基于GRACE重力卫星的甘肃北山地区地下水储量变化规律研究

作为我国高放废物地质处置预选区之一的甘肃北山地区,其地下水动态规律研究对于安全地地质处置有着重要的意义。重力反演与气候实验卫星(GRACE)数据可从网上免费获取,为分析区域地下水运动规律提供了可能。利用GRACE数据和全球陆面同化系统(GLDAS)数据反演了甘肃北山地区2003—2012年的地下水储量变化。结果表明:2003—2012年间甘肃北山区域地下水储量变化呈约0.26 cm/a下降趋势,且由西向东方向,地下水储量变幅呈减少趋势;区域地下水储量变化与同时期的降雨量关系不大。采用的基于GRACE-GLDAS的反演方法对于缺乏地下水动态监测数据的区域尺度地下水动态变化分析具有较大的应用潜力。     

中国东北三省地下水储量时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

为完善区域地下水开发利用措施、规划区域地下水资源管理,利用GRACE卫星评估2002—2017年中国东北三省地下水储量变化规律。结合GRACE和GLDAS估算地下水储量变化,与实测地下水储量变化对比验证,并探究其影响因素。结果表明：GRACE模拟地下水储量变化与实测地下水储量变化相关性较强,为0.72;地下水储量在2013年盈余最大,2008年亏损最大,平均增长率为2.23 mm/a,秋冬两季有明显亏损,夏季发生盈余;地下水储量空间分布有明显差异性,2013年前东北少西南多,2013年后东北多西南少,黑龙江省变化较为明显,辽宁省和吉林省受旱灾影响亏损过多;降水量和农业用水量变化与地下水储量变化极显著相关,冬季地下水储量变化与降雪显著相关。研究东北三省地下水储量时空变化对中国乃至全球水资源优化配置和生态环境可持续发展具有参考价值。     

利用GRACE重力卫星数据反演黑河流域地下水变化

干旱区地表水资源有限, 地下水资源被超采利用, 黑河流域是西北干旱区典型内陆河流域, 有同样的地下水资源利用问题. 然而由于监测地下水变化的测井数目有限且分布不均, 难以从流域尺度上把握地下水资源的时空变化. 利用GRACE重力测量卫星数据反演黑河流域2003-2008年间的地下水时空变化, 为合理分配利用水资源提供科学依据, 为掌握无资料区域地下水水资源及其变化趋势提供了计算方法. 为验证GRACE反演结果的可靠性, 首先将计算出的黑河中上游地下水的变化, 与该区域实测地下水变化数据进行对比分析, 结果显示二者之间相关性较好, 在一定程度上表明GRACE数据具备反演整个黑河流域水储量变化及其各个组分的能力. 此后, 利用GRACE数据反演了全黑河流域的地下水变化, 对其时空变化进行了分析和讨论. 结果表明: 黑河流域2003-2004年间地下水减少的幅度越来越少, 2005年夏季期间地下水资源量增加量最多, 自此地下水增加幅度逐渐减少, 至2008年趋于平衡. 空间上流域局部变化波动较大, 2003-2004年间黑河上游地下水资源量处于减少状态, 2005年相对于6 a地下水平均含量有轻微增加趋势, 2006年处于6 a平均值状态, 2007-2008年有稍微上升趋势; 中游在2005年有略微的上升, 之后3 a下降; 下游地下水含量在6 a中整体呈上升趋势.     

基于GRACE卫星数据的中国地下水储量监测进展

GRACE卫星数据是监测地下水储量变化的一个新兴工具,及时了解其在中国的应用状况非常重要。在运用文献计量分析方法,定量分析相关研究趋势和特点的基础上,详细阐述了基于GRACE卫星数据的地下水监测基本原理、监测方法和不确定性,并总结了中国地下水储量变化监测的范围、精度和结果。研究发现,基于GRACE卫星的中国地下水储量变化监测研究逐渐受到重视,相关的中英文论文数量与被引频次均呈上升趋势。常用的监测方法主要包括基于水量平衡原理估算地下水储量变化、利用GRACE卫星数据校准水文模型。基于GRACE数据的中国地下水储量变化监测热点是华北平原。监测结果与实测地下水数据吻合良好,二者相关系数均高于0.6。目前,基于GRACE卫星数据的中国地下水储量监测仍存在空间分辨率低、不确定性大等挑战。未来应该结合GPS数据、合成孔径雷达干涉测量和地下水储量实测数据进行综合分析,以提高监测精度和可靠性。     

