光释光测年技术在海洋沉积物研究中的应用现状与展望

海岸带地区沉积环境复杂,长期以来都较难获取其沉积物的准确年龄信息。而光释光测年技术独有的揭示砂粒级矿物
末次曝光年龄的特点,正好适用于复杂的海岸带沉积环境,并且不受限于宇宙成因核素年代学分析方法中核素污染等干扰因素的
影响。在回顾光释光测年技术发展历史的基础上,综述了该技术在澳大利亚、非洲、美洲、欧洲、亚洲以及中东和地中海等海岸地
区的海洋沉积物测年研究中的应用现状,分析了它目前所存在的主要问题和发展前景。随着近些年海岸演化及其与全球气候变
化关系等方面的研究日益受到学术界的关注,相信光释光测年技术在海平面变化、全球气候变化及区域海洋地质演化等研究领域
具有广阔的发展前景。      

内蒙古中部必鲁图晚更新世晚期环境演变的沉积记录

以内蒙古中部必鲁图厚度250cm的浅井湖泊剖面为研究对象,根据取得的6个光释光法测年数据,建立晚更新世晚期56.8ka以来的年代序列,对湖泊沉积特征、粒度组成、Rb与Sr含量(质量分数)之比、氧化物含量及其比值等地球化学特征进行分析,并通过综合研究各指标的气候环境指示意义,重建该地区晚更新世晚期以来的气候环境演变过程。结果表明:该地区晚更新世晚期以来气候环境变化可以分为5个阶段。第1阶段,56.8～49.5ka,沉积物有机质较丰富,化学风化作用较强,以温干偏湿气候为主;第2阶段,49.5～41.3ka,化学风化较弱,水热条件较差,气候冷干偏湿;第3阶段,41.3～20.8ka,气候转为暖湿,化学风化作用最强,为升温高降水期,末次冰期间冰段,间有小的冷湿、温干波动;第4阶段,20.8～8.2ka,各项地球化学指标均发生突变,砂楔发育,气候恶化,持续干冷,期间存在末次冰期最盛期;第5阶段,8.2～0ka,气候以温干为主,晚期气候向凉干转变趋势明显。     

两郧断裂郧阳盆地段几何特征与活动性研究

通过野外地质调查和光释光测年, 分析了两郧断裂郧阳盆地段的几何结构和第四纪活动性。研究表明,两郧断裂几何结构在盆地边缘和盆地内部存在很大不同,在盆地边缘主要呈左旋逆倾滑特征,发育宽大的破碎带,而在盆地内部呈正倾滑特征,断层错断了中更新统,断距最大为20 cm,甚至影响了上更新统;断层上断点沉积物光释光年龄为134.99±15.52 ka和160.95±16.88 ka,显示其在晚更新世早期有过明显的活动。     

莱州湾南岸XZK2钻孔晚更新世以来的沉积环境探讨

通过钻孔岩性特征、沉积构造及沉积物粒度、磁化率与测井曲线对莱州湾南岸XZK2钻孔上部晚更新世以来的松散沉积物进行了沉积相划分,结合14C同位素年龄测定,划分了深海氧同位素阶段,表明该地区沉积物磁化率与砂含量曲线具有明显的正相关关系,结合已有研究,证明该地区晚更新世以来古环境经历了三次冷暖交替,而莱州湾西南海岸所发现的相当于沧州海侵、献县海侵和黄骅海侵的三次海侵事件,钻孔上仅见全新世黄骅海侵,沧州海侵、献县海侵相应层位为滨海沉积。     

大别山东麓河流阶地初步研究

基于遥感解译、野外调查、光释光(OSL)测年和无人机地形测绘,对大别山东麓桐城-太湖段河流阶地发育特征与变形情况进行初步研究。结果表明：1）大别山东麓河流阶地发育较差,各中小型河流普遍发育一级阶地,少数大型河流发育2级阶地;2）大别山东麓河流T1阶地形成时代为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期(约25 ka BP~12 ka BP),T2阶地形成时代为晚更新世中期(约55 ka BP);3）郯庐断裂带大别山东麓段自河流T2阶地形成以来未发生明显活动,该段最新活动时代为中更新世。     

