赣北大湖塘矿集区超大型钨矿地质特征及成因探讨

江西北部大湖塘地区发现世界级超大型钨矿床,使赣北成为继赣南之后我国又一重要的钨成矿省。大湖塘矿集区包括北区、南区和大雾塘矿区,正在开采的矿床有北区的石门寺矿床(己探明WO3金属量为74.255×104t)和南区的狮尾洞矿床(己探明WO3金属量31.09×104t),正在找矿勘查的矿区有北区的大岭上、大雾塘矿区平苗、东陡崖、一矿带等。矿化类型有细脉浸染型、石英大脉型、蚀变花岗岩型、云英岩型及隐爆角砾岩型钨(铜、钼)矿等多种类型,黑钨矿与白钨矿矿体共存、钨铜共生是该矿区成矿的显著特征。区内出露的沉积地层为新元古代双桥山群浅变质岩,岩浆岩为晋宁期的黑云母花岗闪长岩和燕山期多种岩性的花岗岩。燕山期主要有两期,早期为斑状花岗岩,成岩年龄约144Ma,如狮尾洞矿床的似斑状白云母(二云母)花岗岩、石门寺矿床的斑状黑云母花岗岩等,晚期为狮尾洞和大岭上矿床产出的中细粒花岗岩或花岗斑岩,成岩年龄约135~130Ma。这些岩浆的源区很可能来源于双桥山群的泥质变质沉积岩。富钨铜等成矿元素的双桥山群泥质变质岩部分熔融可初步形成含矿花岗岩浆,岩浆在高度结晶分异过程中则可使得钨铜等金属进一步富集在岩浆热液中,通过两期岩浆与成矿作用,最终形成超大型的大湖塘钨矿床。     

滇东南南部多金属成矿带找矿潜力分析

滇东南南部成矿带是云南省重要的金属成矿带之一,锡、钨、铅、锌、银多金属硫化物矿床主要赋存于中寒武统、下二叠统和中三叠统的碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩地层中,空间上多围绕个旧、薄竹山和老君山3个较大的花岗岩体分布。在近年矿产勘查中区内已发现锡钨等金属矿床53处。在区内成矿地质特征、地球化学特征、锡钨等金属矿成矿规律的基础上,对个旧卡房铜锡矿床、麻花坪南秧田钨矿床、蒙自白牛厂铅锌银矿床和小锡板锑矿床4个典型矿床特征进行了分析。根据有利成矿地质条件、化探异常信息,将具有一定资源潜力和找矿前景的地区划为5个成矿远景区:个旧锡、钨、铜成矿远景区,薄竹山—白牛厂钨、铅、锌、银成矿远景区,老君山—麻栗坡钨、锡成矿远景区,砚山铜、铅、锌成矿远景区和西畴锑成矿远景区;预测了锡金属远景储量达133万t,钨(WO3)远景储量达112万t,铅锌矿金属远景储量达942万t,铜金属远景金属储量达326万t,锑金属远景金属储量达30万t。结果表明,该成矿带锡钨等矿产找矿潜力巨大。     

江西钨锡多金属矿床成矿系列与找矿

本文在江西省地质勘查基金项目十余年找矿成果的基础上, 进一步阐述了江西钨锡成矿区(带)时空演化规律, 建立了江南和南岭2条钨锡多金属成矿带, 进而划分9条成矿亚带和15个矿集区; 厘定了包括江南地块与燕山期Ⅰ型中酸-弱酸性斑岩有关的铜钨金钼矿床成矿系列等共3个成矿系列、与燕山晚期S1型酸性花岗岩有关的钨锡钼银矿床成矿亚系列等6个成矿亚系列和朱溪式等15个矿床式; 总结了3个钨锡多金属矿床成矿系列特征及成矿规律, 剖析了朱溪、大湖塘、东坪、松树岗等找矿重大突破典型案例; 提出了“异常指方向、标志定靶区、主攻新类型”的“面上选点”找矿预测及勘查思路, 研发了“脉面层体”就矿找矿法的“点上突破”朱溪式“关键控矿要素识别勘查模型+地球化学元素示踪+地球物理三维反演+钻探”等快速、精准、高效探测技术组合的找矿方法, 对江西钨锡矿找矿潜力进行评价分析, 并提出下一步找矿建议。     

华南燕山期大规模铜成矿作用的成矿模式及找矿方向

华南地区是中国最重要的金属矿产资源聚集区,其燕山期大规模成矿作用尤其引人注目。文章围绕华南燕山期大规模铜成矿作用,系统收集了该区内30余个主要矿床的地质和同位素年代学资料,初步总结了华南燕山期铜矿床的主要类型和时空分布特征。统计结果表明,斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床是华南燕山期最重要的铜成矿类型。对此,文章结合华南地区近年来铜及相关金、钼等金属的最新找矿勘查进展和矿床成因机制研究成果,分别以德兴矿集区、德化矿集区、紫金山矿集区和治岭头矿集区为例,提出了华南燕山期斑岩-浅成低温热液铜多金属成矿系统的几种成矿模式和找矿方向。     