基于GRACE-FO重力卫星数据反演西南地区的水储量变化

为掌握中国西南地区近一年内的水资源变化情况,采用GRACE-FO重力卫星数据及GLDAS水文模型数据研究了该区域内陆地水、地表水及地下水储量的时空变化,并结合降水数据进行了分析。结果表明:①陆地水和地表水均呈现出明显的季节性变化,其中在夏季及秋季呈现上升的趋势,而在春季和冬季呈现出下降的趋势;②西南地区的陆地水和地下水在2018年6月至2019年9月期间整体呈现出下降的趋势,二者的年变化趋势分别为(-1.87±0.82) cm/a和(-2.15±0.96) cm/a;③降水是陆地水和地表水季节性变化的主要原因,且是2019年云南干旱的主要原因。     

基于GRACE的黄河流域陆地水储量时空变化研究

黄河流域是我国目前主要的煤炭经济可采量和产能聚集地。了解和掌握黄河流域水资源及其变化不仅是推进黄河流域水资源节约集约利用的前提,更是开展黄河流域煤炭矿区生态保护与高质量发展的基础。相较于传统地面水资源监测手段受限于监测点分布和数目的影响,GRACE重力卫星为中长尺度陆地水储量时空变化研究提供一种新的途径。利用GRACE重力卫星数据,开展2002年4月到2017年6月黄河流域水储量的时空变化规律研究。利用纬圈长度加权平均,计算黄河上中下游水储量变化均值,发现黄河不同流段表现不同的变化趋势,且反映出2003年黄河流域水资源变化受到洪水等因素影响。进一步通过箱形图分析黄河流域上中下游水储量的月平均变化规律,反映出该流域“冬干春旱,夏秋多雨”的气候特点与水储量变化的密切关系。采用时间序列分解方法分析整个黄河流域水储量变化的趋势、年周期及半年周期等特征。结果表明,黄河流域水储量变化存在随经度由西向东递减趋势越来越明显的现象,其中黄河上游源头附近区域的水储量变化呈微弱的增长趋势;黄河流域水储量变化年周期和半年周期振幅存在明显区域差异,这与高山融雪、降水量的季节性差别及区域气候环境密切相关。了解和掌握上述黄河流域水储量时空变化,可为流域矿区的生态保护与可持续发展提供基础数据与参考。      

基于GRACE卫星的辽宁省2002—2017年地下水储量监测

为监测和分析辽宁省地下水储量时空变化,笔者利用2002年4月至2017年6月GRACE时变重力场模型数据,采用去相关滤波、高斯滤波及尺度因子法反演辽宁省陆地水储量变化,再依据GL-DAS水文模型模拟的土壤水与冰雪等效水之和,获得辽宁省地下水储量变化.研究结果表明:辽宁省地下水储量在降雨和农业活动的综合影响下表现出持续减...     

地下水补给与开采量对降水变化响应特征:以京津以南河北平原为例

通过对京津以南河北平原年降水量、地下水补给量和农业开采量三者动态规律及其互动关系研究表明, 年降水量减增, 同期地下水补给量与开采量呈互逆变化规律, 即降水量减小, 补给量变少, 开采量增大; 年降水量增大, 补给量较多, 开采量减小.在连续枯(丰) 水年份, 当年降水量减少(增加) 10mm时, 则地下水系统水量减少7.08 (增加7.06) mm, 水位下降(上升) 5.2~8.7cm; 在10~320mm变幅内, 当年降水量减少(增加) 10%时, 则地下水系统水量减少7.98 (增加7.67) %.气候旱化过程中降水变化对引起补给量减少和开采量增加的幅度, 大于气候增雨过程中降水变化对补给量增大和开采量减少的影响程度.因此, 需要重视连续枯水年份降水变化对地下水系统影响的应对举措, 这对于提高我国北方区域地下水资源供给安全保障具有重大意义.      

