Spatial Association of Mineral Occurrences and Curvilinear Geological Features

Qualitative and quantitative knowledge about the spatial association between mineral occurrences and geological features are important in mineral potential mapping. Two existing methods for quantifying spatial association between mineral occurrences and curvilinear geological features are applied to the Baguio district of the Philippines. An experimental method is described and applied to the study area as well. The results of the three methods are highly similar, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the experimental method presented here for quantifying spatial association between mineral occurrences and curvilinear geological features. It is shown that gold occurrence in the Baguio district are strongly spatially associated with northeasterly trending faults/fractures rather than with northwesterly trending faults/fractures. It is also shown that the spatial association between the gold occurrence and older batholithic intrusives is stronger than the spatial association between gold occurrence and younger porphyry intrusives. These spatial geoinformation characteristics can be used as evidential data layers in GIS-based mineral potential mapping.     

Towards Stochastic Time-Varying Geological Modeling

The modeling of subsurface geometry and properties is a key element to understand Earth processes and manage natural hazards and resources. In this paper, we suggest this field should evolve beyond pure data fitting approaches by integrating geological concepts to constrain interpretations or test their consistency. This process necessarily calls for adding the time dimension to 3D modeling, both at the geological and human time scales. Also, instead of striving for one single best model, it is appropriate to generate several possible subsurface models in order to convey a quantitative sense of uncertainty. Depending on the modeling objective (e.g., quantification of natural resources, production forecast), this population of models can be ranked. Inverse theory then provides a framework to validate (or rather invalidate) models which are not compatible with certain types of observations. We review recent methods to better achieve both stochastic and time-varying geomodeling and advocate that the application of inversion should rely not only on random field models, but also on geological concepts and parameters.     

Stochastic Structural Modeling

A consistent stochastic model for faults and horizons is described. The faults are represented as a parametric invertible deformation operator. The faults may truncate each other. The horizons are modeled as correlated Gaussian fields and are represented in a grid. Petrophysical variables may be modeled in a reservoir before faulting in order to describe the juxtaposition effect of the faulting. It is possible to condition the realization on petrophysics, horizons, and fault plane observations in wells in addition to seismic data. The transmissibility in the fault plane may also be included in the model. Four different methods to integrate the fault and horizon models in a common model is described. The method is illustrated on an example from a real petroleum field with 18 interpreted faults that are handled stochastically.     

Non-stationary Geostatistical Modeling Based on Distance Weighted Statistics and Distributions

A common assumption in geostatistics is that the underlying joint distribution of possible values of a geological attribute at different locations is stationary within a homogeneous domain. This joint distribution is commonly modeled as multi-Gaussian, with correlations defined by a stationary covariance function. This results in attribute maps that fail to reproduce local changes in the mean, in the variance and, particularly, in the spatial continuity. The proposed alternative is to build local distributions, variograms, and correlograms. These are inferred by weighting the samples depending on their distance to selected locations. The local distributions are locally transformed into Gaussian distributions embedding information on the local histogram. The distance weighted experimental variograms and correlograms are able to adapt to local changes in the direction and range of spatial continuity. The automatically fitted local variogram models and the local Gaussian transformation parameters are used in spatial estimation algorithms assuming local stationarity. The resulting maps are rich in nonstationary spatial features. The proposed process implies a higher computational effort than traditional stationary techniques, but if data availability allows for a reliable inference of the local distributions and statistics, a higher accuracy of estimates can be achieved.     

基于钻孔数据的滑坡三维地质建模研究

对现有建模方法进行分析,结合千将坪滑坡地质特点,首先进行钻孔数据处理,然后提出引入虚拟钻孔,再利用GOCAD软件提供的Kriging插值技术建立滑坡界面和实体模型.该方法不但为滑坡三维地质建模提供了参考,也为区域性、地质状况复杂、钻孔资料欠缺地区的三维地质建模提供了借鉴.     

