some of the “excess” HREE could be organically bound within the Lower Kittanning coal.     

Rare earth element fractionation in magmatic Ca-rich garnets

Igneous garnets have the potential to strongly fractionate rare earth elements (REE). Yet informations on partition coefficients are very scant, and criteria for distinguishing between hydrothermal and magmatic garnets are ambiguous. To fill this gap, we present trace element and isotopic data for two types of Ca-rich garnets from phonolites (Mt. Somma-Vesuvius). Both Ca-garnet populations are different in their style and dynamics of fractionation: one population is progressively strongly depleted in HREE from core to rim, reflecting REE fractionation in the host phonolite via earlier-crystallized garnets. Such examples for extreme changes in HREE in garnets are only known for hydrothermal grandites by REE-bearing fluids. The second garnet population is homogeneous and formed in a closed system. Near-flat patterns between Sm and Lu confirm experimental data indicating lower D(Sm)/D(Lu) for Ca-rich garnets than for e.g. pyrope-rich garnets. It follows: D ^Grt/PhMelt for La = 0.5, Sm = 48 and Yb = 110.