张掖盆地地下水资源时空分异特征及影响因素

探索地下水系统演化的过程与机制对流域水资源的可持续管理至关重要。基于地下水多年动态观测资料和地统计学方法,按不同灌溉方式分区估算了张掖盆地1985~2013年地下水资源变化情况。结果表明:整个张掖盆地地下水水位降深和储量在时空上表现出很大差异性,基本经历了三个阶段:1985~1997年匀速下降阶段,1998~2004年加速下降阶段和2005~2013年减速下降阶段。整个盆地累积储量减少了47.52×108m~3,年均亏缺1.64×108m~3,其中河水井水灌区累积地下水位降深达5.72m,储量减少了37.48×108m~3,占地下水消耗量的78.87%。各分区累积水位降深变化从高到低依次为:河水﹥河水井水﹥泉水﹥河水泉水≥井水灌区,相应的累积储量变化依次为:河水井水﹥河水﹥井水﹥河水泉水﹥泉水灌区。从长时间尺度看,各分区及张掖盆地多年累积储量仍为负变化,即地下水资源仍处于较严重亏缺状态,对含水层造成很大威胁。这是气候变化与人类活动共同作用的结果,而人类活动如分水政策、引水灌溉、地下水开采等影响越来越强烈。结果可以为黑河流域水量均衡合理估算、地下水数值模拟和水资源统一规划调度提供科学依据。     

1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位动态变化特征

在气候变化和人类活动的影响下, 黑河流域地表水和地下水的时空分布特征发生了很大变化. 研究水系统演化及其驱动机制对流域水资源可持续管理非常关键. 基于甘肃河西黑河中游流域地下水位动态、水文气象、土地利用和灌溉统计数据, 研究了1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位时空变化. 结果表明: 地表水的不合理分配和耕地的扩展导致了地下水的过量开采和地下水位的剧烈变化. 1985-2004年区域地下水位以下降为主; 2005-2013年呈现下降和回升两极发展趋势, 冲洪积扇群带地下水最大下降达17.41 m, 而黑河干流沿岸地下水位最大回升了3.3 m, 地下水埋深普遍增加了1.0~3.0 m. 尽管地下水位在2005-2013年表现出回升趋势, 但干流中游盆地地下水系统处于严重负均衡状态, 制定合理的“生态分水”方案和水资源综合管理规划非常紧迫.     

Mapping groundwater storage variations with GRACE: a case study in Alberta,Canada

The applicability of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to adequately represent broad-scale patterns of groundwater storage (GWS) variations and observed trends in groundwater-monitoring well levels (GWWL) is examined in the Canadian province of Alberta. GWS variations are derived over Alberta for the period 2002–2014 using the Release 05 (RL05) monthly GRACE gravity models and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land-surface models. Twelve mean monthly GWS variation maps are generated from the 139 monthly GWS variation grids to characterize the annual GWS variation pattern. These maps show that, overall, GWS increases from February to June, and decreases from July to October, and slightly increases from November to December. For 2002–2014, the GWS showed a positive trend which increases from west to east with a mean value of 12 mm/year over the province. The resulting GWS variations are validated using GWWLs in the province. For the purpose of validation, a GRACE total water storage (TWS)-based correlation criterion is introduced to identify groundwater wells which adequately represent the regional GWS variations. GWWLs at 36 wells were found to correlate with both the GRACE TWS and GWS variations. A factor f is defined to up-scale the GWWL variations at the identified wells to the GRACE-scale GWS variations. It is concluded that the GWS variations can be mapped by GRACE and the GLDAS models in some situations, thus demonstrating the conditions where GWS variations can be detected by GRACE in Alberta.     