Study of 3D Geological Modeling Based on Aeromagnetic Data

With the increasing difficulty of finding the shallow surface deposit and the increasing depth of resources exploration, three-dimensional modeling technology is more apparent in deep prospecting, and its accuracy directly determines the cognitive degree of geological body and metallogenic condition. For this, we put forward a set of the extraction technology of abnormal information combined with aeromagnetic data processing with three-dimensional geological modeling. Inversing the selected profile of the study area and obtaining each profile geological model, we built three-dimensional geological model of geological units by the method of profile linked, using undulating terrain three-dimensional block magnetic field forward techniques to model the three-dimensional geological model of the whole area, and obtained the forward modeling results of the whole three-dimensional geological model and the geological unit. After the comparative analysis with the test result, adding reasonable geological constraints and revising model, through adjusting for many times, we made the model maximum close to the actual situation. The model can well reflect the geological information and make minimum fitting error of observations and theoretical field, with which geologists can use the most of their experience and get more regional geological understanding. Using the thought of main block and secondary block to subdivision modeling of geological body, on the condition of ensuring the accuracy of model, the number of the total model block decreased and the multi-window and multi-geological body parallel computing method were used to improve the modeling speed, effectively solve the limitation problem of the model complexity in the process of the three-dimensional inversion modeling method, and easily form complex and different sizes three-dimensional geological model. We applied this method to the Hubei Daye area, constructed the three-dimensional geological model of Daye Iron Mine, and verified the feasibility and rationality of this method.     

一种基于物性数据的深部三维地质建模方法

地质采样信息不足是制约深部三维地质建模的重要因素, 深部物性探测数据由于其易于获取而能够有效形成可视化模型.结合这一特点, 在地质调查项目工作中探索出了一种基于物性探测数据的三维地质建模方法.它首先利用岩石样品物性测量实验数据提取出物性参数及其对应地质属性的映射关系, 然后将不同地球物理方法所获取到的物性数据进行综合建模并解释, 最后将解释后的可视化模型转换为地质三维模型.实践证明, 该方法能够针对性地解决项目中的一些深部地质三维建模问题.      

曲线坐标系下的完全匹配层吸收边界条件

在地震波数值模拟中,需要采用吸收边界条件以吸收人为边界反射。本文针对曲线坐标系下的二阶弹性波方程提出了一种完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件。与直角坐标系下的PML吸收边界条件类似,曲线坐标系下的PML吸收边界条件是一种在频率域中给出的人工边界条件,由相应的复坐标变换得到。在变换到时间域后,完全匹配层中将出现复杂的卷积运算。为了避免这些卷积运算,引入了4个中间变量。为了简化自由边界条件,采用正交贴体网格对起伏地表模型进行网格剖分。数值算例表明,该方法可以有效消除人为边界反射。     

基于线框架模型的三维复杂地质体建模方法

提出了一种基于线框架模型的复杂地质体三维建模方法,在准确表达复杂地质体各要素空间几何形态与相互关系的基础上,实现地层交错情况下断层面、地层面模型及复杂地质体模型的准确快速构建.建模实践表明:基于线框架模型的复杂地质体三维建模方法是准确高效的,能适应常见复杂地质条件下三维复杂地质体模型的构建.     

复杂边界的FLAC二维地质模型构建

FLAC3D是一款优秀的岩土力学分析软件,但其建模效率较低,尤其面对复杂地质条件时,其应用受到一定程度的限制。本文分析了FLAC建模命令的特点,提出一种新的较简单的建模方法,并开发了相应的计算机辅助建模程序,该方法通过坐标变换、复杂边界点坐标均匀化处理、逐列定义子网格坐标,可生成具有复杂边界的地质模型,且便于赋材料参数及应力边界条件参数,有效提高工作效率。     

