鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆异重流沉积新发现

水下重力流沉积作为重要的油气储层,已成为当前学术研究和油气工业共同关注的焦点.在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7~长6油层组深湖相沉积中,发现一种不同于砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌浊积岩的重力流成因砂岩.其沉积特征为一系列向上变粗的单元(逆粒序层)和向上变细的单元(正粒序层)成对出现;每一个粒序层组合内部的泥质含量变化(高-低-高)与粒度变化一致;上部正粒序层与下部逆粒序层之间可见层内微侵蚀界面;砂岩与灰黑色纯泥岩、深灰色粉砂质泥岩互层;粉砂质泥岩层内也表现出类似的粒度变化特征.通过岩芯观察和薄片鉴定,认为该岩石组合形成于晚三叠世深湖背景下的异重流(hyperpycnal flow)沉积.其沉积产物--hyperpycnite(异重岩?)以发育逆粒序和层内微侵蚀面而区别于其它浊积岩,逆粒序代表洪水增强期的产物,上部的正粒序层为洪水衰退期的沉积,逆粒序-正粒序的成对出现代表一次洪水异重流事件沉积旋回;层内微侵蚀面是洪峰期流速足以对同期先沉淀的逆粒序沉积层侵蚀造成的.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组异重岩的发现,不仅为探索陆相湖盆环境下的异重流沉积提供了一个范例,而且对于深水砂体成因研究、储层预测和油气勘探具有理论和现实意义.     

Hyperpycnal delivery of sand to the continental shelf: Insights from the Jurassic Lajas Formation,Neuquén Basin,Argentina

Hyperpycnal currents are river‐derived turbidity currents capable of transporting significant volumes of sediment from the shoreline onto the shelf and potentially further to deep ocean basins. However, their capacity to deposit sand bodies on the continental shelf is poorly understood. Shelf hyperpycnites remain an overlooked depositional element in source to sink systems, primarily due to their limited recognition in the rock record. Recent discoveries of modern shelf hyperpycnites, and previous work describing hyperpycnites deposited in slope or deep‐water settings, provide a valuable framework for understanding and recognizing shelf hyperpycnites in the rock record. This article describes well‐sorted lobate sand bodies on the continental shelf of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, interpreted to have been deposited by hyperpycnal currents. These hyperpycnites of the Jurassic Lajas Formation are characterized by well‐sorted, medium‐grained, parallel‐laminated sandstones with hundreds of metre extensive, decimetre thick beds encased by organic‐rich, thinly laminated sandstone and siltstone. These deposits represent slightly obliquely‐migrating sand lobes fed by small rivers and deposited on the continental shelf. Hyperpycnites of the Lajas Formation highlight several unique characteristics of hyperpycnal deposits, including their distinctively thick horizontal laminae attributed to pulsing of the hyperpycnal currents, the extraction of coarse gravel due to low flow competence, and the extraction of mud due to lofting of light interstitial fluid. Recognition of shelf hyperpycnites in the Lajas Formation of the Neuquén Basin allows for a broader understanding of shelf processes and adds to the developing facies models of hyperpycnites. Recognizing and understanding the geometry and internal architecture of shelf hyperpycnites will improve current understanding of sediment transfer from rivers to deeper water, will improve palaeoenvironmental interpretations of sediment gravity‐flow deposits, and has implications for modelling potentially high‐quality hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