Comparison of GRACE data and groundwater levels for the assessment of groundwater depletion in Jordan

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) derived groundwater storage (GWS) data are compared with in-situ groundwater levels from five groundwater basins in Jordan, using newly gridded GRACE GRCTellus land data. It is shown that (1) the time series for GRACE-derived GWS data and in-situ groundwater-level measurements can be correlated, with R ² from 0.55 to 0.74, (2) the correlation can be widely ascribed to the seasonal and trend component, since the detrended and deseasonalized time series show no significant correlation for most cases, implying that anomalous signals that deviate from the trend or seasonal behaviour are overlaid by noise, (3) estimates for water losses in Jordan based on the trend of GRACE data from 2003 to 2013 could be up to four times higher than previously assumed using estimated recharge and abstraction rates, and (4) a significant time-lagged cross correlation of the monthly changes in GRACE-derived groundwater storage and precipitation data was found, suggesting that the conventional method for deriving GWS from GRACE data probably does not account for the typical conditions in the study basins. Furthermore, a new method for deriving plausible specific yields from GRACE data and groundwater levels is demonstrated.     

Sensitivity of GRACE-derived estimates of groundwater-level changes in southern Ontario,Canada

Amidst changing climates, understanding the world’s water resources is of increasing importance. In Ontario, Canada, low water conditions are currently assessed using only precipitation and watershed-based stream gauges by the Conservation Authorities in Ontario and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Regional groundwater-storage changes in Ontario are not currently measured using satellite data by research institutes. In this study, contributions from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data are compared to a hydrogeological database covering southern Ontario from 2003 to 2013, to determine the suitability of GRACE total water storage estimates for monitoring groundwater storage in this location. Terrestrial water storage data from GRACE were used to determine monthly groundwater storage (GWS) anomaly values. GWS values were also determined by multiplying groundwater-level elevations (from the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network wells) by specific yield. Comparisons of GRACE-derived GWS to well-based GWS data determined that GRACE is sufficiently sensitive to obtain a meaningful signal in southern Ontario. Results show that GWS values produced by GRACE are useful for identifying regional changes in groundwater storage in areas with limited available hydrogeological characterization data. Results also indicate that GRACE may have an ability to forecast changes in groundwater storage, which will become useful when monitoring climate shifts in the near future.     

Estimating groundwater storage changes in the Mississippi River basin (USA) using GRACE

Based on satellite observations of Earth’s time variable gravity field from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), it is possible to derive variations in terrestrial water storage, which includes groundwater, soil moisture, and snow. Given auxiliary information on the latter two, one can estimate groundwater storage variations. GRACE may be the only hope for groundwater depletion assessments in data-poor regions of the world. In this study, soil moisture and snow were simulated by the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and used to isolate groundwater storage anomalies from GRACE water storage data for the Mississippi River basin and its four major sub-basins. Results were evaluated using water level records from 58 wells set in the unconfined aquifers of the basin. Uncertainty in the technique was also assessed. The GRACE-GLDAS estimates compared favorably with the well based time series for the Mississippi River basin and the two sub-basins that are larger than 900,000 km². The technique performed poorly for the two sub-basins that have areas of approximately 500,000 km². Continuing enhancement of the GRACE processing methods is likely to improve the skill of the technique in the future, while also increasing the temporal resolution.     

塔里木河流域水文特性分析

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河,历史上是九大水系144条河流的总称.由于气候变化和人类活动影响生态环境急剧恶化,目前形成了"四源一干"的格局.根据水文气象监测资料,从50 a来流域内的降水、蒸发、径流、洪水、泥沙、水质等方面对塔里木河流域生态环境恶化的成因进行分析.     

1960-2009年塔里木河流域降水时空演化特征及原因分析

利用1960-2009年新疆塔里木河流域（TRB）26个气象站的日降水资料以及美国NCEP/NCAR的逐月再分析资料（2.5°×2.5°）,对塔里木河流域降水的时空分布特征及其原因进行了分析.结果表明：塔里木河流域降水总体上呈现由东南向西北逐渐增加的分布形态,但不同季节之间以及降水量多年和少年之间存在差异,这与水汽输送...     

