A method for estimating specimen tangent stiffness for hybrid simulation

Researchers have long recognized the importance and potential benefits of utilizing the tangent stiffness matrix of a test specimen in hybrid simulations employing implicit and mixed‐integration schemes. However, the computation of the tangent stiffness matrix during testing has proved to be challenging, particularly for test specimens with more than one degree of freedom (dof). This paper presents a new methodology that is more straightforward and simpler than existing techniques for computing the tangent stiffness matrix of a multi‐dof test specimen. The proposed method is combined with the operator‐splitting method (OSM), and the capabilities, advantages and limitations of the new formulation are demonstrated through several examples. The accuracy, stability, and error propagation characteristics of the modified OSM are also studied theoretically as well as numerically. The research results show that the proposed algorithm provides results that are better than those produced via the regular OSM alone, especially for damped structures undergoing highly inelastic behavior during testing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ground viscosity and stiffness measurements for near surface seismic velocity

In land surveys, the weathering layer can often distort the seismic signal due to it passing through rapid velocity and density changes, dispersion, scattering and inelastic absorption. In a simple spring‐dashpot model for the earth response, an equivalent medium groups these complex phenomena into two parameters only; these are called ground viscosity and ground stiffness. The most recent controllers for vibrators can estimate both parameters. To validate these measurements, Saudi Aramco conducted an experiment measuring ground viscosity and stiffness from two different vibrator control systems over an area of varying terrain conditions, including unconsolidated sand and limestone outcrop. The two systems measured different values, but detected similar trends that correlated well with weathering conditions and surface geology, e.g. lower viscosity values on the outcrop than on the sand. The ratio of ground viscosity to ground stiffness can approximate the shallow S‐wave velocity, which we converted into P‐wave velocity through calibration with sparse uphole data. Static corrections incorporating this velocity information somewhat improved the focusing of seismic time sections. This new approach does not require additional acquisition efforts, and can model shallow complex formations in arid areas where classical static methods often fail.     

Comparison of methods for estimating earth resistivity from airborne electromagnetic measurements

Earth resistivity estimates from frequency domain airborne electromagnetic data can vary over more than two orders of magnitude depending on the half-space estimation method used. Lookup tables are fast methods for estimating half-space resistivities, and can be based on in-phase and quadrature measurements for a specified frequency, or on quadrature and sensor height. Inverse methods are slower, but allow sensor height to be incorporated more directly. Extreme topographic relief can affect estimates from each of the methods, particularly if the portion of the line over the topographic feature is not at a constant height above ground level. Quadrature–sensor height lookup table estimates are generally too low over narrow valleys. The other methods are also affected, but behave less predictably. Over very good conductors, quadrature–sensor height tables can yield resistivity estimates that are too high. In-phase–quadrature tables and inverse methods yield resistivity estimates that are too high when the earth has high magnetic susceptibility, whereas quadrature–sensor height methods are unaffected. However, it is possible to incorporate magnetic susceptibility into the in-phase–quadrature lookup table. In-phase–quadrature lookup tables can give different results according to whether the tables are ordered according to the in-phase component or the quadrature component. The rules for handling negative in-phase measurements are particularly critical. Although resistivity maps produced from the different methods tend to be similar, details can vary considerably, calling into question the ability to make detailed interpretations based on half-space models.     

Control algorithm for estimating future responses of active variable stiffness structure

A control algorithm has been developed for controlling Active Variable Stiffness (AVS) structures. This algorithm analyses information of an observed seismic excitation, estimates the future structural responses and determines how to alter the structure stiffness. An objective structure is assumed to possess N on-off elements whose states are controlled by the proposed algorithm. That is, at a given moment t_k, (1) seismic excitation information is expressed by an Auto Regressive (AR) model as the identification model; (2) future excitation information is predicted using the AR model; (3) future responses due to predicted excitation are estimated; (4) based on the initial condition at t_k, the responses of 2^N possible structural states from t_k, to t_k+L are calculated; (5) the state which minimizes the input energy during t_L is selected; and (6) immediately after t_k, on-off elements are set up and subjected to the selected states. The effectiveness of the induced algorithm is confirmed by numerical experiments on a model of a three-storey building under sine and seismic excitations.     