涠西南凹陷陡坡带流一段上亚段异重流沉积新发现

以涠西南凹陷北部陡坡带中段流一段下亚段为研究对象,综合利用三维地震、测井、录井、钻井岩心及分析测试等资料,对研究区异重流成因深水扇的沉积特征、控制因素及沉积模式进行了研究。结果表明,断陷盆地陡坡带至湖盆底部可发育洪水型异重流沉积,依次为顺直水道、弯曲水道和朵叶体,其延伸距离约为15 km,宽度为50~150 m。其中,水道地震反射明显强于周围深水泥岩,其内部沉积以砂岩和含砾砂岩为主;朵叶体沉积主要为细砂岩或粉砂岩,富含陆源植物碎屑,其粒度概率曲线以上拱弧式及宽缓上拱式为主,样品点分布大致平行于C=M基线,指示重力流沉积动力特征。垂向上,单层砂岩一般表现为逆粒序与正粒序成对出现,中部粒度最粗,可见泥质碎屑呈叠瓦状排列,且发育层内微侵蚀面。此外,异重流沉积内部发育块状层理、平行层理、波状交错层理及爬升砂纹层理等沉积构造。“源汇”系统决定了异重流的沉积特征与展布,万山隆起东部岩浆岩等物源输入是异重流形成的物质基础,强构造运动、陡坡折带、湿润半湿润气候及低湖水密度是控制异重流发育程度的主要因素。研究区异重流的发现不仅丰富了断陷湖盆陡坡带沉积相类型,也为陡坡带进一步油气勘探提供了理论依据。     

Evidence for plunging river plume deposits in the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation,Gale crater,Mars

Recent robotic missions to Mars have offered new insights into the extent, diversity and habitability of the Martian sedimentary rock record. Since the Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory Science Team has explored the origins and habitability of ancient fluvial, deltaic, lacustrine and aeolian deposits preserved within the crater. This study describes the sedimentology of a ca 13 m thick succession named the Pahrump Hills member of the Murray formation, the first thick fine‐grained deposit discovered in situ on Mars. This work evaluates the depositional processes responsible for its formation and reconstructs its palaeoenvironmental setting. The Pahrump Hills succession can be sub‐divided into four distinct sedimentary facies: (i) thinly laminated mudstone; (ii) low‐angle cross‐stratified mudstone; (iii) cross‐stratified sandstone; and (iv) thickly laminated mudstone–sandstone. The very fine grain size of the mudstone facies and abundant millimetre‐scale and sub‐millimetre‐scale laminations exhibiting quasi‐uniform thickness throughout the Pahrump Hills succession are most consistent with lacustrine deposition. Low‐angle geometric discordances in the mudstone facies are interpreted as ‘scour and drape’ structures and suggest the action of currents, such as those associated with hyperpycnal river‐generated plumes plunging into a lake. Observation of an overall upward coarsening in grain size and thickening of laminae throughout the Pahrump Hills succession is consistent with deposition from basinward progradation of a fluvial‐deltaic system derived from the northern crater rim into the Gale crater lake. Palaeohydraulic modelling constrains the salinity of the ancient lake in Gale crater: assuming river sediment concentrations typical of floods on Earth, plunging river plumes and sedimentary structures like those observed at Pahrump Hills would have required lake densities near freshwater to form. The depositional model for the Pahrump Hills member presented here implies the presence of an ancient sustained, habitable freshwater lake in Gale crater for at least ca 10³ to 10⁷ Earth years.     

Lithofacies Characters and Significance of the Submarine Fan of the Liufengguan Group in Qinling