基于两种插值算法的三维地质建模对比

三维地质建模过程中,插值算法对模型准确性具有显著影响。为评价不同插值算法对三维建模准确性的影响,本文选取反距离权重插值法和自然邻域插值法开展对比研究。通过理论分析和案例研究,从统计学原理、插值误差和可视化效果等三方面进行了对比分析。结果表明：反距离权重插值法在建模中精度较高,适应面更广。与自然邻域插值法相比,反距离权重插值法更加适用于地层缺失严重的层位,能够更好地保留地层缺失的特征;同时,反距离权重插值法能够更好地处理断层构造,对于地层的错断起伏情况表现效果更好;反距离权重插值法在沉积地层中误差更小,与实际情况更接近。     

基于三维激光扫描技术的矿山地质建模与应用

激光扫描技术(light detection and ranging technology)作为一门新兴的测绘技术, 目前已应用于诸多领域, 然而对于海量测站数据的拼接、大地坐标的定位等方面还存在一些不足.针对这2个问题, 提出分部式拼接方法以解决大数据量难处理的问题, 并利用罗德里格矩阵算法, 编程实现对地物的绝对坐标定位, 完成矿山的地质建模, 是对矿山地质建模新方法的探讨.通过与已知坐标数据的对比, 表明该方法的误差在矿山建模的允许值范围内, 具有较好的适用性.并以内蒙古白音诺尔铅锌矿地质建模为例, 可为覆盖区矿产综合预测提供3D矿床模型及预测要素空间形态特征等方面的参考.      

南岭构造带基础地质特征与成矿地质背景

南岭构造带横跨扬子地块、江南造山带以及华夏地块,是中国钨锡铅锌铀等有色金属和铌钽锂铯与稀土等关键金属成矿带.通过综述近十五年来的研究进展,总结了南岭构造带基础地质特征与成矿地质背景.扬子与华夏地块沿永州-桂林-柳州一线于新元古代拼合,但缺乏直接的地质证据,需对龙胜蛇绿混杂岩和鹰扬关混杂岩进行深入研究.新元古代至中生代花岗岩二阶段模式年龄TDM2值揭示2.0～1.2 Ga为南岭构造带的主要地壳增生期.相似的花岗岩特征和构造线方向指示广西期和印支期造山机制均为陆内造山作用,是华南大陆南侧不同板块之间拼贴远程应力场的产物.燕山早期花岗岩εHf(t)值沿南岭构造带自西向东显著减小,而TDM2值明显增加,指示湘南-桂北-粤北地区在晚侏罗世经历了古太平洋板块断离和软流圈上涌并发育强烈的壳幔相互作用,为南岭构造带东段华夏地块上钨锡等多金属成矿提供了成矿物质来源和有利的伸展构造背景.南岭构造带西段扬子地块构造相对稳定且显生宙岩浆活动较弱,新元古代大塘坡组和寒武系底部页岩是良好的页岩气勘探目标.综合沉积、岩浆以及构造变形,华南中生代特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换开始于晚三叠世.     

基于线框单元体的三维闭合地质块体构建方法

为能充分利用空间数据模型中的拓扑关系来实现三维闭合块体的构建,引入了表示简单块体轮廓的线框单元体概念来组织三维模型间各要素之间的拓扑关系;并以此为基础给出了以方向边和方向三角形作为基本识别单元进行三维简单形体的自动识别方法。应用实例表明：利用该方法不仅可以准确构建复杂地质块体,还可以准确描述块体内各要素的拓扑关系,再现局部特殊地质现象,如小断层（悬面）等。为三维地质模型在地震正演模拟、射线追踪等分析应用方面提供了基础。     

基于地质与重磁数据集成的栾川钼多金属矿区三维地质建模

三维地质建模是当前国内外矿产资源勘查与评价研究的重要途径和热点.以栾川钼多金属矿区为例,针对研究区地质背景复杂、成矿地质条件多样性特征,开展了基于地质(岩性地层及其物性特征、地质体产状数据)与重磁正反演集成技术组合的三维地质模型建模研究,其研究内容为:(1)根据研究区地质背景和成矿条件,确定研究区矿床地质特征以及近地表地质体的空间属性特征;(2)利用重磁数据,在定性解译地质信息的基础上,开展二度半正演方法定量解译研究,并运用三维位场概率成像方法反演和解译深部地质体;(3)根据研究区地质与重磁反演解译资料综合分析,确定晚侏罗世斑岩岩体和控矿构造的时-空-因关系.研究结果表明,基于地质岩性属性特征的重磁正反演联合解译,能够综合利用地质体之间的物性差异、成因关系界定其几何形态,从而在三维环境中建立它们的时空关系,即三维地质模型,为研究区深部找矿、矿体定位预测以及金属矿产资源定量评价提供技术支撑和新途径      

