暖冬对五常农业生产的影响

近20年来,由于人类活动对自然界的影响,导致全球气候变暖。在空间上,变暖的区域以北半球高纬度地区较为明显。在时间上,以冬季变暖最为突出。据有关资料分析:自1986年以来,我国已连续17a冬季偏暖。2001年冬(2001年11月至2002年2月)是全国近40年的第二位暖冬,是黑龙江省近70年首位暖冬。五常市2001年冬季平均气温为-9.8℃,相当于吉林省四平一带的常年气温。在空间分布上温度带北移300～400km。暖冬对人类的影响是很重要的,尤其是对农业生产的影响,下面是暖冬对五常农业生产的影响进行分析供参考。1暖冬对农业生产的有利影响在农业生产上暖冬…     

天津市北辰区设施农业温光气候资源变化分析

利用北辰区气象站近40 a(1971-2010年)冬季的气象观测资料,对影响设施农业生产的温光气候资源和主要气象灾害变化进行了分析.结果认为:温度资源变化利于设施农业生产,光照资源的变化则与之相反,低温、连阴天等农业气象灾害对设施农业的影响加剧,尤以中度和重度灾害的发生明显,北辰区的这一变化对研究我国北方大城市郊区设施农业生产的气候资源变化具有借鉴意义.     

《我国灾害性天气气候概况》

灾害性天气对国防和经济建设,尤其对农业生产会带来很大影响,有时造成严重损失,为了积累灾害性天气气候资料,探索天气气候规律,以供抗御自然灾害及有关部门规划农业生产、水剞建设等方面参考,中央气象局气象台于1976年9月编印了《1971—1975年我国灾害性天气气候概况及其对农业生产的影响》一册。关于1950—1971年间我国灾害性天气概况,己于1972年8月印发。册内着重分析了近五年来全国大范围的早、涝、台风及霜冻等灾害性天气气候情况,并附有农业气候分析及冬季强寒潮等图表资料。     

Warming over the North Pacific can intensify snow events in Northeast China

冬季降雪是影响东北地区农业、生态、经济发展的一重大自然灾害。以往研究表明东北冬季降雪在近几十年有着显著的年代际增加,而其降雪强度如何变化,研究相对较少。因此,本文主要分析了近几十年东北地区冬季降雪强度的变化特征及其与前秋北太平洋海温的关系。结果表明,北太平洋海温增暖能够导致东亚和北太平洋上空出现反气旋异常,东北地区盛行南风异常,北风减弱,有利于水汽从南往北输送,从而加强了近几十年来东北地区冬季降雪强度。因此,前秋北太平洋海温可作为东北冬季降雪预测的一个潜在因子。     

潮州气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响和对策

用广东省潮州市1957～2006年的气象资料,分析了气候变化的特征和规律。近20年来潮州气温上升明显,夏季高温天气明显增加,冬季低温霜冻、春季低温阴雨、秋季低温冷害天气发生几率明显减小,但仍然有发生的可能;降水季节性变化明显：近10年春季降水明显偏少,夏季降水明显偏多,暴雨等极端气候事件的发生几率有所增加。分析了气候变化对潮州农作物生长发育、产量形成等的影响,提出了调整种植季节、种植布局等农业气象建议、措施,为潮州农业生产顺应气候变化提供依据。     

全球气候变暖条件下沈阳若干气候特征的变化

沈阳地处全球气候变化的敏感带,在近百年中,沈阳冬季气温升高约1．7℃。沈阳气温升高引起了当地多种与农事活动有关的气候现象变化：农耕期近50年增加6日左右,作物主要营养生长期冷害减少,但夏季低温变化不大;初霜日期自1980年代起总体明显推迟,终霜日期提前;冬暖使得蔬菜大棚生产规模扩大;同时,春季第一场透雨日期推后,1980年代后春旱的次数明显增多,但大涝年减少。另外,对农田水分蒸发影响很大的春季大风日数明显减少。对农业生产而言,在全球气候变暖背景下,沈阳地区的这些气象要素变化似乎是利大于弊。     

寒地小麦越冬冻害指标及其防御措施

解放后,随着农业生产的发展,我国冬小麦区逐渐向北推移,出现了所谓“寒地小麦”的栽培问题。1976至1977年冬季,出现异常寒冷气候,北京最冷月平均气温是近50年来最冷的一年;北京北部的延庆县冬季平均最低温度是有记录以来最低的一年。这不仅使寒地小麦,而且也使北部冬麦区都发生了     

近30年曲江农业干旱特征分析

根据位于曲江境内的韶关国家气象观测站1981～2010年的气温和降水气候资料,采用积分湿度指数和湿润指数,对近30年曲江农业干旱特征进行了研究,结果表明：近30年来曲江2—6月降水基本能满足农业需求,1月、7～12月为缺水期;曲江的年水分供应能力在缓慢地增强,其中夏季水分供应能力在缓慢地增强,春、秋、冬季水分供应能力在缓慢地减弱,间中年份波动变化频繁;秋旱对曲江的农业生产危害最大,夏旱次之,春旱第3,冬旱最小。     

近40年东亚冬季风强度的多时间尺度变化特征及其与气候的关系

文章利用季风强度指数研究了近40年冬季1月份东亚季风强度趋势、年际、十年际变化特征及其与我国冬季天气气候的关系。结果指出，东亚冬季风的年际变化、年代际变化与我国冬季天气气候关系密切。弱冬季风时，我国天气气候是暖、湿；强冬季风时，则冷、干。但是，季风与我国气候在近40年中的趋势变化关系则不如其年际、十年际变化更密切。近40年来，我国冬季气温已明显升高，季风减弱，但不太显著。80年代中期开始，冬季风已明显减弱。此外，还指出，东亚强冬季风时，大气环流具有强WP型、弱EU遥相关型的特征     

近50年乐都县气候变化特征及对农业生产的影响分析

本文利用青海省乐都县气象局1961-2014年逐月气温、降水量、日照时数资料,分析了近50年来的气候变化变化特征及其对农业生产的影响,进而在此基础上提出应对气候变化的若干建议。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.