Field investigation and laboratory research on flysch of the Liufengguan Group in Qinling indicate the following: (1) Sandstone of the Liufengguan Group is categorized as feldspathic lithic graywacke with a minor amount of lithic graywacke in the QFR triangular diagram. Grain size≤0.3 mm. Bedding plane structures such as groove casts and suspected flute casts can be found at the bottom of the sandstone. It is inferred that currents may have come from the southeast during deposition. Bedding structures such as ripple marks, graded bedding, parallel bedding, small-scale cross bedding, climbing bedding, suspected convolute bedding, microlamination and sliding structures have also been observed, which are of indicative significance. It is thought that the Liufengguan Group has the sedimentary characteristics of bedding, bedding plane structures and lithological assemblages of deep-sea low-density turbidity current deposits. The vertical succession of the Bouma sequence in the inner fan subfacies zone is generally incomplete: the assemblage of Ta and Tabc is commonly seen; the succession of the middle fan subfacies zone is relatively complete; and divisions Te and Tb are common in the outer fan subfacies zone. (2) The flysh of the Liufengguan Group is a sequence of deep-sea argillaceous-arenaceous submarine fan deposits, in which the authors recognize the inner, middle and outer fan subfacies and also nine types of lithofacies: normal graded sandstone (A1), medium- to thick-bedded, fine-grained sandstone (A2), medium- to thick-bedded and massive siltstone (A3), thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstone and mudstone (B1), irregular interbeds of thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstone and siltstone (B2), thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstone (C1), very thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstone (D1), olistostromes (E1) and deep-sea mudstone (F). The inner fan consists of four microfacies: natural levee (A1), water channel (A2, A3) and olistostrome (E1); in the middle fan there also occur four microfacies, i.e., branch channel (B1), branch channel (B2), interdistributary bay (D1) and olistostrome. The outer fan is made up of the branch channel (C1) and sheet sand (D1) microfacies, which alternate vertically with sediments of deep-sea plain subfacies (F). There occur fining- and thinning-upward channel deposits in the outer-fan subfacies zone of the submarine fan of the Liufengguan Group observed in this study. The quartz content of the graywacke of the deposits is all higher than 40% and may reach as high as 60%. Therefore, on the basis of the aforementioned features, this flysh should be formed in a passive continental-margin tectonic environment.     

珠江口盆地荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积相分析

根据已钻井取芯段岩相分析,从荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积体系中划分出巨厚层和厚层块状砂岩相、厚层正粒序砂岩相、厚层逆粒序砂岩相、平行—板状斜层理砂岩相、滑塌变形砂岩相、薄层砂岩夹层相、薄层（粉）砂岩与泥岩互层相、厚层粉砂岩相、厚层泥岩相和层状深水灰岩相等10种岩相类型和识别出砂岩相组合、泥岩相组合、（粉）砂岩与泥岩互...     

Sheet-flow deposits of graded beds and mudstones on an alluvial sandflat-playa system: Upper Triassic Blomidon redbeds, St Mary's Bay, Nova Scotia

The 400 m of Blomidon redbeds accumulated in a semi-arid rift valley in the subtropics. At St Mary's Bay, these redbeds are 64% sandy mudstone (playa mudflats), 25% graded beds (sandflats at the toes of alluvial fans), 10% fissile claystone (playa lakes), and 1% channel sandstone (stream channels). Flash floods in mountains south of the valley flowed down alluvial fans to spread out to the north-east as sheet flows on sandflats and playa mudflats. Deceleration of the sheet flows deposited graded beds 2–83 cm in thickness on the sandflats and thin layers of mud on the playas. Nine sequences, consisting of arrangements of six lithologies, compose 90% of the graded beds. In order of decreasing abundance, these are: ripple cross-laminated siltstone → horizontally laminated mudstone; fining-upward, ripple cross-laminated siltstone; ripple cross-laminated sandstone → horizontally laminated mudstone; cross-bedded sandstone horizontally laminated mudstone; ripple cross-laminated sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone; rippledrift cross-laminated siltstone horizontally laminated mudstone; fining-upward, ripple-drift cross-laminated siltstone; cross-bedded sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone; and cross-bedded sandstone → ripple cross-laminated siltstone → horizontally laminated mudstone. The sheet flows, perhaps up to 1 m in depth, had a high concentration of suspended load. Deposition was dominantly during lower flow regime conditions and moderate to rapid flow deceleration. There are 32 thinning and fining-up cycles where a sandflat package of graded beds is transitionally followed by a playa package of sandy mudstone. The cycles range in thickness from 1·3 to 13·3 m, averaging 4·6 m. Each cycle is initiated by avulsion to a new active channel network on a fan. Gradual abandonment of the channel network produces the thinning and fining-up cycle. The cycles are grouped in three 60–70 m fining-up megacycles. Upwards within each megacycle, the packages of sandy mudstone compose a progressively larger proportion of the cycles. Each megacycle evidently was initiated by a brief period of tectonic movement on the border faults that produced greater relief of the highlands relative to the valley floor. Subsequent erosion gradually lowered the relief to yield a fining-up megacycle.     

