Paleomagnetism of the late Cryogenian Nantuo Formation and paleogeographic implications for the South China Block

A new paleomagnetic pole position is obtained from the well-dated (636.3 ± 4.9 Ma) Nantuo Formation in the Guzhang section, western Hunan Province, and the correlative Long’e section in eastern Guizhou Province, South China. Remagnetization of the recent geomagnetic field was identified and removed for both sections. The hard dual-polarity, interpreted as primary, component of the Nantuo Formation, directs east–westward with medium inclinations, yielding an average pole of 9.3°N, 165°E, A₉₅ = 4.3° that, for the first time, passed a strata-bound reversals test. The new data are consistent with previously published paleomagnetic data of the Nantuo Formation from Malong county, central Yunnan Province, which passed a positive syn-sedimentary fold test. Together, these sites represent shallow- to deep-water sections across a shelf-to-basin transect centered at ∼33° paleolatitude. The sedimentary basin may have faced an expansive ocean toward the paleo-East. In the ∼750 Ma and ∼635 Ma global reconstructions, the South China Block (SCB) was best fitted in the northern hemisphere close to northwestern Australia. However, a direct SCB-northwestern Australia connection, inferred to have existed during the Early Cambrian–Early Devonian, had not formed by the time of ∼635 Ma.     

华南地区南沱冰期海洋氧化还原环境研究

新元古代晚期地球经历了两次“雪球地球”事件,对冰期后埃迪卡拉纪的海洋氧化和多细胞生物的多样化产生了重大影响。然而由于冰期化学沉积岩的缺乏,迄今为止对南沱冰期海洋氧化还原条件了解不多。碳酸盐岩稀土元素地球化学特征能有效地反映其形成时的环境条件,已广泛用于恢复地质历史时期古环境条件。在贵州省松桃地区发现了一套南沱组自生沉积的碳酸盐岩,为探讨华南地区南沱冰期海洋古环境提供了理想的地质材料。该白云岩产于南沱组下部,厚约1.6 m,夹于两套冰碛砾岩中间。采用微钻技术钻取白云岩粉末,稀醋酸溶样,利用等离子体质谱仪（ICP?MS）进行稀土和其他微量元素分析。分析结果显示稀土元素含量较高,ΣREE为（23.0~46.6）×10-6,PAAS标准化后稀土元素显示Ce的弱负异常或无异常（平均值0.90）,可变的Eu和La异常,中稀土富集,Y/Ho比值平均为34.6。白云岩稀土配分特征与现代氧化的海水明显不同,结合样品中高的Fe、Mn含量特征,反映了南沱冰期华南地区表层海水整体处于缺氧富铁的环境,可能制约了冰期后的海洋氧化和多细胞真核生物的演化。     

New U-Pb age constraints on the upper Banxi Group and synchrony of the Sturtian glaciation in South China

The Nanhua basin in South China hosts well-preserved middle–late Neoproterozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are critical for studying the basin evolution, the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, the nature and dynamics of the “snowball” Earth and diversification of metazoans. Establishing a stratigraphic framework is crucial for better understanding the interactions between tectonic, paleoclimatic and biotic events recorded in the Nanhua basin, but existing stratigraphic correlations remain debated, particularly for pre-Ediacaran strata. Here we report new Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) U-Pb zircon ages from the middle and topmost Wuqiangxi Formation (the upper stratigraphic unit of the Banxi Group) in Siduping, Hunan Province, South China. Two samples show similar age distribution, with two major peaks at ca. 820 Ma and 780 Ma and one minor peak at ca. 910 Ma, suggesting that the Wuqiangxi sandstone was mainly sourced from Neoproterozoic rocks. Two major age peaks correspond to two phases of magmatic events associated with the rifting of the Nanhua basin, and the minor peak at ca. 910 Ma may correspond to the Shuangxiwu volcanic arc magmatism, which represents pre-collision/amalgamation subduction on the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block. The youngest zircon group from the topmost Wuqiangxi Formation has a weighted mean age of 714.6 ± 5.2 Ma, which is likely close to the depositional age of the uppermost Banxi Group. This age, along with the ages reported from other sections, constrains that the Banxi Group was deposited between ca. 820 Ma and ca. 715 Ma. The age of 714.6 ± 5.2 Ma from the top of the Wuqiangxi Formation is indistinguishable with the SIMS U-Pb age of 715.9 ± 2.8 Ma from the upper Gongdong Formation in the Sibao village section of northern Guangxi, South China. It is also, within uncertainties, overlapped with two TIMS U-Pb ages from pre-Sturtian strata in Oman and Canada. These ages indicate that the Jiangkou (Sturtian) glaciation in South China started at ca. 715 Ma instead of ca. 780 Ma and support a globally synchronous initiation of the Sturtian glaciation at ca. 715 Ma.     

