市县局局域网的几种升级方案

分析了共享式10Mbps以太网的不足,以星型拓扑结构的共享式10Mbps以太网为例,介绍了3种中小型局域网升级方案10Mbps共享升级到10Mbps交换,10Mbps共享升级到100Mbps共享和10Mbps共享升级到100Mbps交换.     

沈阳区域气象中心信息网络系统

沈阳区域气象中心信息网络系统由广域网、局域网构成：广域网具有单、双向卫星系统高效结合,资料传骑时垃快,系统运行可靠等特点;局域同网络结构由共享10Mbps以太网改进为变换式100Mbps以太网,解决了访问服务器的瓶颈问题。介绍了网络信息流程和网络结构。     

沈阳区域气象中心信息网络系统

沈阳区域气象中心信息网络系统由广域网、局域网构成：广域网具有单、双向卫星系统高效结合,资料传输时效快,系统运行可靠等特点;局域网网络结构由共享 10Mbps 以太网改进为交换式 100Mbps 以太网,解决了访问服务器的瓶颈问题。介绍了网络信息流程和网络结构。     

用cisco 4006交换机组建千兆虚拟局域网

介绍广州中心气象台局域网升级改造的思路，以及怎样用csico4006交换机实现以VLAN为基础的千兆局域网的具体方法，并对cisco交换以太网中的一些重要概念和技术作了详尽的分析。     

网络瘫痪及速度变慢的原因分析

随着新一代天气雷达监测网建设进程的推进,使得地(市)级多普勒雷达基地的气象信息网络升级至以KM三层交换机为核心的KM以太网,既采用km以太网作为骨干网,100M快速以太网到桌面的网络模型。由于网络的升级,原来在网络应用中的一些不规范的小错误,可能会突现出来,     

实现两台微机磁盘共享的简便方法

实现两台微机磁盘共享的简便方法梁青光方卫星（确山县气象局·４６３２００）目前，一个单位有两三台微机已相当普遍，而绝大多数单位微机之间的信息交换须通过软盘进行。其实，可利用微机的ＲＳ－２３２接口，通过文件传输或磁盘共享实现信息交换。１接线方法ＲＳ－２３...     

湖北省气象信息分组交换网升级的技术思路

湖北省气象部门于 1 996年采用租用电信部门ｘ.2 5分组电路方式 ,建成了以武汉气象中心为主信息交换节点的一点对多点模式的全省气象信息交换网。由于其技术实现方式和设备的限制 ,武汉气象中心和各市州气象台之间尚未实现真正意义上的局域网之间的互连和数据文件的双向传输 ,这不仅制约了全省气象网络的信息共享 ,也阻碍了省内的气象信息交换。同时 ,综观全国气象部门的组网工作 ,目前湖北省组网的技术、设备和工作模式已经落后。因此 ,及时对全省气象信息分组交换网进行升级改造势在必行。1技术背景武汉气象中心作为各类气象信息交换的中…     

自动气象站异常数据分析及处理实例

基于我国基层气象台站人员少、任务重的状况，提出了利用计算机网络，通过各个单位的网站以及电子邮件的交换，方便地实现信息实时共享的解决方案，并给出了网络系统功能的分类方法。     

O3浓度增加对油菜影响的诊断试验研究

利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室对油菜进行了不同臭氧浓度200×10-9、100×10-9、50×10-9、未过滤（25×10-9～40×10-9）和过滤掉自然大气的O₃后（约为10×10-9）5个处理的长期接触试验，结果表明:目前大气本底（25×10-9～40×10-9）和50×10-9的低浓度臭氧对油菜有慢性伤害作用。臭氧浓度增加到100×10-9、200×10-9时油菜出现退绿、失水等急性伤害症状。臭氧浓度增加可导致植株矮化，株型缩小，叶片数和叶面积减少，光合速率、生物产量和经济产量下降。试验还表明，正常生长的油菜移入浓度为100×10-9、200×10-9的臭氧环境下，首先受影响的是叶肉和表皮，而此环境下的新生叶片其叶脉将首先扭曲变形。     

基于虚拟化云网盘的气象数据共享和交换应用实现

从气象数据共享和交换应用的现状和需求、基于虚拟化云网盘的气象数据交换共享应用实现的技术体现和应用部署中,体现应用特点和实施效果:达到提高现有资源的利用效率和可用性,高效实现市级气象资源的动态利用,气象共享和交换数据的集中存储、应用和灾备恢复功能等目的。提供多平台、多手段数据交换共享支持,在对各用户访问权限安全控制的前提下,开辟气象办公、气象数据共享和交换新途径,达到提升市-县气象局间和市级气象局-市防灾减灾决策部门、气象用户间数据交换与共享效率的有效尝试。     

支持突发接入模式EPON下行传输方案

分析了支持突发接入模式的EPON在下行传输中业务流特性的变化问题,提出了在下行传输时OLT向ONU分解转发帧的传输方案.通过对下行带宽资源实行基于优先级的调度,减少因数据帧到达的突发性对某些高优先级的数据帧的影响;利用滑动窗控制每个ONU的数据帧到达速率,解决大量数据帧到达造成ONU处理负荷过重的问题.利用OPNET Modeler仿真平台建立网络模型并进行仿真,验证了方案的可行性.     