Facies analysis and depositional environment of the Jurassic, Jumara Dome sediments, Kachchh, western India

The study deals with the depositional environment of Jumara Dome sediments. The Jumara Dome is an important outcrop of Bathonian to Oxfordian sediments amongst the Kachchh Mainland exposures. On the basis of facies analysis three associations have been documented, namely, G-1 consisting of low energy facies comprising of cross-bedded sandstone, massive sandstone, grey shale and thin bedded sandstone, bioclastic — lithoclastic grainstone, bioclastic — lithoclastic packstone, microbioclastic packstone/wackestone, bioturbated laminated wackestone to mudstone and pelagic lime mudstone; G-II consisting of moderate energy facies comprising of laminated sandstone and grapestone or agglutinated grainstone; G-III consisting of high energy facies comprising of interbedded gypsiferous shale and sandstone/siltstone, oolitic grainstone to conglomerate and bioclastic grainstone. The facies associations reflect an ideal shallowing upward sequence representing slope, bioclast bar, lagoon and inner shelf. Presence of wide range of facies indicates that the rocks of the studied area were deposited during the fluctuating sea level, interrupted by the storms, in the shallow marine environment.     

冲绳海槽西南端1.3ka以来异重流沉积记录及其古气候响应

以冲绳海槽西南端的HOBAB4?S1岩芯为研究对象,综合利用粒度、沉积构造、AMS14C测年等资料,对研究区异重流沉积特征进行研究,对异重流发育的时间段与晚全新世气候事件进行对应。结果表明,岩芯中发育17段异重流沉积,其沉积物组分以砂质粉砂为主,粒度频率分布曲线多呈以70~130 μm为中心的单峰,C?M图上样品点集中分布区间大致平行于C=M基线,且位于PQ段以下,表明沉积物搬运方式为重力流悬浮搬运。异重流内部发育平行层理、爬升沙纹层理和粒序层理等沉积构造。异重流沉积类型主要有两类,一类是厚层异重流沉积,底部侵蚀面发育,内部发育多组逆—正粒序组合,指示了水动力较强,侵蚀作用和沉积作用均较明显的异重流近端沉积;另一类是薄层异重流沉积,底部侵蚀面不发育,内部不发育或仅发育一组逆—正粒序组合,指示了水动力较弱的异重流边部沉积。HOBAB4?S1岩芯的异重流层段集中发育在800~1 300 A.D.之间,指示了当时气候条件为高温高湿,台风、洪水频发,降雨量较大,验证了“中世纪暖期”在东亚地区的存在。     

Sediment dispersal and organic carbon preservation in a dynamic mudstone‐dominated system,Juana Lopez Member,Mancos Shale

A balance between primary production, rates of sediment accumulation or dilution, and biological or diagenetic destruction has long been considered a key control on organic carbon preservation in modern offshore marine environments. Additionally, current understanding of sediment transport processes in offshore environments has advanced in the last decade to include variable energy and dynamic mechanisms, requiring a re‐evaluation of ancient deposits in these systems. The Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale preserves organic carbon‐rich mudstone interbedded and interlaminated with sandstone that records high energy traction flow conditions. Core, outcrop and geochemical data from the Juana Lopez Member were used to elucidate sediment provenance and processes controlling organic carbon preservation and distribution in this mudstone‐dominated system. Five dominant lithofacies with varying grain size, sedimentary fabrics, composition and grain origins were differentiated and were deposited in three main environments: the prodelta, fringe zone and low angle offshore ramp. Basal deposits of the Juana Lopez Member consist of siliceous sandstone‐dominated, heterolithic deposits with characteristic sedimentary structures (for example, current ripples and normal grading) that indicate offshore‐directed underflows, or hyperpycnites, delivered from the updip Ferron/Frontier deltaic system. In the upper portion of the Juana Lopez Member, a compositional change to biogenic carbonate‐rich sandstone and mudstone is interpreted to be as a result of increased accommodation in central Utah (USA), associated base‐level rise and shoreline‐parallel sediment transport. Non‐parallel laminated, organic carbon‐rich mudstone is preserved throughout the Juana Lopez Member. Depositional fabrics and trace element signatures suggest that these deposits are the result of dynamic conditions at the sea floor and in the oxic to suboxic water column, further challenging the notion that organic‐bearing mudstone is deposited solely through suspension settling in anoxic waters. Punctuated delivery of organic carbon laden sediment from mixed terrestrial and marine sources resulted in an event‐bed style of organic carbon deposition and preservation.     