多通道瞬变电磁法频率域比值算法及视电阻率计算研究

视电阻率在电磁法勘探中起重要作用,可以作为初步解释结果,多通道瞬变电磁法通过大地脉冲响应的峰值时刻定义视电阻率.鉴于传统方法计算峰值时刻视电阻率需要恢复完整大地脉冲响应,本文通过研究大地脉冲响应及其频谱特征,提出一种新的频率域比值法.利用参考谱及其与一般谱的伸缩因子计算一般谱的峰值时刻,进而得到视电阻率.该方法只需大地脉冲响应单个频点幅度谱,从而不用估计整个大地脉冲响应.实际计算时,可以用大地脉冲响应多个频点幅度谱得到平均视电阻率.模拟数据与实测数据结果表明,在一维介质中,频率域比值法可以得到合理的视电阻率.

     

转换波AVO反演速度比各横波反射系数

Based on the empirical Gardner equation describing the relationship between density and compressional wave velocity, the converted wave reflection coefficient extrema attributes for AVO analysis are proposed and the relations between the extrema position and amplitude, average velocity ratio across the interface, and shear wave reflection coefficient are derived. The extrema position is a monotonically decreasing function of average velocity ratio, and the extrema amplitude is a function of average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient. For theoretical models, the average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient are inverted from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function to converted wave AVO curves. Shear wave reflection coefficient sections have clearer physical meaning than conventional converted wave stacked sections and establish the theoretical foundation for geological structural interpretation and event correlation. ＂The method of inverting average velocity ratio and shear wave reflection coefficient from the extrema position and amplitude obtained from fitting a power function is applied to real CCP gathers. The inverted average velocity ratios are consistent with those computed from compressional and shear wave well logs.     

青海东北部地区地震直达波波速比及视速度测定与研究

利用青海数字地震台网观测报告,采用多台和达法,测定青海东北部地区2009年1月—2014年12月地震直达波波速比和视速度值,结果显示:1 5个子区域A1—A5平均波速比分布在1.686—1.705;平均P波视速度为5.979—6.022 km/s;平均S波视速度为3.535—3.579 km/s;2波速比和视速度的复杂变化特征,反映了研究区地壳介质及地质构造的复杂性及地震射线路径对结果的影响。     

电阻率和速度随机分布的MT与地震联合反演

在已有研究成果的基础上,为了适应物性参数剧烈变化的复杂模型并满足联合反演的要求,开发了速度和电阻率随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术.基于这种统一的物性随机分布的网格介质模型,利用有限元方法和改进的射线追踪法分别正演计算大地电磁场和地震走时,结合改进的模拟退火算法,研究实现了电阻率和速度随机分布条件下的大地电磁与地震资料的同步联合反演.对物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的带地形复杂模型的试验,表明了该方法在精细反演复杂电阻率和速度结构方面的效果,克服了以往研究局限于简单模型的不足.对地震资料品质差的地区开展的实际资料联合反演,表明了方法的适用性,先验信息约束下的联合反演提高了反演精度.     

A practical method for estimating dynamic soil stiffness on surface of multi‐layered soil

It is important to estimate the influence of layered soil in soil–structure interaction analyses. Although a great number of investigations have been carried out on this subject, there are very few practical methods that do not require complex calculations. In this paper, a simple and practical method for estimating the horizontal dynamic stiffness of a rigid foundation on the surface of multi‐layered soil is proposed. In this method, waves propagating in the soil are traced using the conception of the cone model, and the impulse response function can be calculated directly and easily in the time domain with a good degree of accuracy. The characteristics of the impedance, that is the transformed value to the frequency domain of the obtained impulse response, are studied using two‐ to four‐layered soil models. The cause of the fluctuation of impedance is expressed clearly from its relation to reflected waves from the lower layer boundary in the model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种同时反演纵波速度和泊松比的方法

本文提出一种角度部分叠加资料同时反演纵波速度和泊松比的方法.以角度部分叠加资料为基础,利用地震波振幅随入射角变化与弹性参数间的数学关系,基于非线性最优化理论,通过将最小平方问题转化为大型带状矩阵的求解问题,采用测井约束逐道外推技术依次求得该角度剖面每个点的纵波和泊松比值.通过由每个角度叠加剖面反演得到的相应角度范围的纵波速度和泊松比剖面的对比分析,进一步得到地震波垂直入射时的纵波速度和泊松比,为地震资料的岩性及含气性解释提供丰富的参数信息.     

