降雨干湿循环作用下的渣土边坡稳定性

降雨作用下边坡不同深度岩土体所经受的劣化作用强度差异显著,从而影响边坡的稳定性。以深圳典型渣土边坡为例,基于改进的 Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ａｍｐｔ模型计算降雨作用下的浸润锋深度,通过干湿循环与直剪试验,获得了浸润锋内渣土抗剪强度参数的劣化规律,结合劣化规律并采用双强度折减法研究了不同降雨工况下渣土边坡的稳定性。研究结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,渣土的黏聚力及内摩擦角均减小,且前期减小得快,后期缓慢,４次干湿循环后趋于稳定,符合指数函数的变化趋势,保持稳定不再衰减的渣土黏聚力为９．５ｋＰａ,内摩擦角为１９°;综合降雨入渗的干湿循环以及双强度折减法得到的渣土边坡的稳定性系数较仅采用传统强度折减法得到的稳定性系数有大幅度的降低,最 大 减 小 了４４．５％。该方法可以用于准确评价降雨作用下边坡稳定性。      

公路弃土场边坡的稳定影响因素敏感性分析

以日照市岚山区某弃土场为研究对象,通过对现场调研并采样开展直剪试验,在压实度分别为90%、92%和95%的情况下取得不同的黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ值,通过MIDAS GTS NX进行数据模拟,选取MohrCoulomb模型,采用有限元强度折减法(SRM)算出边坡的等效应变塑性区及安全系数,以此分析边坡稳定性。利用数值模拟的结果,分别绘制坡高、坡比与安全系数的关系图,归类分析不同坡高和坡度对边坡稳定性系数的变化规律。通过边坡稳定影响因素的敏感性分析,分析影响边坡稳定性各因素与边坡安全系数之间的相关性,即分析各因素的变化对于边坡安全系数的影响程度。     

基于有限元强度折减系数法岩土边坡稳定性分析与抗滑桩设计

基于有限元强度折减系数法原理,应用具有折减分析功能的ANSYS软件,以暴雨工况为最不利控制工况,采用平面应变条件下Drucker-Prage关联流动屈服准则(DP4)和边坡失稳破坏综合判据,分别对龙胜县城桑江北区不稳定高切边坡自然状态和削坡及抗滑桩加固状态进行了强度折减数值模拟。确定了这2种状态边坡最危险滑动面位置、形状并给出了极限状态坡体强度储备安全系数,通过所建桩-土共同作用连续介质模型及ANSYS后处理路径分析功能,求得极限状态滑坡设计推力和桩身内力及其分布,且将该法分析结果与传统分析方法作对比,发现误差很小且该法更接近边坡实际情况。综合分析表明,该法在岩土边坡滑坡灾害防治方面是可行且有效的新途径,有其自身的优越性和广阔的发展前景。      

基于内外功率比的非直线坡面型边坡的稳定系数研究

在边坡稳定性上极限分析中, 由于考虑了材料的理想弹塑性本构关系与相关流动法则, 相比极限平衡法更符合岩土材料的特征。在以往的二维边坡极限分析上限法中, 要求坡面形态为规则的直线, 而无论是天然边坡还是人工边坡, 边坡的坡面形态往往并非规则的直线。此外, 以往的边坡极限上限分析中得到的稳定数N_s=c/γH主要针对土坡的临界高度计算, 且未考虑孔压等外力对边坡施加的外功率。不同于传统极限平衡法采用静力学的平衡条件, 本研究针对非直线型坡面边坡稳定性问题, 假定滑动面为对数螺旋线, 基于极限分析上限定理和虚功原理, 提出了一种边坡发生旋转破坏时旋转中心的确定方法, 推导出了非直线型坡面边坡的重力虚功功率和能量平衡方程的解析解, 并提出了基于内、外功率之比的稳定系数K用以评价边坡的稳定性。通过算例比较了不同形态天然边坡的稳定性和人工削坡对边坡稳定性的影响, 并分析了边坡的坡度(β)、土体的内摩擦角(φ)、黏聚力(c)以及孔压系数(r_u)对稳定系数K的影响规律。对于坡度较大的边坡, 通过削坡改变坡面形态提高了边坡的稳定系数K。稳定系数K随黏聚力的增加而非线性增大, 随孔压系数的增加而降低。当黏聚力相对于孔压系数对边坡稳定性影响更大时, 稳定系数K随内摩擦角的增加而增大; 反之, 稳定系数K则随内摩擦角的增加而减小。以上结果符合对边坡稳定性分析的普遍认知, 验证了模型的合理性。另外, 通过将该方法与传统的Bishop法的计算结果进行对比, 发现安全系数F_s=1与稳定系数K=0的临界状态物理意义相同, 稳定系数K随黏聚力非线性增加, 更符合边坡的渐进破坏过程。      