Constraints on the onset age of the Sturtian glaciation from the Southeast Yangtze Block,South China

ABSTRACT

The Neoproterozoic glaciations represent a milestone in the Earth evolution due to their influence on atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Evidence for the Sturtian glaciation, the early stage of Cryogenian, has been recorded worldwide, but the precise timing and synchroneity of its counterpart, the Chang’an glaciation, in South China have been controversial. As such, new zircon U–Pb ages from the pre-Sturtian Gongdong Formation and the overlying the Chang’an Formation in southeastern Yangtze Block were reported. The youngest U–Pb zircon age from a tuff sample of the topmost Gongdong Formation was 716.8 ± 6.8 Ma, and that from a sandstone sample of the lower Chang’an Formation was 725.9 ± 4.4 Ma. The zircon weighted mean age of 716.8 ± 6.8 Ma was interpreted as the maximum depositional age of the termination of the Danzhou Group. This age, along with the ages reported from the bottom of the Danzhou Group, constrains deposition of the Danzhou Group to between ca. 820 Ma and ca. 715 Ma. The age of 716.8 ± 6.8 Ma from the top of the Gongdong Formation is consistent with the SIMS U-Pb age of 715.9 ± 2.8 Ma from the Sibao section, as well as ages from the Banxi Group, Liantuo Group, and Kaijianqiao Formation in the Yangtze Block, which further constrain the onset time of the Sturtian glaciation in South China at ca. 715 Ma. It is also, with uncertainties, consistent with ages from pre-Sturtian strata in Laurentia and Oman, which indicates a global synchroneity and extent for the Sturtian glaciation.     

江西修水地区震旦系南沱组冰成岩研究

通过对江西修水地区震旦系南沱组地层、沉积相的研究，识别出5种沉积相类型：碎屑流沉积相、滑塌沉积相、冰筏海洋沉积相、陆架砂泥互层相和陆架泥岩相，重力流沉积分布在该组下部。确定其主要为一套叠加在陆架、陆坡背景沉积之上的冰成岩系。按演化自下而上可分为：先驱冰期、间冰期、主冰期及余冰期几个阶段，与邻区能很好的对应。     

对遵义县六井南沱组沉积相的新认识

本文通过对贵州遵义六井一带南沱组沉积相结构特征、构造特征及组分特征的分析研究,并结合有关文献,针对六井南沱组的沉积相提出了一些新认识。认为与松桃区“南沱组”接近,并非属冰川环境的沉积产物,而属于海相沉积。     

峡东地区成冰系南沱组新认识

前人普遍认为峡东地区成冰系仅发育南沱组,缺失古城冰期和大塘坡间冰期相应地层。笔者发现峡东地区青林口剖面原先划定的南沱组包含上、下两套冰碛岩及之间的页岩夹含锰灰岩,应解体为古城组、大塘坡组和南沱组。本文在剖面实测的基础上,对比了青林口剖面含锰灰岩与长阳古城村剖面菱锰矿层的岩石学特征和稀土元素特征,分析了CIA、CIW和PIA等化学风化强度指标的垂向演化。结果表明,青林口剖面和古城村剖面成冰系均由两套冰期地层夹一套间冰期地层组成;青林口剖面大塘坡组含锰灰岩与古城村剖面大塘坡组菱锰矿具有相似的岩石学和稀土元素特征,指示两者应为同时期地质作用的产物;青林口剖面与古城村剖面大塘坡组在形成过程中所遭受的化学风化强度显著高于冰碛岩地层。因此,峡东青林口剖面成冰系包含成冰纪古城冰期、大塘坡间冰期及南沱冰期的沉积记录,为完整的成冰纪地层序列。     

峡东南华系南沱组底部冰川底碛沉积特征及其意义

峡东地区是我国原震旦系标准剖面所在地,该地区南沱组直接覆盖莲沱组之上,中间缺失下冰期和间冰期地层,究其原因尚不清楚.通过聚焦南沱组与莲沱组接触层位,利用现代冰川沉积物研究方法开展系统沉积学研究,结果表明:九龙湾周缘南沱组和莲沱组之间存在一层紫红色混合杂砾岩层,其内部砾石定向性、形态、磨圆、岩性以及显微构造与之上南沱组典...     