长乐-诏安断裂带东支东山段晚更新世活动的年代学证据及其意义

长乐-诏安断裂带是福建沿海的主要活动断裂之一,沿断裂带曾发生多次破坏性地震,是福建省陆域上的主要发震构造。中国东部地区破坏性地震的发生与晚更新世活动断裂有密切联系,因此研究长乐-诏安断裂带在晚更新世的活动具有重要意义。在对福建省东山县最新发现的长乐-诏安断裂东支东山段剖面的野外详细调查的基础上,通过对断层下盘地层和断层上断点以上地层中钾长石光释光测年,确定了长乐-诏安断裂带东支东山段的具体活动时间在(34.8±8.3)～(48.0±3.5)ka之间,显示该断裂至晚更新世晚期仍有活动,属晚更新世活动断裂;通过震级(M)与地震断层位错量(D)经验关系拟合法估算,该断裂的最大发震能力为6.5～7.0级地震。该晚更新世活动断裂的确定和最大震级估算,为长乐-诏安断裂带的活动性提供了确切年代学证据,为东山县地区城市安全评价提供了依据。     

毛乌素沙地晚第四纪地层特征与沙漠化研究综述

毛乌素沙地保存着晚第四纪以来的多种沉积序列,记录了过去数十万年以来的古气候变化信息。其在地层发育上过渡性明显,以神木、榆林、横山、靖边及定边一线的沙漠-黄土边界带最为典型,主要有风成沉积和河湖相沉积2种类型,其中古风成砂是这2类沉积剖面的典型地层特征。随着地层记录、精确测年技术等现代沉积学方法的进步以及与历史地理、环境考古、遥感技术相结合的综合研究,晚第四纪以来毛乌素沙地的沙漠演变研究精度不断提高,毛乌素沙地进退在不同的时空尺度下与冷暖期的多旋回变化相适应,经历了沙丘固定与活化的多次转变。毛乌素沙地沙漠化研究在指标运用上多直接沿用黄土区的环境代用指标,有必要建立适合沙漠-黄土过渡地区的环境代用指标,且将气候环境物理替代性指标与元素地球化学以及生物学指标相结合。毛乌素沙地内部沉积速率快、受人类活动干扰较小的湖泊沉积物,对于提高沉积物的分辨率、恢复短时间尺度的环境变化过程也具有显著优势。      

三峡地区雾渡河断裂构造特征及最新活动性研究

根据野外调查获得的第一手资料,结合前人有关雾渡河断裂的研究成果,论述了雾渡河断裂的区域地质背景、构造应力场、深部构造特征、地貌水系样式,其中重点解决了雾渡河断裂的运动学特征和断裂活动时代.根据所采断裂上覆第四纪沉积物样品的TL测年数据(76.43±6.49 ka),确定雾渡河断裂晚更新世以来活动不明显.     

乌海盆地内末次冰期砂楔/冰楔铸型的发现及古气候意义

砂楔/冰楔铸型等具有定量古环境意义的冰缘现象在中国北方已有多处报道,但多集中在末次冰期晚冰阶。报道了首次发现于乌海盆地的冰缘现象,从楔体形态特征、填充物粒度特征和光释光测年等方面对其成因和发育年代进行了深入研究。楔体和填充物剖面穿插关系、物质组成和形态特征分析等指示其形成过程大致可分为两个阶段:早期原生砂楔发育与楔壁近平行的充填-挤压构造;晚期冰楔铸型(包括冰楔形成、融化和填充)在砂楔之上进行叠加。冰楔切穿早期砂楔,导致楔壁物质发生强烈挤压变形,结构扰动,楔体表现为弯曲的不规则形态。光释光测年结果显示,原生砂楔发育的年代主要集中在(62.69±6.81)~(66.45±7.08)ka B.P.,即末次冰期早冰阶,对应于MIS4阶段,并可能部分延续至MIS3b阶段;冰楔铸型填充物年代为(5.95±0.61)~(6.62±0.73)ka B.P.,对应于全新世中期。由于冰楔铸型的填充晚于冰楔发育年代,推测冰楔发育年代可能为末次冰期晚冰阶。基于砂楔/冰楔铸型的发育过程及对环境条件的要求,初步估算出砂楔和冰楔发育时期年均气温比现在低12.1℃~13.6℃,砂楔发育时期(即末次冰期早冰阶)年降水量与现在相当。乌海盆地砂楔/冰楔铸型的发现为研究中国北方末次冰期尤其是末次冰期早冰阶纬度多年冻土分布及古气候环境提供了新的依据。     

