陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡滑带土残余剪切强度特性

为探求陕西泾阳南塬高速远程黄土滑坡的复活机理,从大型黄土滑坡滑带采集原状黄土试样、古土壤试样(原状土),部分制备重塑试样(重塑土),进行不同体积含水率下的反复剪切试验,从而获得滑带土残余剪切强度指标与体积含水率、黏粒含量之间的关系.结果表明:原状土和重塑土的剪应力-位移曲线均为硬化型;在不同的垂直压力下,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度差值变化较大;当剪切强度达到峰值强度以后,随着剪切位移的继续增大,原状土和重塑土的残余剪切强度都有一定程度的损失,这种损失因垂直压力的不同而不同;对同类土,通过反复剪切试验获得的内聚力和内摩擦角随体积含水率的增加而降低;相关性分析表明,该区滑带土的黏粒含量较低,对残余剪切强度的内摩擦角影响很小,尤其是当天然体积含水率较低时,体积含水率的变化对残余剪切强度的影响远远大于黏粒含量的影响.     

呷爬滑坡滑带土蠕变特性及其稳定性

水库滑坡变形破坏受其岩土体蠕变特性及环境因素的影响。当滑坡进入加速变形阶段后,变形骤然增大,失稳概率增加。为了研究滑坡岩土体蠕变特性及其稳定性,选取锦屏一级水电站呷爬滑坡为研究对象,采用坡表位移监测曲线分析与室内三轴蠕变试验相结合的方法,建立了Burgers蠕变模型结合FLAC3D软件进行了滑坡稳定性研究。分析坡表位移-时间曲线发现,坡体变形特征与一般滑坡土体的蠕变特征具有相似性,滑带土室内三轴蠕变试验结果表明,滑带土变形可划分为瞬时蠕变、减速蠕变与稳定蠕变3个阶段,同时其瞬时变形量、稳定蠕变速率均随围压以及应力水平的增大而增大。基于滑带土蠕变特性的Burgers蠕变模型的计算结果,对比了常规强度折减法与考虑蠕变的强度折减法的滑坡稳定性系数,计算结果表明呷爬滑坡目前处于稳定状态,在一个计算周期内考虑蠕变的强度折减法较常规强度折减法的稳定性系数下降了0.04,因此,揭示滑坡土体蠕变特性并在此基础上研究其稳定性具有实际意义。      

长期静水浸泡对三峡库区滑带土物理-化学-力学性质的影响

三峡水库蓄水使得库岸大量土体长期处于浸泡状态,导致土体软化从而诱发滑坡失稳。为研究长期浸泡对滑坡土体物理-化学-力学性质的影响,以马家沟滑坡原状滑带土为对象开展了浸泡软化试验,通过比较不同浸泡时间滑带土的粒度分布、界限含水率、化学与矿物成分、剪切特性等特征,探讨了滑带土浸泡软化机理。研究结果表明:浸泡过程中滑带土中Ca2+、Mg2+等离子流失较多,但矿物成分无变化;浸泡后滑带土出现阶段性粒度细化现象,液塑限和塑性指数均随黏粒含量增加而增大;随着浸泡时间增加,滑带土应力应变关系在低法向应力下由强软化型变为弱软化型,在高法向应力下由软化型变为硬化型;滑带土抗剪强度参数随着浸泡时间增加呈指数形式降低,黏聚力c降低程度大于内摩擦角φ。研究成果可以为水库滑坡稳定性评价提供理论依据。      

干湿循环对滑带土基质吸力与抗剪强度的影响

滑带作为滑坡结构中的软弱带,是控制滑坡稳定的关键部位。研究干湿循环过程中滑带土非饱和力学特性的变化,对理解库水位周期性波动下滑带土抗剪强度变化以及由此导致的滑坡变形乃至失稳过程具有重要意义。以三峡库区某堆积层滑坡滑带土为研究对象,通过进行0～5次干湿循环过程模拟,对滑带土重塑样进行直剪试验和核磁共振试验,结合滤纸接触法测定剪切完成后试样的基质吸力,重点分析干湿循环过程中非饱和滑带土孔隙结构、基质吸力、土-水特征曲线及抗剪强度的变化特征,并基于试验结果建立了干湿循环下非饱和抗剪强度的预测模型。结果表明：干湿循环在土-水体系的物理化学效应作用下使土中颗粒间的联结不断遭受损伤、破坏,引起试样内部小孔隙不断发育、扩展并向大孔隙演变,土体孔隙数量增多,整体孔隙率增大;随着干湿循环次数的增加,土体进气值与残余含水量逐渐减小,水分更易渗入与溢出土体孔隙,土体持水能力逐渐下降;干湿循环作用下,滑带土抗剪强度的劣化特性十分明显,黏聚力和内摩擦角均随着干湿循环次数增加而逐渐减小,且干湿循环对土体黏聚力的削弱程度大于对内摩擦角。基于直剪试验联合滤纸接触法测定基质吸力,提出了滑带土非饱和抗剪强度预测方法,为干...     