Exposure age chronology of the last glaciation in the eastern Pyrenees

We present a chronology of ice recession in the eastern Pyrenees based on in situ-produced ¹⁰Be data obtained from the Têt paleoglacier complex. The sampling strategy is based on the relative chronology provided by a detailed geomorphological map of glacial landforms. Results indicate that the last maximum ice advance occurred late (i.e., during Marine Isotope Stage 2) compared to the chronology currently established for the rest of the Pyrenees. Despite debatable evidence for a glacial readvance during the Oldest Dryas stade, ice-cap melt-out was rapid, residual cirque glaciers having disappeared by the Allerød interstade. This is consistent both with North Atlantic excursions established by the Greenland ice cores and paleoenvironmental data for the region. The rapid response of the east-Pyrenean ice cap to temperature variations is primarily linked to its small size compared to larger Pyrenean ice fields, to the dry Mediterranean climate, and to topography-related nonlinearities in which a small vertical rise in equilibrium line altitude generates a large change in ice mass. Possible sources of age uncertainty are discussed in the context of sampling design for single-nuclide (¹⁰Be) dating of landform sequences in formerly glaciated landscapes.     

华南留茶坡组与灯影组的地层对比

以硅质岩为特征的留茶坡组广泛地分布于湘、黔、渝等华南地区。在留茶坡组中普遍夹有厚度不一的白云岩层或泥质粉砂岩和其上0～10 cm厚的紫红色黏土岩。在湘西桃源,以宏体藻类为主的"武陵山生物群"产自于此白云岩层之下的硅质岩所夹黑色页岩中。该宏体生物群在化石的形态类型、组合面貌以及埋藏和保存特征等方面与产自于陡山沱组顶部的鄂西"庙河生物群"和黔东北"瓮会生物群"较为相似。但与后两个生物群相比较,"武陵山生物群"中藻体分枝的宏体藻类贫乏,且宏体生物的结构构造相对简单、演化水平相对较低,时代应为伊迪卡拉(震旦)纪陡山沱期晚期。而留茶坡组中所夹的白云岩层或泥质粉砂岩可能系灯影峡期的海平面下降、地壳上升在相对深水相地区的反映。湘黔一带留茶坡组的时代应为伊迪卡拉(震旦)纪至早寒武世早期。     

东南沿海及南海新生代火山作用与南海的形成演化

中国东南沿海地区和南海海域新生代火山岩系列、类型和SrNd同位素特征十分相似,具有板内玄武岩的特征。根据南海扩张时代,将新生代的火山岩划分为扩张期前、扩张期和扩张期后3大阶段,并利用原生岩浆推导了软流圈岩石圈的一些深部作用特征。扩张期前（接近扩张期）和扩张期软流圈顶部埋深较浅。从扩张期前（接近扩张期）到扩张期软流圈顶部埋深变浅,隙间熔浆增加,原生岩浆的演化具有前进式裂谷火山作用的演化序列,岩石圈扩张速率变大。从扩张期到扩张期后（直至第四纪）,软流圈顶部埋深逐渐变深,隙间熔浆减少,原生岩浆的演化表现出后退式裂谷火山作用的序列,岩石圈扩张速率逐渐变慢。新生代火山作用显示出的深部作用特征与南海的扩张和闭合一致,这为我们提供了南海形成和演化的深部作用证据。     