基于钻孔数据的矿山三维地质建模及可视化过程研究

矿山三维地质建模与可视化技术研究,是"数字矿山"的核心组成部分,是现代矿山信息化研究的热点和重点.文章从三维地质建模的概念出发,探讨了基于钻孔数据的矿山三维地质建模及可视化的一般过程,包括地质数据库的建立,实体模型、品位块体模型的创建等,重点探讨了建模过程中地质数据库的设计,地质解译、矿体储量估算的方法与技术,并借助OpenGL三维图形开发库,在VC++6.0编程环境下,实现了三维地质的建模及可视化,为我国矿山三维地质建模及可视化软件的设计提供参考,促进了我国矿山信息化的建设.     

甘肃石窟分布与地质特征

甘肃石窟按照地理位置可分为3大区域:河西地区、陇中地区、陇南地区。石窟的开凿和布局除受当时文化、交通等因素的影响外,在一定程度上受地质条件的制约,石窟的艺术风格也由凿窟地层的岩性特征所决定。     

Stochastic Simulation of Patterns Using Distance-Based Pattern Modeling

The advent of multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) gave rise to the integration of complex subsurface geological structures and features into the model by the concept of training images. Initial algorithms generate geologically realistic realizations by using these training images to obtain conditional probabilities needed in a stochastic simulation framework. More recent pattern-based geostatistical algorithms attempt to improve the accuracy of the training image pattern reproduction. In these approaches, the training image is used to construct a pattern database. Consequently, sequential simulation will be carried out by selecting a pattern from the database and pasting it onto the simulation grid. One of the shortcomings of the present algorithms is the lack of a unifying framework for classifying and modeling the patterns from the training image. In this paper, an entirely different approach will be taken toward geostatistical modeling. A novel, principled and unified technique for pattern analysis and generation that ensures computational efficiency and enables a straightforward incorporation of domain knowledge will be presented.     

广西向阳坪铀矿床成矿地质特征

广西向阳坪铀矿床为南方花岗型铀矿,新一轮的扩大勘查取得了较好的成果。笔者通过系统分析该矿床的铀成矿地质特征,认为区内铀源丰富,香草坪和豆乍山花岗岩是两个重要的产铀岩体;区内NE-NNE向断裂构造规模大,与之平行的次级成矿构造及隐伏断裂密集发育,铀矿体严格受F_(10)断裂构造带控制;矿体多呈脉状和透镜状产出,主矿体沿走向延伸稳定;常见的共生矿物组合为铀-赤铁矿-黄铁矿类型;热液蚀变作用强烈,成矿期以赤铁矿化(红化)、黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化为主,与铀矿化关系密切。下一步的勘查工作可继续沿F_(10)断裂构造带北段D72-D0号勘探线开展,继续扩大矿床规模;对南段D0-D59号勘探线可进行普查或详查,有望扩大矿区的资源量。此外,可适当对F_(10)号带深部进行探索,寻求更富、更大的铀矿体。     

高放废物地质处置库的特点及其结构型式

总结了高放废物地质处置库在系统组成、经费投入、时间跨度、功能要求、评价目标、作用营力、影响范围、工程数量、工程布局、工程逆转和社会影响等方面有别于一般深部岩石地下工程的特点.以美国、瑞典、日本、比利时、法国的处置库概念设计为例,介绍了各国处置库的结构型式,比较了其异同点,并对我国的处置库概念设计提出了初步建议.