广西合浦盆地酒席坑组腹足类贝壳层的时代特征及意义

<正> 广西合浦盆地西部沙岗镇以南(图1)西参二井1122m到1185m井段是一套以大量腹足类壳体富集胶结成层,与深灰、浅灰色泥岩夹灰白色粉砂岩、浅灰色细砂岩互层的沉积序列。岩样中发现孢粉、沟鞭藻、疑源类、淡水盘星藻及合形电等化石。本文通过该井     

沅麻盆地白垩系划分及岩石地层研究

运用岩石地层学的方法对湘西沅麻盆地的白垩系作了如下划分：石门组及东井组,为一个向上变细的基本层序。栏垅组为一个厚度巨大、向上变细的基本层序：该基本层序下部称为下段,全部由砾岩层组成;该基本层序上部为上段,由粉砂岩、粉砂质细晶灰岩、褐铁质泥岩组成。神皇山组则根据基本层序垂向序列组合特点差异划分为３个类型：类型Ⅰ,向上由粗→细的变化特点;类型Ⅱ,向上由细→粗→细的变化特点;类型Ⅲ,仍为向上变细的基本层序。     

异重流沉积研究进展

在相关文献调研基础上,综述了异重流沉积研究现状,并结合中生代湖相异重岩研究实例,建立了“沟道-舌状体-朵状体”异重流沉积模式。异重流(hyperpycnal flow)是一种由洪水期河口直接注入、因密度大于汇水盆地水体密度而沿水体底部分层流动的持续型浊流。它呈牛顿流变性质、紊乱流动状态、湍流支撑机制,具有更高的发生频率和稳定的沉积物供给。异重流主要受地形、气候、密度差等因素控制,海洋和湖泊均有发生;水体密度小、近物源、地形高差大、中-小河流发育、构造活动强烈的陆相淡水湖泊更利于异重流的产生,但陆相湖盆异重流沉积并未引起足够的重视。异重流自近端向远端总体呈稀释趋势,依次对应于特定的沉积构造及序列;由异重流形成的沉积岩被称作异重岩(hyperpycnite),以发育由洪水增强-减弱所产生的逆粒序-正粒序组合、层内微侵蚀面、富含陆源有机质区别于其他浊积岩。深入研究异重流沉积,不仅有益于完善重力流沉积理论、分析沉积环境,而且有利于指导深水非常规油气勘探,具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。     

塔中地区中晚奥陶世内波、内潮汐沉积

现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种厘米级的深水牵引流沉积构造,还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。这种大型沉积物波既可沿斜坡向下迁移,也可沿斜坡向上迁移。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。塔中地区中上奥陶统碎屑岩段内发育内波及内潮汐形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。通过详细的岩心观察,识别出 4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及 5种基本垂向沉积层序。此外,通过地震剖面分析,在研究区中上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出顺坡向上迁移的大型沉积物波,该沉积物波的特征与现代海底发育的沉积物波的特征类似,运用内波理论可对其成因进行合理的解释。     

浙江桐庐晚奥陶世内潮汐沉积

本文论述了在中国首次发现的内潮汐沉积的特征及其形成环境。该内潮汐沉积发现于浙江省桐庐县桐君山地区上奥陶统上部,具有典型的对偶层双向递交层序。据其岩类组合和层序特征,可将其定为韵律性砂泥岩薄互层相。其中发育有特征的脉状、波状和透镜状层理。其沉积特征表明形成于开阔的深水斜坡环境,这种对偶层双向递交层序可能为内潮汐的大潮和小潮周期性变化的结果。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三水河剖面上三叠统块状砂岩的异重流成因——来自岩石结构的证据