中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩及冰川作用

中国北方从东到西绵延3000 km范围上的华北克拉通、塔里木克拉通及其中间微地块上都保存有埃迪卡拉纪冰川沉积记录,但有关它的年代学、冰川规模、古地理重建和大地构造背景等存有争论。本文基于中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩空间分布、地层与沉积层序,沉积环境与沉积相等,结合以往国内外文献,系统分析了埃迪卡拉纪冰川上述有关问题。研究揭示,埃迪卡拉纪时期,国内外应存在年轻于(Gaskiers)580 Ma的冰期;中国北方埃迪卡拉纪冰川时限约562.5～551 Ma,堆积了冰下、冰缘和冰前沉积相(物),构成垂向上(由下至上)从冰下至冰前与海相冰碛物沉积层序,符合大陆冰川(盖)沉积响应样式;此外,国内外埃迪卡拉纪冰碛岩及冰川剥蚀地貌均十分发育;部分冰碛岩之上还可见盖帽白云岩,并呈现与成冰纪盖帽白云岩类似的沉积构造,但彼此碳同位素剖面却不尽相同;本研究推测,埃迪卡拉纪时期,原特提斯洋及周缘大陆(群)可能普遍存在至少是洲际性大陆冰盖,甚至是全球性的冰期。研究认为,埃迪卡拉纪时期的亚洲陆块群应与冈瓦纳大陆缺乏构造亲缘性的若干重要证据。本文研究结果在埃迪卡拉纪大陆及其古地理重建和大地构造背景恢复方面具有重要科学意义...     

湖南四都坪南沱组沉积特征与古气候变化耦合关系

运用现代冰川理论并结合南沱组冰碛岩研究现状,根据湖南四都坪南沱组宏观地层序列和微观构造特征,识别并总结2期冰期和2期间冰期沉积特点,认为冰碛岩前缘是沉积作用活跃地带,以重力碎屑流、浊流为特点,间冰期以深水和浅水的牵引流为特点。结合沉积作用与古气候、海平面变化特征,认为该区南沱组冰碛岩由古气候控制,海平面的起落导致形成不同的沉积类型。     

论华南含铀沉积建造

本文以华南含铀沉积建造的形成和分类,阐述该区内铀成矿前地质分布和铀成矿背景,提出在华南存在三类含铀沉积建造,即震旦-寒武纪地槽型陆源碎屑-火山沉积含铀建造(I)、上古生界地台型陆源碎属沉积含铀建造(Ⅱ)和中、新生界地台型陆源碎屑-火山沉积含铀建造(Ⅲ),它们制约了华南绝大部分铀矿床的空间分布。最后,本文概括了华南含铀沉积建造的主要特征及与区内各类铀矿床的成因联系。     

南海成因研究现状

南海作为西太平洋边缘海中最大的海盆，其成因与欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块密切相关，而且也是世界上重要的油气产区，成为国内外地质学家长期研究的热点地区之一。本文在前人研究的基础上对南海成因模式进行概括和总结，在此基础上讨论了南海成因模式存在的问题以及今后应重点研究的方面。     

Formation and evolution of Precambrian continental lithosphere in South China

An overview is presented for the formation and evolution of Precambrian continental lithosphere in South China. This is primarily based on an integrated study of zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopes in crustal rocks, with additional constraints from Re–Os isotopes in mantle-derived rocks. Available Re–Os isotope data on xenolith peridotites suggest that the oldest subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath South China is primarily of Paleoproterozoic age. The zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotope studies reveal growth and reworking of the juvenile crust at different ages. Both the Yangtze and Cathaysia terranes contain crustal materials of Archean U–Pb ages. Nevertheless, zircon U–Pb ages exhibit two peaks at 2.9–3.0 Ga and ~ 2.5 Ga in Yangtze but only one peak at ~ 2.5 Ga in Cathaysia. Both massive rocks and crustal remnants (i.e., zircon) of Archean U–Pb ages occur in Yangtze, but only crustal remnants of Archean U–Pb ages occur in Cathaysia. Zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in the Kongling complex of Yangtze suggest the earliest episode of crustal growth in the Paleoarchean and two episodes of crustal reworking at 3.1–3.3 Ga and 2.8–3.0 Ga. Both negative and positive ε_Hf(t) values are associated with Archean U–Pb ages of zircon in South China, indicating both the growth of juvenile crust and the reworking of ancient crust in the Archean. Paleoproterozoic rocks in Yangtze exhibit four groups of U–Pb ages at 2.1 Ga, 1.9–2.0 Ga, ~ 1.85 Ga and ~ 1.7 Ga, respectively. They are associated not only with reworking of the ancient Archean crust in the interior of Yangtze, but also with the growth of the contemporaneous juvenile crust in the periphery of Yangtze. In contrast, Paleoproterozoic rocks in Cathaysia were primarily derived from reworking of Archean crust at 1.8–1.9 Ga. The exposure of Mesoproterozoic rocks are very limited in South China, but zircon Hf model ages suggest the growth of juvenile crust in this period due to island arc magmatism of the Grenvillian oceanic subduction. Magmatic rocks of middle Neoproterozoic U–Pb ages are widespread in South China, exhibiting two peaks at about 830–800 Ma and 780–740 Ma, respectively. Both negative and positive ε_Hf(t) values are associated with the middle Neoproterozoic U–Pb ages of zircon, suggesting not only growth and reworking of the juvenile Mesoproterozoic crust but also reworking of the ancient Archean and Paleoproterozoic crust in the middle Neoproterozoic. The tectonic setting for this period of magmatism would be transformed from arc–continent collision to continental rifting with reference to the plate tectonic regime in South China.     