基于降雨强度-历时评价边坡稳定性——以安徽省3个边坡为例

为了探究降雨条件对边坡稳定性的影响,确定降雨阈值曲线,利用FLAC^2D 7.0数值模拟软件对安徽省3个小型边坡进行饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析,获取了边坡安全系数随降雨强度和历时的变化趋势。边坡监测位置处孔隙水压力与饱和度的变化结果显示：降雨对边坡的影响是有限的,降雨历时越长,极限降雨强度越小并趋于稳定,边坡趋于饱和,此时安全系数达到最小值,后续降雨对边坡安全系数影响很小;为确保安全,假设临界安全系数为1.15,对应降雨强度为临界降雨强度,降雨历时越长,临界降雨强度越小并趋于稳定,3个边坡临界降雨强度趋于稳定时分别为13、12和16 mm·d^-1,对应的降雨历时分别为5、9和12 d,表明前期降雨对边坡稳定性影响很大。利用这3个边坡的临界降雨强度数据进行降雨阈值曲线拟合,并以435组安徽省2008～2022年历史灾害降雨数据验证该降雨阈值曲线。结果表明：95%以上的灾害数据点可以被该降雨阈值曲线预测。     

一种考虑波动效应的拟动力地震边坡稳定性分析方法

考虑地震波在坡体内的传播特征,基于拟动力法,结合传统静力边坡稳定性分析极限平衡法(瑞典条分法),推导了边坡地震力公式和地震边坡稳定性安全系数公式。在此基础上,借助MATLAB软件开发了最危险滑面搜索和安全系数求解程序,实现了一种考虑波动效应的拟动力地震边坡稳定性分析方法。通过探讨地震动特性对地震边坡稳定性的影响,得到了地震边坡稳定性安全系数随地震动参数的变化规律。对于既定边坡,其安全系数随地震波初始相位呈现周期性波动变化,存在最小安全系数;并且此安全系数随地震系数和地震波波长与边坡坡高比的增大而减小。此外,从波动理论角度揭示了拟动力法与拟静力法的区别与联系,给出了两类方法的适用范围:当地震波波长与边坡坡高比大于10时,两类方法所得结果基本一致,均适用;而当地震波波长与边坡坡高比小于10时,拟静力法所得结果较拟动力法相对保守,仅拟动力法适用。     

用有限元强度折减法评价节理岩质边坡稳定性

以某边坡为例,论述了在ABAQUS软件中实现节理岩质边坡稳定性评价的建模过程。采用具有一定厚度的、低强度实体单元模拟节理组,按连续介质处理,节理组与岩块之间创建相互接触作用,通过不断折减结构面强度参数,以模拟达到失稳状态。通过分析坡顶典型质点场变量与X方向的位移关系,以数值计算不收敛作为边坡失稳评价标准的稳定性安全系数为1.41,以坡顶质点出现明显位移作为失稳标准的稳定性安全系数为1.32,两种判断标准均表明边坡目前处于稳定状态。通过积分等效塑性应变区演化图,模拟得到了强度折减状态下边坡失稳时的潜在滑动面,滑动面直观可视且物理意义明确,无需像极限平衡法一样要事先假定滑动面的位置和形状。     