山西平陆黄河北岸第四纪软沉积物变形构造的古地震成因研究

为研究山西南部平陆地区黄河北岸一级阶地中软沉积物变形构造的触发机制,对观测剖面中发育的碟状构造、液化卷曲构造和球枕构造等3类软沉积物变形构造的特征进行描述,分析其形成机制,通过总结对比软沉积物变形的地震成因,推测剖面中的变形构造为地震成因,并依此建立山西南部平陆地区的地震成因地层沉积序列。光释光测年结果显示,该变形构造形成年龄为1.9±0.2 ka,通过影响烈度的计算并结合山西及邻近省的地震资料发现,2次历史地震可能与该软沉积物变形构造相关。     

南岭及邻区第四纪地层分区与综合地层格架

南岭及邻区的第四纪沉积以冲积物、残积物和洞穴堆积物为主,长期以来缺乏统一的地层格架和时间框架。基于剖面资料和实地调查,将南岭第四纪地层划分为永州-郴州、桂林-贺州、韶关-清远、赣州、道县-阳山等5个地层小区;通过厘定每个小区的岩石地层序列、生物地层和气候地层及其测年成果,建立了综合地层的对比格架。结果表明,南岭第四系与中国更新统泥河湾阶、周口店阶、萨拉乌苏阶和尚未建阶的全新统可一一对比;其生物地层以早更新世巨猿动物群和中更新世晚期以来的马坝人、道县人和柳江人等智人演化为特点;气候地层以洞穴石笋和高山泥炭重建的古气候记录为代表,主要反映东亚季风背景下的南岭局地气候。但由于测年数据较少,冲积层和残积层的对比仍然存在困难;生物演化阶段与气候变化之间也未能详细对比。因此,今后南岭的第四纪地层研究应围绕提高测年精度与建立统一的年代标尺开展,促进综合地层对比的精细化、延伸气候地层的时间尺度并拓展与南海海相地层的对比;这一基础性工作对水文、环境、工程等实践应用亦具有重要意义。      

Spatial distribution and controlling factors of sedimentary bodies in Jiaozhou Bay and Adjacent Sea Areas, Qingdao

The distributions of thickness of unconsolidated Quaternary sedimentary layers in Jiaozhou Bay and Qingdao offshore area were studied by using 1079-km high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and drilling core data, and the factors controlling the Quaternary evolution were discussed. The results show that such thickness distributions resulted from the coactions of geologic structures and marine hydrodynamic conditions since the Holocene. The geologic structures controlled the slope deposit, proluvial and fluvial fillings since the late Pleistocene. Holocene marine hydrodynamics eroded away sediments at the bay mouth, and tides carried these eroded materials to the sides of the bay mouth and released them there, forming channel-ridge-alternating geomorphic features. During transgressive processes, the sea level rose rapidly, and insufficient sediment supply and tidal actions yielded the relict sediments in the east of Qingdao offshore area.     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of young glacial sediments from the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Poor bleaching is a significant problem for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glacial sediments. Five young glacial samples (including two modern analogues) from different depositional settings were collected beyond the Yingpu Glacier in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. De was determined using different OSL methods. The luminescence characteristics and dating results showed that the large aliquot quartz Blue Stimulated Luminescence (BSL) is more applicable than polymineral infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) method. Small aliquot quartz BSL results showed poor luminescence properties due to low luminescence sensitivity of quartz in this area. The dating results also indicated that glaciofluvial samples deposited close to ice margin (~40 m and ~700 m) and supraglacial debris dominated lateral moraine samples are relatively well-bleached, whereas samples from ground moraine and low terminal moraine were poorly bleached, probably due to containing subglacial and englacial debris. The residual doses of glaciofluvial and lateral moraine crest samples were below a few Gy and age overestimations were below a few hundred years. The ground moraine and low terminal moraine samples had residual doses as high as ~110 Gy, and ages were overestimated by ~15-17 ka.     