由于储层质量好、非均质性弱、成藏条件优越,深水沉积中的块状砂岩常常成为油气勘探开发的重要目标。相对具有各种交错层理等沉积构造的其他砂岩而言,块状砂岩的成因判识难度更大。因此,对块状砂岩成因机制的研究,直接影响了其沉积过程的认识,制约了其沉积模式、储层预测地质模型的重建。针对鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬邑县三水河剖面中发育的晚三叠世中层—巨厚层块状砂岩,利用高密度岩石样品的岩石薄片和激光粒度分析,对块状砂岩的粒度组成、粒度参数及其垂向变化特征进行研究。结果表明: 1）块状砂岩为长石岩屑质极细砂—细砂岩,内部偶含漂浮状灰黑色、红褐色泥砾,底部发育球枕、沟模等沉积构造;2）块状砂岩之间及其与交错层理砂岩层之间夹薄层—极薄层灰黑色泥岩、油页岩,二者间突变接触常见;3）岩石薄片中碎屑颗粒分选差,呈棱角—次棱角状,成分及结构成熟度中等偏低;4）粒度组成上,跳跃组分与悬浮组分各占50%左右,显示底床载荷与悬浮载荷同时存在且贡献相当;5）其偏度与浊流沉积相似,但其分选略差于浊流沉积,与三角洲沉积相差更远;6）垂向上,块状砂岩内部存在多期分米级复合韵律,厚度范围为10~30 cm。综合研究区地质背景、沉积构造、微观显微结构、粒度组成及其搬运过程、沉积分异解释结果,认为该剖面块状砂岩为洪水成因的异重流沉积。该研究丰富了对深水块状砂岩成因的理解,深化了异重流沉积块状砂岩结构特征的认识,同时也为异重流沉积的判识提供了依据。     

Late Neogene loess deposition in southern Tarim Basin: tectonic and palaeoenvironmental implications

Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the late Cainozoic resulted in a thick apron of molassic sediments along the northern piedmonts of the Kunlun and Altyn Mountains in the southern Tarim Basin. Early Neogene sediments are characterised by sandstone, siltstone and red mudstone, representing floodplain to distal alluvial fan environments. The Early Pliocene Artux Formation consists of medium-grained sandstone and sandy mudstone with thin layers of fine pebbly gritstone. The Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Xiyu Formation is dominated by pebble to boulder conglomerate typical of alluvial fan debris flow deposits. Sedimentological investigation, together with grain size and chemical analyses of siltstone bands intercalated with sandstone and conglomerate in the Xiyu and Artux Formations, point to an aeolian origin, suggesting desertic conditions in the Tarim Basin by the Early Pliocene. The onset of aeolian sedimentation in the southern Tarim Basin coincided with uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau inferred from the lithofacies change from fine-grained mudstone and sandstone to coarse clasts. Tibetan Plateau uplift resulted in the shift of sedimentary environments northwards into the southern Tarim Basin, and could well have triggered the onset of full aridity in the Taklimakan region as a whole.     

Facies analysis of the Semanggol Formation,South Kedah,Malaysia: A possible Permian–Triassic boundary section