基于有限元强度折减法的边坡失稳判据统一性研究

采用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定性分析时,常用的计算收敛性、塑性区贯通性和特征点位移突变性等3种失稳判据未能体现出很好的统一性。采用Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,针对3个典型边坡(坡角α、坡高H),系统分析了不同单元相对尺寸L/H、剪胀角ψ时各种失稳判据的适用性和统一性。结果表明,3种判据下的边坡安全系数均随单元相对尺寸的减小逐渐逼近Spencer解,但依据计算收敛性得到的边坡安全系数偏差普遍较大;单元相对尺寸较大(L/H≥1/30)时,剪胀角取值对计算的收敛性影响显著,而对塑性区贯通和特征点位移突变时机的影响较小。当单元相对尺寸足够小(L/H=1/60)和ψ=0或φ(内摩擦角)时,3种判据具有良好的统一性;边坡破坏过程出现明显的组合破坏特征,受拉破坏区域和塑性区可以构成较为平滑的潜在滑动面,说明采用单一的压剪屈服破坏准则(如M-C屈服准则)将过高估计边坡的安全系数。     

近似圆形矿坑边坡稳定性轴对称简化计算方法

为响应国家“绿水青山就是金山银山”的发展理念,对废弃矿坑的开发再利用成为热点,而采用合理的稳定性评价方法对废弃矿坑边坡加固设计是后续工作的关键。但这类矿坑边坡通常形状近似圆形或椭圆形,三维空间效应不容忽略,基于传统平面应变假设的简化方法对其进行稳定性分析似乎不太合理。在FLAC3D强度折减法的基础上,提出了一种针对近似圆形矿坑边坡稳定性分析的轴对称模型简化计算方法。基于计算结果的对比分析表明：(1)对于这种类似圆形凹坡,轴对称模型计算的安全系数比传统平面应变模型更准确,减少了计算时间,并且轴对称模型对于各种复杂程度不同的边坡类型同样适用;(2)轴对称模型计算的安全系数与三维模型计算的安全系数非常接近,而传统平面应变模型计算的安全系数偏于保守;(3)将轴对称模型计算结果与现有研究对比,表明两者结果相符,并将其进一步应用于长沙冰雪世界项目矿坑边坡加固工程的稳定性分析中,证明其可为类似工程的边坡稳定性评价提供参考。     

基于有限元修正节理岩质边坡稳定性计算的解析解

采用有限元方法探讨在人工开挖或自然侵蚀环境下,岩质边坡体内应力场的变化及节理发育形成机理,并采用有限元强度折减法对后缘具有张节理边坡的稳定性影响因素进行敏感性对比分析,进而得出具有非贯通节理边坡稳定性计算的修正解析解.结果表明:卸荷及风化作用导致边坡体由表及里出现应力重分布及应力集中的现象,使边坡后缘由顶部向下发育一簇...     

Limit equilibrium method (LEM) of slope stability and calculation of comprehensive factor of safety with double strength-reduction technique

When the slope is in critical limit equilibrium(LE) state, the strength parameters have different contribution to each other on maintaining slope stability. That is to say that the strength parameters are not simultaneously reduced. Hence, the LE stress method is established to analyze the slope stability by employing the double strengthreduction(DSR) technique in this work. For calculation model of slope stability under the DSR technique, the general nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb(M–C) criterion is used to describe the shear failure of slope. Meanwhile, the average and polar diameter methods via the DSR technique are both adopted to calculate the comprehensive factor of safety(FOS) of slope. To extend the application of the polar diameter method, the original method is improved in the proposed method. After comparison and analysis on some slope examples, the proposed method's feasibility is verified. Thereafter, the stability charts of slope suitable for engineering application are drawn. Moreover, the studies show that:(1) the average method yields similar results as that of the polardiameter method;(2) compared with the traditional uniform strength-reduction(USR) technique, the slope stability obtained using the DSR techniquetends to be more unsafe; and(3) for a slope in the critical LE state, the strength parameter φ, i.e., internal friction angle, has greater contribution on the slope stability than the strength parameters c, i.e., cohesion.     