黄土-三趾马红土滑坡滑带土剪切力学特性影响因素

中国西北地区黄土广泛沉积于三趾马红土之上形成"双层异质"接触层面,控制和影响黄土滑坡的形成.为研究黄土-三趾马红土界面剪切力学特性,研制可视化界面直剪仪,开展界面试样剪切试验,探讨齿面角度、含水率、干密度对其剪切破坏模式、强度与变形特性影响规律.结果表明:试样均沿界面产生剪切破坏,试样剪切破坏模式可分为齿间滑动、齿间滑...     

融雪条件下新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度

为研究融雪作用下黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度,以新疆伊犁谷地某黄土-卵砾石接触面滑坡为例,通过自制模具,制作黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试样,开展不同含水率黄土-卵砾石接触面环剪试验,并通过扫描电镜（SEM）,从微观结构角度探究水对黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度的影响。试验结果表明:黄土-卵砾石接触面抗剪强度随着含水率的增加而减小,剪切过程中存在应变软化现象,随着正应力及含水量的增加,应变软化现象越不明显;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,且存在较好的线性关系,符合摩尔库伦强度准则;黄土-卵砾石接触面残余强度参数随着含水率的增加而降低,以含水率w=18%为界（塑限含水率19.1%附近）,当含水率为10%~18%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较小（Δφ_r=5.4°）,当含水率为18%~26%时,残余内摩擦角φ_r变化较大（Δφ_r=9.0°）;微观结构方面,随着含水率的增加,黄土-卵砾石接触面形成软化"泥膜",部分填充了卵砾石凹凸部分,剪切面较为光滑,在剪切过程中,黏粒更加分散,附着在黄土颗粒表面,部分填充孔隙,起润滑作用,降低了残余强度。本文的研究成果可以为新疆伊犁谷地黄土-卵砾石接触面型滑坡形成机理研究及工程防治提供科学参考。      

滑坡滑动面抗剪强度指标的敏感性分析

以三峡库区左岸归州老城滑坡为例,利用Janbu条分法和推力传递法,分析了天然抗剪强度指标c0、φ0值和饱和csat、φsat值与滑坡推力和治理造价的关系。通过综合研究和比较,发现φ值对稳定系数、剩余下滑力的影响要明显高于c值,φ值成为治理设计中保证治理安全和控制造价的关键因素。因此,在滑坡稳定性分析和治理设计中,选取合理的φ值具有重要意义。     

浸泡作用下碎石土剪切强度衰减规律及机理

水库蓄水后,滑坡体碎石土经受长时期的浸泡,力学性质发生改变,从而影响滑坡整体稳定性。为探究浸泡对碎石土力学性质的影响规律,选取三峡库区马家沟滑坡后缘未经受长期浸泡作用的碎石土进行大型直剪试验,分析了不同浸泡天数下碎石土的剪切力学性质。试验结果表明：浸泡40 d后,碎石土黏聚力下降幅度达39%,内摩擦角下降幅度为8.3%;碎石土黏聚力在浸泡前期快速下降,下降速率随浸泡天数增加而降低,浸泡20 d后,黏聚力基本达到稳定。为探究碎石土抗剪强度降低的原因和机理,对粉质黏土(碎石土细粒成分)进行了三轴剪切试验、激光粒度分析及浸出液阳离子分析等试验,揭示了碎石土抗剪强度的衰减机理为：浸泡作用下,碎石土中的粉质黏土发生矿物溶解、离子交换与吸附作用,土体中大颗粒细化,胶结作用减弱,进而导致碎石土整体抗剪强度降低。研究结果对库区碎石土滑坡评价与治理具有一定的指导意义。     

邵阳地区不同压实度的膨胀土抗剪强度特性研究

膨胀土路基的稳定性与其抗剪强度密切相关,通过直剪试验研究不同压实度膨胀土抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明,膨胀土粘聚力和内摩擦角均随压实度的增加而增加,近似线性变化。正应力和压实度与抗剪强度成正相关。对于相同的压实度,在正应力较小时表现为应变软化,正应力较大时表现为应变硬化。在确定抗剪强度设计值时,建议对于软化型曲线,其抗剪强度可取残余强度作为设计强度;对于硬化型曲线,可取曲线曲率明显变化点或剪切位移为1.0~1.5 mm对应的剪应力作为膨胀土抗剪强度设计值。     