Experts talk the future Reflections on the Bonn Seminar of Governmental Experts, 16–17 May 2005: a view from Europe

Abstract

This article provides a first-cut estimate of the potential impacts of the clean development mechanism (CDM) on electricity generation and carbon emissions in the power sector of non-Annex 1 countries. We construct four illustrative CDM regimes that represent a range of approaches under consideration within the climate community. We examine the impact of these CDM regimes on investments in new generation, under illustrative carbon trading prices of US$ 10 and 100/t C. In the cases that are most conducive to CDM activity, roughly 94% of new generation investments remains identical to the without-CDM situation, with only 6% shifting from higher to lower carbon intensity technologies.We estimate that the CDM would bolster renewable energy generation by as little as 15% at US$ 10/t C, or as much as 300% at US$ 100/t C.

A striking finding comes from our examination of the potential magnitude of the “free-rider” problem, i.e. crediting of activities that will occur even in the absence of the CDM. The CDM is intended to be globally carbon-neutral—a project reduces emissions in the host country but generates credits that increase emissions in the investor country. However, to the extent that unwarranted credits are awarded to non-additional projects, the CDM would increase global carbon emissions above the without-CDM emissions level. Under two of the CDM regimes considered, cumulative free-riders credits total 250–600 MtC through the end of the first budget period in 2012. This represents 10–23% of the likely OECD emissions reduction requirement during the first budget period. Since such a magnitude of free-rider credits from non-additional CDM projects could threaten the environmental integrity of the Kyoto protocol, it is imperative that policy makers devise CDM rules that encourage legitimate projects, while effectively screening out non-additional activities.     

CDM: Is it a ‘win–win’ strategy for rural poverty alleviation in India?

India is perceived to be one of the most attractive Non-Annex I countries for CDM project development. There are more than 350 projects in the CDM pipeline, largely in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency in industries and fossil fuel switching. This paper examines the socio-economic component of sustainable development commitments of the CDM projects to see if they can make any impact on rural poverty in India, since the goal of poverty alleviation lies at the core of the country’s development priorities. The study concludes that CDM is not contributing to rural poverty alleviation to any notable extent. Nearly all the projects have a business orientation and are not directed to the development of rural poor. Even the renewable energy projects will have limited role in up-liftment of the masses below poverty line due to their weak resource base. For CDM to emerge as a “win–win” strategy for poverty alleviation projects should be aimed at the rural communities and designed to accelerate agricultural growth in the rainfed regions of the country.     

Cleaner generation,free-riders,and environmental integrity: clean development mechanism and the power sector

This article provides a first-cut estimate of the potential impacts of the clean development mechanism (CDM) on electricity generation and carbon emissions in the power sector of non-Annex 1 countries. We construct four illustrative CDM regimes that represent a range of approaches under consideration within the climate community. We examine the impact of these CDM regimes on investments in new generation, under illustrative carbon trading prices of US$ 10 and 100/t C. In the cases that are most conducive to CDM activity, roughly 94% of new generation investments remains identical to the without-CDM situation, with only 6% shifting from higher to lower carbon intensity technologies. We estimate that the CDM would bolster renewable energy generation by as little as 15% at US$ 10/t C, or as much as 300% at US$ 100/t C.A striking finding comes from our examination of the potential magnitude of the “free-rider” problem, i.e. crediting of activities that will occur even in the absence of the CDM. The CDM is intended to be globally carbon-neutral — a project reduces emissions in the host country but generates credits that increase emissions in the investor country. However, to the extent that unwarranted credits are awarded to non-additional projects, the CDM would increase global carbon emissions above the without-CDM emissions level. Under two of the CDM regimes considered, cumulative free-riders credits total 250–600 Mt C through the end of the first budget period in 2012. This represents 10–23% of the likely OECD emissions reduction requirement during the first budget period. Since such a magnitude of free-rider credits from non-additional CDM projects could threaten the environmental integrity of the Kyoto protocol, it is imperative that policy makers devise CDM rules that encourage legitimate projects, while effectively screening out non-additional activities.     

