近地表勘探中炮检距对瑞利波频散成像效果的影响

在油田近地表勘探中,可以利用现有的地震大炮记录中的瑞利波信息进行频散成像,提取瑞利波频散曲线反演近地表的横波速度结构。由于大炮地震记录的采集排列很长,且不同炮检距范围内瑞利波数据的频散成像结果存在差异,从而会对频散曲线的提取和反演结果产生影响。笔者利用胜利油田LJ地区的盒子波地震数据,从频散成像的分辨率和连续性两个方面,分析了不同排列长度和不同偏移距下的频散成像结果,发现长排列可以有效提高频散成像的分辨率,且在较近偏移距下的频散成像效果更好。同时,验证了Zhang2004年提出的最优偏移距计算公式在石油近地表勘探中的有效性及适用性,并可以作为近地表瑞利波勘探时最优偏移距的选择标准。     

面波频散能量谱计算方法

面波频散能量谱成像精度是近地表横波速度计算的重要影响因素,有效提取面波频散曲线是后续反演地层结构及介质物性参数的重要环节。文中论述了τ-p变换法（τ为垂直波慢度,p为水平波慢度）、高分辨率线性Radon变换法、频率分解法、相移法、f-k变换法（f为频率,k为波数）、SFK变换法和矢量波数变换法等7种不同面波频散能量谱计算方法的基本原理;通过上述方法,对三层速度递增水平层状介质模型正演模拟合成Rayleigh波记录进行频散能量谱计算,并与理论频散曲线进行比较;根据所得频散能量谱,分析不同方法在数据处理过程中的特点与应用差异。结果表明：在提取频散曲线过程中,高分辨率线性Radon变换法和矢量波数变换法提取精度较高,f-k变换法提取精度最低,低频信息与高频信息无法有效识别;SFK变换法、矢量波数变换法、高分辨率线性Radon变换法抗噪性能强;τ-p变换法、f-k变换法、相移法计算速度优于其他方法。     

天然源面波勘探方法在安徽小包庄铁矿区的应用研究

为研究天然源面波勘探方法在固体矿产勘查尤其是在深部找矿中的应用效果,选择小包庄铁矿区已知勘探线进行方法试验。在前期研究的基础上,采用线性排列的方式部署了天然源面波测点,共完成了32个测点、总长度3 100 m的数据采集工作;采用扩展空间自相关法获取了每个测点的频散曲线,并对频散曲线进行反演并通过插值计算,获得了整条剖面的横波速度结构;根据地质和钻孔资料,划分了岩性层和断裂。通过与已知资料对比分析,认为该方法取得了较好的勘查效果,表明天然源面波勘探方法在深部找矿中具有较好的应用前景,该区深部具有较大的找矿潜力。     

Rayleigh面波各阶模式频散曲线对横波速度和层厚的敏感性探讨

Rayleigh面波勘探的目的在于有效利用频散曲线反演地层厚度及横波速度,而不同模式的频散曲线对横波速度和层厚的敏感性不同。通过求取介质参数变化10%后与参数不变化时的二组频散曲线的差值,得到各阶模式的频率～相速度差曲线,分析了Rayleigh面波各模式频散曲线对横波速度、层厚的敏感性。试验结果表明,基阶模式对于浅层的横波速度和层厚比较敏感,敏感区域主要集中在较窄的频带范围内。而高阶模式对于相对较深层的横波速度和层厚比较敏感,且频率范围分布较大,敏感性强的频段分布比较分散。研究结果可以为Rayleigh面波多模式联合反演提供理论依据。     

频率-贝塞尔变换方法在巢湖滩涂浅层勘探上的应用

目前常用的基于背景噪声的面波方法反演地下速度结构,存在频率范围较低,对浅部不够敏感,无法有效提取高阶面波频散曲线的缺点.研究表明,高阶面波包含丰富的地下介质结构信息,在反演时加入高阶提供更多的约束,可降低反演非唯一性,提高反演结果准确性.这里用频率-贝塞尔变换方法对从安徽巢湖滩涂采集到的背景噪声数据进行处理,并使用拟牛...     

基于Python语言的瑞利面波频散反演实行方案

本文基于Python语言构建了瑞利面波频散反演工作流程：(1)通过pysurf96软件包实现水平层状模型的频散曲线正演;(2)建立描述频散曲线拟合度的目标函数;(3)利用scikit-opt软件包中的启发式算法实现频散曲线反演。提出并解决了调用函数过程中所遇到的问题,实验测试表明反演结果可靠,同时具备一定的计算效率。由此实现了搭建基于Python语言的面波频散反演地下层状结构研究平台,为其他研究者依靠开源软件进行反演运算提供了方法支持。最后,通过利用彭一波研究海拉尔盆地背景噪声时提取的频散曲线对地壳以及上地幔结构进行了反演,得到不错的效果。     