基于室内大型剪切试验及工程地质类比法的弃渣场抗剪强度参数综合取值与稳定性研究

目前工程实践中弃渣场抗剪强度参数主要采用工程地质类比法进行取值, 参数误差较大, 有必要采用多种方法对弃渣场抗剪强度参数进行综合取值研究。以某公路弃渣场为工程实例, 通过室内颗分试验确定弃渣场弃渣的颗粒级配, 在此基础上采用室内大型剪切试验及工程地质类比法综合确定该弃渣的抗剪强度参数, 并以此参数计算弃渣体的稳定性。计算结果表明, 弃渣体在天然工况条件下稳定性系数为1.369, 在暴雨工况条件下稳定性系数为1.083, 弃渣场在计算工况条件下处于基本稳定-稳定状态, 与现场巡查及监测结果基本一致。说明该弃渣抗剪强度参数取值比较合理准确, 可为公路弃渣场参数取值提供参考。      

三峡库区麻柳林滑坡变形特征及演化模拟

在库水位波动和降雨作用的共同影响下，库岸滑坡的变形规律往往更为复杂。以三峡库区麻柳林滑坡为例，基于野外调查、钻探编录、深部位移监测以及数值模拟等手段，分析了库水位波动和降雨作用下滑坡变形特征及演化规律。结果表明:麻柳林滑坡在粉质黏土层和块石层交界处发育一个次级滑带，目前该滑坡主要沿次级滑带运动，导致次级滑动的原因与坡体物质的差异性有关；S_i(S_f)指标分析法揭示滑坡的滑带还未完全破坏，滑坡仍处于蠕变状态；根据三峡水库水位调度规律，将一个完整水文年划分为6个阶段，数值模拟结果表明滑坡在库水位缓慢下降阶段变形速率较小、在快速下降阶段和低水位阶段变形速率持续增大、在快速上升阶段和缓慢上升阶段以及高水位阶段变形速率则保持平稳。其中，降雨的直接影响和降雨导致库水位波动进而对滑坡变形造成的间接影响，使得麻柳林滑坡在低水位阶段的变形显著增加、稳定性最差，应加强该时段内滑坡的监测和预警。      

Displacement characteristics and prediction of Baishuihe landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir

In order to reach the designated final water level of 175 m, there were three impoundment stages in the Three Gorges Reservoir, with water levels of 135 m, 156 m and 175 m. Baishuihe landslide in the Reservoir was chosen to analyze its displacement characteristics and displacement variability at the different stages. Based on monitoring data, the landslide displacement was mainly influenced by rainfall and drawdown of the reservoir water level. However, the magnitude of the rise and drawdown of the water level after the reservoir water level reached 175 m did not accelerate landslide displacement. The prediction of landslide displacement for active landslides is very important for landslide risk management. The time series of cumulative displacement was divided into a trend term and a periodic term using the Hodrick-Prescott(HP) filter method. The polynomial model was used to predict the trend term. The extreme learning machine(ELM) and least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM) were chosen to predict theperiodic term. In the prediction model for the periodic term, input variables based on the effects of rainfall and reservoir water level in landslide displacement were selected using grey relational analysis. Based on the results, the prediction precision of ELM is better than that of LS-SVM for predicting landslide displacement. The method for predicting landslide displacement could be applied by relevant authorities in making landslide emergency plans in the future.     

Deformation characteristics and thresholds of the Tanjiawan landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

Since the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) in China in 2003, more than 5000 landslides including potential landslides were identified. In this paper, a deep-seated active landslide in TGR area was analyzed. Fourteen years’ monitoring data and field investigations from 2006 to 2020 were used to analyze the deformation characteristics, influencing factors, and meteohydrological thresholds. The landslide showed a none-overall periodic movement pattern featuring acceleration duri...     

基于滑带完整性指标的三峡库区堆积层滑坡失稳破坏判据

滑坡稳定性评价是滑坡防治中关键问题之一,滑坡失稳破坏判据研究可为滑坡稳定性评价提供支持。为了提高滑坡稳定性评价的精度,以滑坡深部位移监测数据为基础的滑坡失稳破坏判据不失为一种有效方法。基于滑坡深部位移监测数据,引入滑带完整性指标,推导得到了滑带完整性指标与滑坡抗剪强度参数之间呈正比例关系;运用滑坡稳定性计算方法和三峡库区堆积层滑坡简化模型,获得了滑带完整性指标与滑坡的稳定性系数之间呈正比例关系。建立了考虑滑带完整性指标的三峡库区堆积层滑坡失稳破坏判据,即：当滑坡滑带土完整性指标大于滑坡滑带土完整性指标的临界值时,滑坡处于稳定状态;当滑坡滑带土完整性指标小于滑坡滑带土完整性指标的临界值时,滑坡发生失稳破坏。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡——五尺坝滑坡为例,通过实例分析发现该判据具备可靠性,对堆积层滑坡适用性好。研究成果表明,滑带完整性指标失稳破坏判据可以用于评价滑坡的稳定状态,为滑坡失稳破坏判据研究提供了一种新思路。     