Although the Permian–Triassic Semanggol Formation is widely distributed in northwestern Peninsula Malaysia and is made of various lithofacies, its sedimentology and possible relation with the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) were not considered before. In this study, detailed facies analysis was conducted for two sections of the Semanggol Formation at the Bukit Kukus and Baling areas, South Kedah to clarify its sedimentology and relation to the PTB. Four facies from the Permian part of the Semanggol Formation that were identified at the Bukit Kukus section include laminated black mudstone, interbedded mudstone and sandstone, volcanogenic sediments, and bedded chert. In Baling area, the Triassic part of the formation is classified into three members. The lower member comprises of claystone and bedded chert facies, while the middle member is composed of sandstone and claystone interbeds (rhythmite). On the other hand, the upper member is grouped into two main units. The lower unit is mainly claystone and includes two facies: the varve-like laminated silt and clay and massive black claystone. The upper unit is composed of various sandstone lithofacies ranging from hummocky cross stratified (HCS) sandstone to thinly laminated sandstone to burrowed sandstone facies. The HCS sandstones occur as two units of fine-grained poorly sorted sandstone with clay lenses as flaser structure and are separated by a hard iron crust. They also show coarse grains of lag deposits at their bases. The laminated black mudstone at the lowermost part of the Semanggol Formation represents a reducing and quite conditions, which is most probably below the fairweather wave base in offshore environment that changed upwards into a fining upward sequence of tide environment. Abundance of chert beds in the volcanogenic sediments suggests the deposition of tuffs and volcanic ashes in deep marine setting which continues to form the Permian pelagic bedded chert and claystone. The bedded chert in the lower member of the Triassic section suggests its formation in deep marine conditions. The rhythmic sandstone and claystone interbeds of the middle member are suggestive for its formation as a distal fan of a turbidite sequence. Lithology and primary sedimentary structure of the upper member suggest its deposition in environments range from deep marine represented by the varve-like laminated silt and clay to subtidal environment corresponds to the massive black claystone to coastal environment represented by the hummocky sandstone units and reaches the maximum regression at the hiatus surface. Another cycle of transgression can be indicated from the second hummocky unit with transgressive lag deposits that develops to relatively deeper conditions as indicated from the formation of relatively thick laminated sandstone and bioturbated massive sandstone facies that represent tidal and subtidal environment, respectively. Late Permian lithological variation from the radiolarian chert into early Triassic claystone probably resulted from a decrease in productivity of radiolarians and might represent a PTB in the Semanggol Formation. Volcanogenic sediments in the studied section can be used as an evidence for volcanic activities at the end of the Permian, which is probably connected to the nearby volcanic ash layers in the eastern China, the ultimate cause of the PTB in this area. Black mudstone in the Permian part of the studied section may be interrelated to the Latest Permian Anoxia that started to build in the deep ocean well before the event on shallow shelves.     

南祁连盆地木里坳陷石炭系—侏罗系天然气水合物潜在气源岩地质特征

通过对南祁连盆地木里坳陷石炭系、二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系等4套层系5条剖面的野外测量及室内地质分析,明确了该区天然气水合物潜在气源岩的岩性特征、沉积相类型及沉积演化过程。石炭系—二叠系整体以出露中厚层砂岩夹薄层泥岩为主要特征,沉积浅海陆棚相、滨岸相和三角洲相,由于断层发育致使局部地层厚度减薄且泥质岩大部分缺失,可能难以成为天然气水合物潜在气源岩;上三叠统整体以发育中薄层泥岩与中薄至中厚层砂岩互层为主要特征,沉积相类型为潮坪相、湖泊相和河流相,泥岩累积厚度较大,是天然气水合物主要潜在气源岩;中侏罗统整体上以发育厚层泥岩、砂岩为主要特征,沉积相类型为辫状河相、三角洲相和湖泊相,是天然气水合物次要的潜在气源岩。研究结果为南祁连盆地木里坳陷天然气水合物气源岩研究提供了重要地质依据。     

吐哈盆地大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩特征

通过野外露头详细观察、薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、微量元素分析等技术,对大河沿地区塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分、沉积构造、岩性岩相类型及沉积环境进行研究。结果表明:塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩矿物成分以石英和方解石为主,含少量长石及黏土矿物;沉积构造类型包括较强水动力下的粒序层理、小型交错层理、脉状层理以及静水环境下的纹层状构造;以颜色、矿物成分、沉积构造等因素为依据将细粒沉积岩划分为5种岩相,包括灰黑色薄层状混合细粒岩相、深黑色页状黏土岩相、灰黑色纹层状混合细粒岩相、灰色薄层状粉砂岩相、灰白色页状灰岩相;岩石类型包括碳酸盐岩类、细粒长英沉积岩类、细粒混合沉积岩类3种岩石类型。塔尔朗组细粒沉积岩沉积期温暖湿润,整体上属于还原的半咸水-咸水湖盆的产物。