华南北部湾盆地的形成机制

从北部湾盆地的区域地质构造背景、几何形态、边界断裂及内部断裂特征解析,综合沉积中心迁移规律及盆内构造研究,提出北部湾盆地为右行右阶走滑拉分成因。盆地的形成和发展受控于合浦-北流、信宜-廉江、吴川-四会和阳江-河源4条深大断裂带,这4条主干断裂带构成右阶断裂格架。古近系出现的花状构造等表现出典型的张扭特征,新近系受到压扭作用改造发生挤压反转,该盆地构造演化过程与华南大陆中、新生代拉分盆地具有同期性和相似性。中生代基底中先存的深大走滑断裂带是新生代北部湾盆地形成的先决地质条件。而印度-澳大利亚板块对欧亚板块碰撞挤压作用的逐渐增强和太平洋板块俯冲方向的改变及俯冲作用的衰减是控制北部湾盆地形成演化的区域大地构造因素。     

Fluctuations of the South Patagonian Ice-field during the last glaciation and the Holocene

Mapping along a transect from the southeastern margin of the South Patagonian Ice-field in Torres del Paine National Park (Chile) to the limits of fresh moraines of the last glacial cycle indentified eight glacier advances. The four younger ones have been dated by dendrochronology, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Although the bases of 10 m deep bogs were sampled, close limiting radiocarbon dates were not obtained because bog formation in this rain-shadow area appears not to have commenced until ca.12000 yr ago. The outermost Little Ice Age moraine formed during the seventeenth century and three inner ones were deposited around ad 1805, 1845 and after 1890. Densely vegetated older moraines contiguous with Little Ice Age deposits are possibly of late Holocene age. Tephra from the eruption of Reclus volcano at ca. 11 880 yr BP was incorporated by a readvance that deposited large multiple moraines 10–16 km from the modern ice-front; the oldest basal peat found inside the moraine has been dated to ca. 9200 yr BP. These bracketing dates indicate that some eastern outlet glaciers of the ice-field advanced at a time when some western tidewater outlet glaciers terminated inside their modern limits. This questions the view of J. H. Mercer and other that Patagonian glaciers did not readvance during the late-glacial interval. A stadial event also occurred when the glaciers were some 18–20 km from their modern positions and is closely dated to ca. 11880 yr BP because Reclus pumice flushed down-glacier forms thick upper beds in outwash deltas deposited in proglacial lakes. The four older moraines pre-date the late-glacial eruption of Reclus but are not dated closely. Comparison of their spatial extent with well-dated moraines in the Chilean Lakes Region suggests that they may mark advances culminating at ca. 14000 yr BP, ca. 20000 yr BP and earlier.     

中国华南陡山沱组烃源岩的形成机制与分布预测

震旦系(埃迪卡拉系)陡山沱组是成冰系(南华系)极端冰期事件结束后首次沉积的泥岩和碳酸盐岩地层,大规模的海侵活动导致在全球广泛发育富有机质黑色页岩,可能是未来深层油气和页岩气勘探的重要烃源岩层.中国华南陡山沱组烃源岩分布广泛,由于受古构造格局、沉积相带等因素影响,烃源岩非均质性强、平面上分布差异大.本文在前人研究基础上,...