基于贝叶斯理论面波频散曲线随机反演

面波频散曲线反演是获得地下横波速度结构的重要地球物理方法。常规基于迭代最小二乘等线性反演方法依赖于初始模型,且存在多极值、容易陷入局部最小、反演精度低等问题。基于贝叶斯理论的随机反演方法是一种可以融合先验信息的非线性反演方法,该方法无需人为给定初始模型,仅利用先验信息对模型进行随机采样,根据概率分布筛选接受合适的后验概率密度估计结果,可达到对细节信息的准确估计。本文针对瑞利面波频散曲线,提出了基于GPR数据先验资料约束的贝叶斯马尔科夫蒙特卡洛(MCMC)随机反演方法,通过随机改变模型参数并计算其频散曲线与实际频散曲线的似然函数来选择是否接受新的模型参数,不断重复此过程,最终得到与实际频散曲线拟合效果最佳的最优解以及横波速度解的后验概率密度分布。通过理论模型以及实际数据反演测试,验证了该方法与常规无约束的随机反演相比,可以有效地提高反演速度和反演精度。     

面波法与折射波法在研究基岩弹性力学性质中的应用

面波法与折射波法地震勘探能够获得岩体的横波速度和纵波速度,而且可采用同一地震仪器完成.本文主要阐述面波法频散曲线的分层拟合对整个地层进行速度分层,确定覆盖层、风化层的厚度以及基岩层界面,并与折射渡法相结合计算出基岩层的弹性力学指标.此外,对单一采用面波法计算弹性力学指标进行了探讨.     

从地震层析速度确定原位岩土力学参数

地震纵横波层析成像速度与岩土弹性力学参数有关,多道面波分析（MASW）采用类似二维反射地震处理,得到共中点互相关道集（CMPCC）提取面波频散曲线,由面波频散曲线反演二维速度结构,在岩土结构分层等方面有良好的效果。通过同一剖面的折射地震波层析成像得到纵波速度结构,对岩土层的动弹模量和泊松比等力学参数进行分析,为下一步地质工程设计及岩土力学试验提供参考。     

利用地脉动台阵记录反演场地浅层Vs结构

比较了影响Love波相速度频散曲线的主要因素,通过虚拟反演,说明了利用Love波相速度反演浅层剪切波速度结构的可行性,以地脉动台阵3分量观测记录提取的Love波相速度频散曲线为目标函数,利用遗传算法与单纯形法混合算法,分两种情况反演了某实际工程场地的浅层剪切波速度结构。结果表明,利用从地脉动台阵3分量观测资料中提取的Love波相速度反演工程场地浅层的剪切波速度Vs结构是一种很有前景的技术方法。     

Three-Dimensional S-Wave Velocity Structure in Eastern Tibet from Ambient Noise Rayleigh and Love Wave Tomography

We apply ambient noise tomography to continuous three-component broadband seismic data between January 1,2008 and December 31,2008 from the regional networks of 76 stations de-ployed by China Earthquake Administration.Ambient noise cross-correlations were performed to produce the Green's functions of each station-pair.Within the period from 6 to 50 s,Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves were measured using the multiple filter analysis method.Then three-dimensional(3-D) S-wave velocity structures from th...     

基于F-K变换的井下多道瑞利波频散曲线提取

井下瑞利波勘探中频散曲线的提取多采用基于两道之间互相关的表面波谱分析法,此方法仅能提取基阶模式的瑞利波频散曲线.为了能够获得多阶模式频散曲线,提高煤矿井下瑞利波勘探的探测距离和精度,运用基于F-K变换的多道瑞利波频散曲线提取方法处理井下地震数据.针对井下地震数据的特点对方法进行了改进,在利用合成数据验证方法的有效性后,将其应用于工作面内部构造探测中,并从中获取了具有多阶模式的瑞利波频散曲线,从而证实了当煤层中存在断层时多阶模式瑞利波的存在.     

Evaluating the structural model from ambient vibration recordings and shallow seismic refraction techniques. A case study of Zagazig City,Egypt

This study uses the seismic refraction and noise measurements to investigate the velocity structure of the subsurface and emphasize the advantage of ambient vibration over the conventional seismic refraction technique. Field measurements were carried out at nine sites in and around Zagazig city. Shallow seismic refraction data were interpreted using the delay time method to obtain the two-dimension ground model at each site. Ambient vibration arrays are used to infer the one-dimensional compressional and shear wave velocity profiles through two main steps. The first step is to derive the dispersion curve from the recorded signals using the frequency-wavenumber method. The second is to invert the dispersion curve to obtain the site velocity profiles. The results of the compressional wave velocities obtained from seismic refraction technique showed that the subsurface consists of a number of layers ranging from two to four layers and give a good agreement with the results of the seismic wave velocities obtained from the ambient vibration arrays. The ambient vibration arrays gave a deeper depth of penetration than the other method, providing more information on the subsurface structure without any disturbance to the environment. This work provides reliable estimates of the seismic velocity structures of both shallow and deep sedimentary layers within the area of interest.     