大湖塘矿集区燕山成矿阶段矿床成矿系列研究及找矿问题探讨

大湖塘矿集区位于赣西北九岭成矿带西北部位,区内燕山期岩浆岩侵入活动及成矿作用强烈。大湖塘燕山期岩浆岩形成时间分布在130.3 Ma~151.4 Ma之间,可划分为三次侵入:130.3 Ma~134.3 Ma、140.4 Ma~144.4 Ma、146.4 Ma~151.4 Ma;在144.4 Ma~146.4 Ma之间,岩浆活动处于休宁阶段。区内燕山期岩浆岩与矿床在形成时间上十分接近,空间关系上相互依存,并显示特定的分布格局。根据区内矿床的分布特点、产出位置、成矿时间、燕山期花岗岩与矿床的相关性等特征,可将大湖塘矿集区由北向南依次划分为W、Mo—W、Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn—Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag三个成矿系列,并提出了"北钨南铜"的找矿观点。区内双桥山群与成矿,燕山期岩浆岩的起源,矿床等间距分布,以及重力勘探方面的研究应加强。     

秘鲁Don Javier斑岩型铜钼矿床矿化蚀变特征及矿床三维勘查模型

Don Javier铜矿床位于秘鲁南部著名的古近纪铜钼矿床成矿带的北端,是该成矿带新发现的一个斑岩型铜钼矿床。初步探明其铜金属量为129.18万吨,平均品位0.43%;伴生钼金属量为5.23万吨,平均品位0.017%;伴生银金属量为800.56 t,平均品位2.64 g/t。文章重点分析该矿床成矿地质特征及成矿规律,明确矿床周边的找矿方向,以期增加资源量满足后续评价开发的需求。通过研究Don Javier矿床的成矿地质条件、矿化蚀变特征及其三维空间分布规律,认为其主要矿体发育于绢英岩化英安斑岩内。另外,通过建立矿床地质、蚀变三维模型,结合前人的地表物探、化探成果,认为矿体北东侧及南东方向具有很好的找矿前景。     

赣北大湖塘地区昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床侵入岩锆石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及地质意义

昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床地处赣北九岭矿集区南部,距大湖塘超大型钨矿床狮尾洞矿区仅3 km。矿床目前处于详查阶段,已探明钨达中型规模,同时伴生中型钼矿及小型铜矿,具有良好的找矿潜力。昆山矿床矿化样式较为单一,W-Mo-Cu矿体以石英脉形式产出,主要赋存在燕山期侵入岩顶部与新元古界双桥山群浅变质岩的外接触带,具有"上钨中钼下铜"的特点,明显区别于大湖塘矿床矿体主要产在燕山期侵入岩与晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩的内外接触带,具细脉浸染型白钨矿、热液爆破角砾岩型钨铜矿及石英脉型黑钨矿"三位一体"的矿化特征。本文在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床的成岩成矿时代进行了详细研究,并探讨了其地质意义。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法获得矿区内呈岩株状产出的似斑状花岗岩的年龄为151.7±1.3 Ma,晚期花岗斑岩脉的年龄为136.6±2.5 Ma;利用辉钼矿Re-Os法,获得辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄和加权平均年龄分别为151.0±1.3 Ma和150.0±1.0 Ma,厘定矿床成矿时代为晚侏罗世,且与似斑状花岗岩有关。结合前人所得高精度成岩成矿年龄数据,认为赣北地区燕山期成岩成矿具多期性,可分为160~150 Ma(塔前、朱溪钨多金属矿床)、140 Ma(大湖塘钨多金属矿床)和125 Ma(香炉山钨矿),主要集中于150~140 Ma。晚侏罗世,华南地区全面进入岩石圈"伸展-减薄"的地球动力学背景,赣北地区燕山期成岩成矿可能与这一构造背景有关。昆山矿床具"上钨中钼下铜"的分带模式,其成因值得进一步研究。     

西藏多龙矿集区绿色勘查与绿色矿山建议

多龙矿集区位于西藏自治区改则县物玛乡境内,距改则县城西北方向约110 km。矿集区内包括地堡那木岗、拿顿、波龙、多不杂、拿若、铁格龙、色那、尕尔勤等矿床。多龙矿集区目前已经探明的铜达到18.0 Mt,金300 t。深部和外围仍有巨大的找矿潜力,已经探明的和资源潜力总计预计铜可达到 20 Mt以上,为世界少有的几个铜金属量达到约20 Mt的矿床之一,也是我国最大的铜矿床,并已成为中国最具潜力的铜矿战略资源储备开发基地（陈红旗等,2015）。但是,该矿区的铜和金的品位均相比与世界主要斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床,要明显偏低。例如多不杂、波龙、荣那、拿若Cu的品位分别为0.52%、0.65%、0.57%、0.41%。鉴于其所处的生态环境脆弱和低品位等特殊的矿床特征,对其开展绿色勘查和进行绿色矿山提出建议和意见非常必要。     

长江中、下游矽卡岩型白钨矿床成矿特征浅析

长江中、下游是我国的重要铁、铜产地之一。近年来,运用新的成矿理论和综合找矿手段,找矿领域不断扩大,矿种不断增加。区内矽卡岩型白钨(钼)矿就是近几年来新发现的一种矿床类型。通过对区内这类矿床的成矿特征进行初步对比分析,发现它们有着很多共同特征,但由于每个矿床的成矿地质条件不同,又有某些重要差异。本文综合了它们的成矿规律,供寻找这类矿床时参考。区域地质背景长江中、下游铁、铜多金属成矿带位于淮阳古陆和江南古陆之间(图1),褶皱断裂构造极为发育,岩浆侵入、火山喷发活动     

江西有色地勘局钨矿勘查五十年回顾

近五十年来,江西有色地勘局钨矿地质勘查活动经历了四个历史时期,找到钨矿床(点)300余处、探明钨矿(WO3)金属量129.34万吨,总结了一整套钨矿勘查工作方法及钨矿成矿理论,极大地丰富了地学宝库,为中国钨工业的崛起和发展做出了历史性贡献.     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。