Making global initiatives local realities: carbon mitigation projects in Chiapas,Mexico

Global, environmental initiatives create macro-level agreements, but the true test is how local communities respond. From 1995 to 2001, we investigated the evolution of Fondo Bioclimatico, a carbon mitigation project, using interviews and document review. Even under tremendous uncertainty the project grew seven-fold. Its social structure shifted from a development emphasis to a brokering relationship, from shared to concentrated power, from social fund to carbon bank. Social selection of systems with fewer tree species and single ecosystems is a concern for biodiversity. The challenge is to remain critical, monitor, and support indigenous communities in their endeavor to implement clean development mechanism projects.     

济南CINRAD/SA雷达双偏振升级关键技术分析

针对CINRAD/SA天气雷达双偏振升级,阐述了通过WRSP信号处理器、晶振频率源、标定技术、相位编码技术、信号处理新技术新算法等关键技术的升级,提升了雷达的整体性能。济南雷达升级后,接收机灵敏度由-109 dBm提升至-113 dBm,接收机动态范围由89 dB提升至101 dB,发射机输出改善因子由59.34 dB提升至61.64 dB,系统相位噪声由0.107°提升至0.041°,系统实际地物对消最大值由45.1 dB提升至49.7 dB,距离分辨率由1 000 m提升至250 m,改善了雷达对弱信号的探测能力,增强了对电磁干扰、超折射的识别能力,增强了地物抑制能力;天线伺服系统通过改碳刷结构汇流环为金属丝免维护汇流环,减少了天线动态故障报警率,提高了伺服系统运行的稳定性和可靠性;通过CW与TS信号在线标定技术,检验了升级后双偏振雷达双通道的一致性。     

拖拉机驾驶机器人设计及人机协作方法研究

针对农用拖拉机智能化程度低,以及现有的人工智能水平尚无法完全实现自主驾驶控制拖拉机等问题,本文设计一种基于人机协作的拖拉机驾驶机器人.拖拉机驾驶机器人可以对拖拉机进行快速、无损、智能化升级,其结构由转向控制机械手、换挡机械手、旋耕机升降控制机械手和踏板控制机械腿等组成.通过研究人机协作的控制方法,提出了人机协作介入准则和基于转向电机电流反馈扭矩检测的人机协作模式切换方法,研制了原理样机验证拖拉机驾驶机器人的可行性和人机协作控制策略的有效性,对促进精准农业,提高现代农业智能化装备水平具有重要的现实意义.     

Kyoto flexibility mechanisms in EU accession countries: will they make a difference?

What potential effect do flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol have on energy efficiency, fuel switching and the development of renewable energy sources for the eight post-communist EU Member States that accessed in 2004? These countries are chief candidates for hosting Joint Implementation (JI) projects and for participating in international emission trading, which may assist the implementation and financing of projects in these target areas. The potentials and barriers to Joint Implementation are reviewed, as well as the conditions under which international emission trading can influence the energy use of the selling country. Different strategies adopted by the host countries towards the application of these instruments, and their impact on sustainable energy development, are examined. The article concludes that the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms may play a positive, but rather limited, role in the sustainable energy development of the region, but the barriers to Joint Implementation may shift the emphasis towards transactions under the framework of international emission trading. If innovative mechanisms are tied to sustainable development goals, this may mobilize the energyefficiency potentials of these countries. An attractive opportunity exists to achieve energy efficiency and emission reductions, utilizing the revenues from allowance sales through ‘green investment’ schemes.     

CDM and international technology transfer: empirical evidence on wind power

This article examines the effect of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) on the international transfer of wind power technologies. The analysis is conducted using patent data from over 100 countries during the period 1988–2008. It is found that transfers from Annex I countries to non-Annex I countries are significantly affected by the contemporaneous establishment of projects under the CDM. However, when taking into account the cumulative effect of CDM projects, the effect is negative. Finally, the effect of domestic absorptive capacity in the host country is positive and significant. Because involvement with the CDM may increase the latter, this is an important area for further research.     

The impact of private investor’s transaction costs on the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms

From a private investor’s point of view transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms relate mainly to project management and interaction with government representatives. However, when analysing the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms these transaction costs are often underestimated or completely ignored¹ due to limited data availability. This paper presents an analysis of transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms by applying cost estimates from comparable activities, for example, activities implemented jointly (AIJ). The findings show that transaction costs of AIJ projects range between 7% and more than 100% of production costs with 80% of projects lying between 14 and 89%. Furthermore the data clearly illustrate that “bigger” projects have lower specific project costs indicating the existence of economies of scale. Due to the fact that high transaction costs will push many promising projects out of the market, efforts should be undertaken to reduce transaction costs by improving procedures and business environments, for example, by standardisation.