Study on the Marine Sedimentary Environment Evolution of the Southern Laizhou Bay Under the Impact of Port Projects

The southern Laizhou Bay is mainly composed of silt-sandy coasts with diverse landforms, and its marine hydrodynamic environment is sensitive to human activities. Marine hydrodynamic and sedimentary environments of the study area have changed under the influence of large-scale port projects in recent years. In this paper, the evolution of hydrodynamic environment, deposition rate, and geochemical characteristics were studied based on sediment grain size, element analysis and ~(210)Pb dating of two cores, in order to analyze the influence of Weifang Port on marine environmental evolution, and provide theoretical and practical basis for protecting marine environment in developing marine resources reasonably. Results showed that sediments of the two cores were relatively coarser and mainly composed of silty sand. Sediments above 230 cm in core WF1 and 218 cm in core WF2 were deposited since 1855 when the Yellow River appeared to deposit its sediments within the modern active delta, and the average deposition rate was between 0.3 and 0.5 cm a~(-1). Implement of Weifang Port projects in 1997 and 2007 created great influence on the sedimentary environment evolution in the surrounding waters, and the deposition rate was significantly increased. The average annual deposition rates were 5.1 cm and 3.5 cm in WF1 and WF2 respectively between 1997 and 2007. Content of heavy metals in sediments showed no obvious change in the vertical, indicating that the heavy metals were less affected by human activity and there was no significant accumulation of such metals in the study area.     

Radiocarbon ages of different fractions of peat on coastal lowland of Bohai Bay: marine influence?

Peat in boreholes is the most important ~(14)C dating material used for constructing age framework. 20 bulk peat samples were collected from five boreholes, the ~(14)C ages of two fractions(organic sediment fraction and peat fraction) of the bulk peat samples were investigated by AMS-dating and which fraction is better to help construct an age framework for the boreholes were compared and discussed. The results indicated that the peat fraction give a good dating results sequence in the boreholes, compared with the corresponding organic sediment fraction. And the dating results of organic sediment fraction show 161-6 702 years older than corresponding peat fraction, which was caused by marine influence. Then, we suggest an experience formula as y =0.99 x-466.5 by the correlation analysis for correcting the marine influenced organic sediment ages within the conventional ages between 4 000 to 9 000 yrs BP, and more study should be carried out for the AMS ~(14)C dating of the bulk organic sediments.     

Studies on quaternary sporo-pollen assemblage and paleoclimate based on Bohai Sea core Bc−1

Analysis of 13 spore-pollen assemblage zones reflecting environmental changes since the later middle Pleistocene showed the seccession of paleovegetation and the paleogeographic changes in the Bohai Basin and circumjacent area. Paleoclimatic variations here can obviously be divided into 5 cold and 5 warm periods: 2 cold and 1 warm periods in 200,000–100,000 a B.P.(late middle Pleistocene) 3 cold and 3 warm periods in 100,000–12,000 a B.P.(late Pleistocene), and 1 warm period since 12,000 a B.P. Late Pleistocene climate tended to become colder and colder. The coldest period was in the later stage of late Pleistocene, when the study area was a periglacial zone. The mean annual temperature then was about 10°C lower than it is now. In the middle stage of late Pleistocene, climate became warm; the mean annual temperature then was about 3–4°C higher than it is now. By applying principles of climatic stratigraphy, the authors deduced through sporo-pollen analysis, that the boundary between middle and late Pleistocene should be at 178–181 m, and that between Pleistocene and Holocene should be at 12.8 m. The results of climatic stratigraphy are consistent with those of magnetic stratigraphy. This paper was published in Chinese inOceanologica et Limnologia Sinica.18 (3): 253–266, 1987.     

LATE QUATERNARY SEISMIC SEQUENCES AND SEDIMENTATION ALONG THE COAST OFF TAISHAN, GUANGDONG, AS REVEALED BY HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC DATA

Seismic stratigraphic analysis of 150 km of high-resolution seismic profiles (GEO-PULSE and 3.5 kHz) obtained along the muddy coast off Taishan, Guangdong provided valuable information on the offshore Quaternary stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentary evolution, and environmental and engineering geology of this area. The following late Quaternary stratigraphic sequences were mapped. (1) Pleistocene alluvial silty sand and shallow marine clay; (2) coarse fluvial channel sand; (3) nearshore and bay clayey sediments. The incision of fluvial channels occurred in two stages: dttring the Late Pleistocene and at the beginning of the Holocene. The Pleistocene fluvial channels have been filled by coarses and overlain by more than 10 m of late Pleistocene clay and 20 - 30 m of Holocene clay. The coastal area is dissected by two major fault systems: the first group strikes ENE-WSW and controls the evolution of the adjacent Quaternary basin, while the second one trends NNE-SSW. These fault systems must be taken into account in any coastal engineering considerations. In addition, both granitic and metamorphic basements were recognized.