An alternative method for estimating densification point velocity based on back propagation artificial neural networks

The establishment of Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TNFGN) was completed in 2001 and Large Scale Map and Map Information Production Regulation (LSMMIPR) came into force in 2005 in parallel with the establishment of TNFGN and the increase in the use of GPS applications. TNFGN has been designed as first order GPS network and it comprises second-, third- and fourth-order GPS densification networks. LSMMIPR has required determining the positions of first-, second- and third-order GPS densification (C1, C2 and C3) points with the reference epoch besides the measurement epoch. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the velocity vectors of the densification points. In practise, the velocity vectors of C1, C2 and C3 points are estimated from TNFGN points or higher-order densification points velocity vectors by interpolation methods but LSMMIPR did not specify the interpolation method for this procedure. The objective of this study is to use a back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) that has been more widely applied in engineering among all other neural network models for estimating the velocity of the densification point as an alternative to the interpolation methods. BPANN and selected ten interpolation methods are evaluated over a test area, in terms of root mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that the employment of BPANN estimated the densification point velocity (V_X,Y,Z) with a better accuracy (±5.0 mm, ±4.0 mm, ±3.9 mm, respectively) than the interpolation methods in the test area and indicated that BPANN can be a useful tool for estimating point velocity in the densification networks as a real alternative to the interpolation methods.     

邯郸及周边地区地壳波速比与泊松比研究

通过对邯郸地震台网1984-2010年记录的当地及周边地震,计算当地的平均波速比及平均泊松比的值,对其间发生的ML4.0以上地震分析,并对波速比曲线及地震震级曲线进行对比分析,得出该地区平均波速比为1.691,平均泊松比为0.229,震前波速比有低值,以期通过本研究能对当地波速比对地震的约束规律提供积参考.     

Comparison of four techniques for estimating temporal change of seismic velocity with passive image interferometry

Passive image interferometry (PII) is becoming a powerful tool for detecting the temporal variations in the Earth's structure,which applies coda wave interferometry to the waveforms from the cross-correlation of seismic ambient noise.There are four techniques for estimating temporal change of seismic velocity with PII:moving-window cross-correlation technique (MWCCT),moving-window cross-spectrum technique (MWCST),stretching technique (ST) and moving-window stretching technique (MWST).In this paper,we use the continuous seismic records from a typical station pair near the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake fault zone and generate three sets of waveforms by stacking cross-correlation function of ambient noise with different numbers of days,and then apply four techniques to processing the three sets of waveforms and compare their results.Our results indicate that the techniques based on moving-window (MWCCT,MWCST and MWST) are superior in detecting the change of seismic velocity,and the MWCST can give a better estimate of velocity change than the other moving-window techniques due to measurement error.We also investigate the clock errors and their influences on measuring velocity change.We find that when the clock errors are not very large,they have limited impact on the estimate of the velocity change with the moving-window techniques.     

地电阻率EW/NS比值变化与地震的关系

主要对河北省4个台站的两个方向(EW、NS)的电阻率比值进行了大量计算,结果发现比值的变化能够很好地对应近年来河北省内发生的较大地震,尤其是作为中长期地震异常有着很好的映震能力,这对于预测和预报未来地震有着十分重要的意义。     

青藏高原S波和泊松比的层析成像

本研究使用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）（2009—2016）走时数据开展青藏高原地壳地震波速度三维层析成像研究,获得分辨率达到1°×1°×20 km的青藏高原地壳S波三维速度结构和泊松比分布.结果表明,分布在可可西里和羌塘北部的高钾质和钾质火山岩带,其上地壳到下地壳都存在S波波速扰动负异常和高泊松比.说明第三纪青藏高原隆升过程中,由于大陆碰撞使三叠纪的东昆仑缝合带重新破裂,造成大量壳幔混合熔融物质上涌和火山喷发,进而揭示了青藏高原北部新生代火山岩的存在与青藏高原的形成和隆升密切相关;青藏高原新生代裂谷位于中下地壳S波速度扰动负异常带的两侧,裂谷带之下的中下地壳泊松比减小到0.22以下.裂谷带之下中下地壳的S波速异常分布和泊松比值可以推断青藏高原新生代裂谷深达中地壳底部,这个推论与密度扰动三维成像的相关结论一致.青藏高原S波速度和泊松比在下地壳至壳幔边界随深度产生急剧变化,说明地壳内部发生了大规模的层间拆离和水平剪切;青藏高原东构造结之下泊松比高达0.29~0.33,S波速度扰动为负异常,推断东构造结下方地壳主要由坚硬的蛇纹石化橄榄岩组成;青藏高原中下地壳S波速负异常区范围大面积扩大,地壳底部几乎被S波速低值区全部覆盖.下地壳S波异常分布特点可能反映下地壳管道流的影响.     