A method combining numerical analysis and limit equilibrium theory to determine potential slip surfaces in soil slopes

This paper describes a precise method combining numerical analysis and limit equilibrium theory to determine potential slip surfaces in soil slopes. In this method, the direction of the critical slip surface at any point in a slope is determined using the Coulomb’s strength principle and the extremum principle based on the ratio of the shear strength to the shear stress at that point. The ratio, which is considered as an analysis index, can be computed once the stress field of the soil slope is obtained. The critical slip direction at any point in the slope must be the tangential direction of a potential slip surface passing through the point. Therefore, starting from a point on the top of the slope surface or on the horizontal segment outside the slope toe, the increment with a small distance into the slope is used to choose another point and the corresponding slip direction at the point is computed. Connecting all the points used in the computation forms a potential slip surface exiting at the starting point. Then the factor of safety for any potential slip surface can be computed using limit equilibrium method like Spencer method. After factors of safety for all the potential slip surfaces are obtained, the minimum one is the factor of safety for the slope and the corresponding potential slip surface is the critical slip surface of the slope. The proposed method does not need to pre-assume the shape of potential slip surfaces. Thus it is suitable for any shape of slip surfaces. Moreover the method is very simple to be applied. Examples are presented in this paper to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method programmed in ANSYS software by macro commands.     

基于一阶线性应变软化理论的边坡稳定性研究

在持续降雨或开挖卸荷作用下, 土体的强度指标会发生劣化, 但现今采用的边坡稳定性计算大多直接将其视为一个常数。为接近真实的边坡失稳破坏模式, 基于瑞典条分法以及一阶线性应变软化机制, 提出了一种边坡渐进破坏分析新方法, 推导出应变软化型边坡极限平衡表达式, 并获得了各破坏进度下边坡的安全系数。通过对模拟算例进行分析, 证明了条分-软化法的可靠性, 且计算结果表明渐进破坏过程中安全系数不仅取决于边坡的破坏方式与强度参数, 还与岩土体的软化模量密切相关。同时, 通过与滑坡实际案例的对比验算, 证实其强度指标存在不同的衰减系数, 即黏聚力的衰减系数大于摩擦角。从理论到应用, 最终获得的条分-软化法, 不仅考虑了岩土体的强度劣化效应以及滑动面的渐进发展, 还能有效地服务于实际工程背景下边坡的稳定性分析, 可以为滑坡的预防与治理提供指导建议。      

Inversion analysis of the shear strength parameters for a high loess slope in the limit state

It is difficult to obtain reliable shear strength parameters for the stability analysis and evaluation of high loess slopes.Hence,this paper determines slope elements and physical parameter of 79 slopes with heights of[40,120]m based on the measured loess slopes in the Ganquan and Tonghuang subregions of northern Shaanxi Province,China.In the limit state of the loess slope(stability factor Fs is 1.0),a fitting equation for the slope height and width is established.Then,the model is developed by stability analysis software-SLOPE/W,and the comprehensive shear strength parameters corresponding to different slope heights of the high slope in the study area are obtained by inversion using the Morgenstern-Price method.The results show that when the height of the slope increases,the cohesion c increases in the soil,and the internal friction angle j decreases.This change is consistent with the characteristics reflected in the composition and physical properties of the slopes,and the comprehensive strength parametric curves are very similar between the Ganquan subregion and the Tonghuang subregion.A landslide that occurred in Miaodian-zaitou of Jingyang County,Shaanxi Province,is selected to verify this inversion method,and the results show that the calculated shear strength parameters of the inversion are consistent with the measured value of the actual slope.     

A generalized limit equilibrium method for the solution of active earth pressure on a retaining wall

In this paper, a generalized limit equilibrium method of solving the active earth pressure problem behind a retaining wall is proposed. Differing from other limit equilibrium methods, an arbitrary slip surface shape without any assumptions of pre-defined shapes is needed in the current framework, which is verified to find the most probable failure slip surface. Based on the current computational framework, numerical comparisons with experiment, discrete element method and other methods are carried out. In addition, the influences of the inclination of the wall, the soil cohesion, the angle of the internal friction of the soil, the slope inclination of the backfill soil on the critical pressure coefficient of the soil, the point of application of the resultant earth pressure and the shape of the slip surface are also carefully investigated. The results demonstrate that limit equilibrium solution from predefined slip plane assumption, including Coulomb solution, is a special case of current computational framework. It is well illustrated that the current method is feasible to evaluate the characteristics of earth pressure problem.     