Comparison of the rise of water level in the typical catchments,Three Gorges Reservoir area

Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments (catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with different areas to provide useful information to inform data extension from a gauged-catchment to an ungauged catchment. The results showed that there are seasonal changes in the dominant driving mode of the rise of the water level. The rise of the water level in March is likely mainly driven by the mode of stored-full runoff, and in September or October, it is mainly driven by Horton-flow. The correlation coefficients of all indexes were significant among the three catchments, suggesting that these catchments have similarities and that water level data extension is likely to be completed successfully between the large catchment (III-Catchment) and the small catchment (I-Catchment). It was confirmed that there is good similarity between the 0.6 km2 and 6 km2 catchments, and the data correlation is good between the catchments with the area differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In addition, the rise processes of the water level in the catchments were not only different under the same rain conditions, but this difference could also change with the rain condition.     

Non-point-source nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from a small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Non-point-source pollution has become a major threat to the water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR);however,nutrient loadings from terrestrial sources are unclear due to a lack of in situ monitoring.A representative small watershed in the central part of the TGR area was selected to monitor the loss of nitrogen(N) and phosphorous(P) continuously along with the runoff from 2007 through 2009 to understand the exact sources and loadings.Results show that the non-point-source nitrogen and phosphorus comes mainly from the storm runoff from residential areas,citrus orchards and sloping croplands,which contributes up to 76% of the loadings in this watershed.Thus,a crucial measure for controlling non-point-source pollution is to intercept storm runoff from the three sources.Paddy fields provide a sink for non-point-source N and P by intercepting the runoff and sediment along with their different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus.The N and P removal efficiency by paddy fields from residential areas is within the range of 56% to 98%.Paddy fields are an important land-use option for reducing the non-point-source loading of N and P in the TGR area.     

Fractal characterization of sediment particle-size distribution in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The combined effect of periodic water impoundment and seasonal natural flood events has created a 30 m high water-level fluctuation zone(WLFZ) around the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), China, forming a unique eco-landscape. Siltation, eutrophication, enrichment of heavy metals, and methane emissions in the WLFZ have been widely associated with sediment and soil particles generated from the upstream catchment or upland slopes. However, little attention has been paid to the complexity of sediment particle-size distributions in the WLFZ. In the present study, core samples(from a 345 cm thick sediment core from the base of the WLFZ), slope transect surface samples(across/up a WLFZ slope), and along-river/longitudinal surface samples(from the reservoir reaches) were collected. Laser granulometry and a volume-based fractal model were used to reveal the characteristics of sediment particle-size distributions. Results indicate that the alternation of coarse and fine particles in the sedimentary core profile is represented as a fluctuation of low and high values of fractal dimension(D), ranging from 2.59 to 2.77. On the WLFZ slope transect, surface sediment particles coarsen with increasing elevation, sand content increases from 3.3% to 78.5%, and D decreases from 2.76 to 2.53. Longitudinally, surface sediments demonstrate a downstream-fining trend, and D increases gradually downstream. D is significantly positively correlated with the fine particle content. We conclude that D is a useful measure for evaluating sediment particle-size distribution.     

Soil nutrients in relation to vertical roots distribution in the riparian zone of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the riparian zone has been subjected to numerous environmental changes. This study was conducted to recognize the distribution of grass roots and its impacts on soil nutrients in the water level fluctuation zone of TGR. Roots of four predominant herbaceous plants in the study area, specifically, Cynodon dactylon, Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, and Paspalum paspaloides, and their corresponding relation with soil nutrient contents were investigated. Root surface area density was determined with WinRHIZO, and the relationships of root distribution with soil depths and soil nutrient contents were studied. The results indicates that most roots are distributed in the top soil layer of 0–10 cm. Estimated root surface area density for the selected grass species ranges from 0.16 to 13.44 cm2/cm3, and decreases exponentially with an increase in soil depth. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents are significantly lower on bare control area than the corresponding values on the grasslands. Total nutrient contents on grasslands of C. dactylon and H. compressa are higher than those of other grass areas. Root length density and root surface area density are significantly correlated with soil organic matter and total nitrogen content for the four grasslands. The present results suggests that plant roots have significant effects on the distribution of soil nutrients in soil profiles in the riparian zone along the TGR. Nevertheless, additional investigations are needed to reveal the specific interactions between plant roots distribution, soil nutrients and water level fluctuations.     

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