青藏高原S波和泊松比的层析成像

本研究使用中国数字地震台网（CDSN）（2009—2016）走时数据开展青藏高原地壳地震波速度三维层析成像研究,获得分辨率达到1°×1°×20 km的青藏高原地壳S波三维速度结构和泊松比分布.结果表明,分布在可可西里和羌塘北部的高钾质和钾质火山岩带,其上地壳到下地壳都存在S波波速扰动负异常和高泊松比.说明第三纪青藏高原隆升过程中,由于大陆碰撞使三叠纪的东昆仑缝合带重新破裂,造成大量壳幔混合熔融物质上涌和火山喷发,进而揭示了青藏高原北部新生代火山岩的存在与青藏高原的形成和隆升密切相关;青藏高原新生代裂谷位于中下地壳S波速度扰动负异常带的两侧,裂谷带之下的中下地壳泊松比减小到0.22以下.裂谷带之下中下地壳的S波速异常分布和泊松比值可以推断青藏高原新生代裂谷深达中地壳底部,这个推论与密度扰动三维成像的相关结论一致.青藏高原S波速度和泊松比在下地壳至壳幔边界随深度产生急剧变化,说明地壳内部发生了大规模的层间拆离和水平剪切;青藏高原东构造结之下泊松比高达0.29~0.33,S波速度扰动为负异常,推断东构造结下方地壳主要由坚硬的蛇纹石化橄榄岩组成;青藏高原中下地壳S波速负异常区范围大面积扩大,地壳底部几乎被S波速低值区全部覆盖.下地壳S波异常分布特点可能反映下地壳管道流的影响.

     

The stiffness degradation and damping ratio evolution of Taipei Silty Clay under cyclic straining

The non-linear behavior of Taipei Silty Clay under cyclic strain loading was investigated through a series of undrained cyclic strain-controlled tests. The Ramberg–Osgood equation was used with our proposed stiffness degradation model to calculate degraded secant moduli. The proposed degradation model is simple in that it has only one more component than Idriss's model, the modulus ratio for the first cycle, which reflects the effects of the previous cyclic strain history and the current level of the cyclic strain amplitude, and can be used to describe softening and hardening behavior under irregular cyclic straining. It was found that the Ramberg–Osgood equation successfully predicts the damping ratio for small to medium strains. However, it overestimates the damping ratio for larger strains, so we suggest it can be corrected with a damping ratio index. In addition, the proposed equation for describing the evolution of the damping ratio provides the means to assess the variation for Taipei Silty Clay in the measured damping ratio with both the number of cycles and the strain amplitude.     

河北北部地区平均波速比分析

河北省北部地区地质构造较为复杂,历史上多次发生破坏性地震。基于河北数字地震台网震相到时报告数据,使用和达法,计算2006年1月至2015年10月河北省北部地区平均波速比,分析部分地震前波速比时序变化特征,发现震前波速比数值呈现正常—低值异常—恢复—发震的异常演变特征,为地震波速比变化与地震前兆相关性研究提供一定参考信息。     

华北克拉通中西部地区地壳厚度与波速比研究

本文使用华北科学台阵和中国国家地震台网164个地震台站记录的远震波形资料,用最大反褶积方法提取接收函数,采用接收函数H-k叠加方法得到了各台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比.研究结果表明, 华北克拉通中西部地区的地壳厚度由东向西加深,其中东部的华北平原地区地壳厚度介于30~33 km ,中部的燕山—太行地区地壳厚度介于33~40 km之间,西部的鄂尔多斯块体地壳厚达40~42 km.研究显示该区的地壳平均波速比与地壳厚度没有明显相关性,这可能与该区地壳厚度、地壳组成横向变化异常强烈有关.研究区的地壳平均波速比介于1.68~1.86之间,东部盆地地区台站下方的波速比变化较大,多数分布于1.70~1.80之间;山区平均波速比主要集中分布于1.70 ~ 1.77之间,暗示山区块体较东部盆地地区地壳组成更富长英质,而缺少铁镁质成分.该区地壳厚度与地形高度具有很好的相关性,其斜率为6.6,较青藏高原东缘地区的斜率更高,通过分析表明,华北克拉通中西部地区上地幔顶部岩石密度相对较低,为古老的、低密度难熔的、富镁贫铁的克拉通,可为地壳提供更大的浮力.