Stability characteristics of shallow landslide triggered by rainfall

Rainfall induced shallow landslides are known to be extremely dangerous since the sliding mass can propagate quickly and travel far from the source. Although the sliding mechanism in sloping ground is simple to understand, the problem may be complicated by unsaturated transient water flow. The flow behavior of rainwater in unsaturated sloping ground and the consequent factor of safety must be clearly understood to assess slope stability under rainfall conditions. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to examine the critical hydrological states so that assessment of slope stability under rainfall condition can be performed. Based on the test results, a unique relationship between critical hydrological states, rainfall intensity, and soil properties was formulated. Sequential stability analysis provided insights into the stability of slopes subjected to variations in soil properties, slope angles and rainfall intensities, and the consequent variation in the depth of the failure plane, vital in landslide risk assessment, was determined through this analysis.The variation of rainfall intensity was found to strongly affect the depth of the failure plane in cohesionless sloping ground. Furthermore, the influence of rainfall intensity on the depth of the failure plane may be alleviated by a small magnitude of cohesive strength. The results of this study will reinforce knowledge of landslide behavior and help to improve mitigation measures in susceptible areas.     

Reasonable selection of yield criteria for quantitative analysis of unsaturated soil slope stability

The yield criterion parameters of the soil material change with different values of the cohesion and the angle of friction because of sustained rainfall infiltration. Based on the Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) and Drucker-Prager(D-P) yield criteria, some reasonable yield criteria selections were discussed for quantitative analysis of unsaturated soil slope stability. Moreover, a critical point was found at the effective angle of friction equaling to 16.5° by transformation of parameters related to unsaturated soil under sustained rainfall. When the effective angle of friction more than 16.5° through parameter transformation of different yield criteria under natural condition, the calculation result of the safety factor was such that: f(DP1) f(M-C) f(equivalent M-C) f(DP2) f(DP3). While the effective angle of friction less than 16.5°, through parameter transformation, the safety factors were in the following order: f(DP1) f(M-C) f(DP2) f(equivalent M-C) f(DP3). The calculated results from a case study showed that the equivalent M-C yield criterion should be the best at evaluating soil slope stability before rainfall; the DP2 yield criterion should be selected to calculate the soil slope stability at the effective angle of friction less than 16.5° under sustained rainfall. The yield criterion should be selected or adjusted reasonably to calculate the safety factor of unsaturated soil slopes before and during sustained rainfall.     

Progressive modelling of the gravity-induced landslide using the local dynamic strength reduction method

The failure of slope is a progressive process, and the whole sliding surface is caused by the gradual softening of soil strength of the potential sliding surface. From this viewpoint, a local dynamic strength reduction method is proposed to capture the progressive failure of slope. This method can calculate the warning deformation of landslide in this study. Only strength parameters of the yielded zone of landslide will be reduced by using the method. Through continuous local reduction of the strength parameters of the yielded zone, the potential sliding surface developed gradually and evolved to breakthrough finally. The result shows that the proposed method can simulate the progressive failure of slope truly. The yielded zone and deformation of landslide obtained by the method are smaller than those of overall strength reduction method. The warning deformation of landslide can be obtained by using the local dynamic strength reduction method which is based on the softening characteristics of the sliding surface.     

Study on the rainfall and aftershock threshold for debris flow of post-earthquake

Due to the special condition of provenance and disaster environment after "5·12" Earthquake, the probability and conditions of the occurrence of gully debris flow change greatly after the event, which make it difficult to prevent disaster effectively. In this study the hydrological model of ground water table in loose sediment is established. According to infinite slope theory, the safety factor of deposits is defined as the ratio of resistance force to driving force. The starting condition of post-earthquake gully debris flow is clearly studied by analyzing the effects of rainfall intensity, seismic strength, slope gradient and mechanical properties on the balance of accumulation body. Then the formulas of rainfall and aftershock threshold for starting of gully debris flow are proposed, and an example is given to illustrate the effect of rainfall, aftershocks and their coupling action on a debris flow. The result shows the critical rainfall intensity decreases as the lateral seismic acceleration and channel gradient increases, while the critical intensity linearly increases as the friction angle increases.