The influence of water conveyances on restoration of vegetation to the lower reaches of Tarim River

Because of long-term stream-flow cut off in the lower reaches of Tarim River, environmental degradation has become the most severe and widespread environmental problem in Tarim River basin. Nine ecological water conveyances to the lower reaches of Tarim River made ecological environment change a lot. 3S technology was used to monitor dynamic change of ecology. However, remote sensing area index cannot analyze ecological restoration degree of Tarim River precisely because the time of each water conveyance is short, the change of vegetation area is not obvious, and there exists visual interpretation error. In this paper, remote monitoring datum of high temporal resolution and high spatial resolution were used to research the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the groundwater depth, between NDVI and the surface vegetation coverage, and between the groundwater depth and the surface vegetation coverage. The growth and restoration of the vegetation in different periods were evaluated by investigative analysis of the change trend of NDVI. The conception of relative restoration degree was proposed and the response of vegetation restoration to the water conveyance was evaluated. The evaluation result suggests that: first, the response of vegetation to the water conveyance concentrates within 1,000 m of both riversides, and the range of influence becomes smaller along the lower reaches of Tarim River. Second, influenced by the groundwater recharge, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend with the increase of off-river distance. Third, the vegetation coverage shows decreasing trend along the watercourse influenced by the water consumption. Finally, in spatial, original scattered meadow of low coverage transforms to high coverage gradually in research region. Vegetation response to the water conveyance expands to both sides with the watercourse being the axis, and expanding scale increases continuously.     

Groundwater storage variability and annual recharge using well-hydrograph and GRACE satellite data

Most studies using GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data for examining water storage anomalies have rich hydrogeological databases. Here, GRACE data are analyzed for southern Mali, Africa, a region with sparse hydrogeological data. GRACE data (2002?C2008) did not overlap with observed groundwater-level data (1982?C2002). Terrestrial water storage from GRACE was corrected for soil moisture using the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model to obtain monthly groundwater storage anomalies and annual net recharge. Historical storage anomalies and net recharge were determined using the water-table fluctuation method for available observation wells. Average annual net recharge averaged 149.1?mm (or 16.4% of annual rainfall) and 149.7?mm (14.8%) from historical water level and GRACE data, respectively. Monthly storage anomaly lows and peaks were observed in May and September, respectively, but have a shift in peak to November using the corrected GRACE data, suggesting that the GLDAS model may poorly predict the timing of soil-water storage in this region. Notwithstanding problems with the GLDAS model, the soil moisture-corrected GRACE data accurately predict the relative timing and magnitude of groundwater-storage changes, suggesting that GRACE data are valuable for identifying long-term regional changes in groundwater storage in areas with sparse hydrogeological data.     

Evolution of the freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River under the influence of climate change and its hydrological effects

As an important water source and ecological barrier in the Yellow River Basin, the source region of the Yellow River (above the Huangheyan Hydrologic Station) presents a remarkable permafrost degradation trend due to climate change. Therefore, scientific understanding the effects of permafrost degradation on runoff variations is of great significance for the water resource and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we studied the mechanism and extent of the effect of degrading permafrost on surface flow in the source region of the Yellow River based on the monitoring data of temperature and moisture content of permafrost in 2013–2019 and the runoff data in 1960–2019. The following results have been found. From 2013 to 2019, the geotemperature of the monitoring sections at depths of 0–2.4 m increased by 0.16°C/a on average. With an increase in the thawing depth of the permafrost, the underground water storage space also increased, and the depth of water level above the frozen layer at the monitoring points decreased from above 1.2 m to 1.2–2 m. 64.7% of the average multiyear groundwater was recharged by runoff, in which meltwater from the permafrost accounted for 10.3%. Compared to 1960-1965, the runoff depth in the surface thawing period (from May to October) and the freezing period (from November to April) decreased by 1.5 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively during 1992–1997, accounting for 4.2% and 3.4% of the average annual runoff depth, respectively. Most specifically, the decrease in the runoff depth was primarily reflected in the decreased runoff from August to December. The permafrost degradation affects the runoff within a year by changing the runoff generation, concentration characteristics and the melt water quantity from permafrost, decreasing the runoff at the later stage of the permafrost thawing. However, the permafrost degradation has limited impacts on annual runoff and does not dominate the runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River in the longterm.