地质条件复杂地区瑞雷波勘探正演模拟

为研究复杂地质条件对瑞雷面波频散曲线的影响,采用有限差分地震数值模拟方法,对3种模型进行正演模拟,得出了某一时刻的波场快照与单炮记录。对模拟记录进行频散分析的结果表明:单层均匀介质没有频散现象;起伏地表两层均匀介质的频散曲线相速度只和介质本身的参数有关,不受地形的影响;水平地表含软夹层介质中,瑞雷波频散现象非常明显。      

地震储层预测技术在塔里木盆地雅克拉地区的应用

塔里木盆地雅克拉地区油气资源丰富,但成藏规律不明显,针对该区侏罗系砂岩储层的展布及物性开展地震综合预测研究。通过叠后纯波地震资料,开展拟声波反演、频谱成像技术刻画砂砾岩体的纵横向分布。在此基础上开展叠前弹性波阻抗反演,包括目标储层段的纵横波阻抗,拉梅系数等分布特征及高频吸收衰减流体检测技术,分析不同岩性、物性、含油气性的地震响应特征。综合地震储层预测技术,研究侏罗系下统砂砾岩体有效储层的分布,寻找油气勘探有利靶区。     

Crustal and upper mantle S-wave velocity structure beneath the Bransfield Strait (West Antarctica) from regional surface wave tomography

Regional surface wave tomography in the sub-Antarctic Scotia Sea is helpful in revealing the nature of the crust and the S-wave seismic velocity profile beneath the Bransfield Strait. The joint use of our regional network, global seismographic network stations and local temporary arrays provide better lateral resolution than that obtained in our previous studies concerning the Scotia Sea region.Tomographic analysis of data obtained using 10 broad band seismic stations and more than 300 regional events, shows that the Bransfield Basin is characterised by a strong group velocity reduction of 8% with respect to the surrounding areas, in the period range from 15 s to 50 s.The crustal and upper mantle models of the eastern, central and western Bransfield Basin are obtained by joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love local dispersion curves from 15 s to 50 s. In addition our data set is expanded to a broader period interval (1–80 s), in central Bransfield Strait in order to better constrain the upper mantle and shallow crust.The main results can be summarized as follows: (a) the crust thins distinctly from W toward E; the variation is consistent with the type of volcanism, earthquake distribution and bathymetric observations, (b) low upper mantle velocities (soft lid) extend down to depths exceeding 70 km as a consequence of elevated temperatures, (c) the crust beneath the central Bransfield Basin displays continental characteristics with a gradually increasing S-wave velocity distribution versus depth analogous to the East African Rift structure of Kenya, (d) negative velocity gradients are present in the lower crust beneath the eastern Bransfield Basin; these could be interpreted as magmatic bodies originating from decompression melting of the mantle.     

浅层地震横波技术在工程勘察中的应用

本文提供了地震横波反射法及横波速度在工程勘察中的应用实例。采用横波反射技术开展地下各类工程地质的探测与研究,具有波速低、波长小、不受潜水位的影响、波形可极化以及抗干扰能力强等特点。这种尝试对拓宽地震勘探服务领域十分有益。     

Seismic interferometry and ambient noise tomography in the British Isles

Traditional methods of imaging the Earth's subsurface using seismic waves require an identifiable, impulsive source of seismic energy, for example an earthquake or explosive source. Naturally occurring, ambient seismic waves form an ever-present source of energy that is conventionally regarded as unusable since it is not impulsive. As such it is generally removed from seismic data and subsequent analysis. A new method known as seismic interferometry can be used to extract useful information about the Earth's subsurface from the ambient noise wavefield. Consequently, seismic interferometry is an important new tool for exploring areas which are otherwise seismically quiescent, such as the British Isles in which there are relatively few strong earthquakes. One of the possible applications of seismic interferometry is ambient noise tomography (ANT). ANT is a way of using interferometry to image subsurface seismic velocity variations using seismic (surface) waves extracted from the background ambient vibrations of the Earth. To date, ANT has been used successfully to image the Earth's crust and upper-mantle on regional and continental scales in many locations and has the power to resolve major geological features such as sedimentary basins and igneous and metamorphic cores. Here we provide a review of seismic interferometry and ANT, and show that the seismic interferometry method works well within the British Isles. We illustrate the usefulness of the method in seismically quiescent areas by presenting the first surface wave group velocity maps of the Scottish Highlands using only ambient seismic noise. These maps show low velocity anomalies in sedimentary basins such as the Moray Firth, and high velocity anomalies in igneous and metamorphic centres such as the Lewisian complex. They also suggest that the Moho shallows from south to north across Scotland which agrees with previous geophysical studies in the region.     

基于时频域极化滤波的勒夫型槽波提取

矿井槽波地震勘探数据中,含有多种类型地震波,包括线性极化的纵波、横波、勒夫型槽波和椭圆极化的瑞利型槽波。由于槽波频散现象严重,不同类型槽波互相重叠,在地震记录上难以区分,合理地进行波场分离是槽波数据处理的重要环节。根据不同类型槽波振动极化特征,提出基于S变换的时频域自适应协方差矩阵极化滤波方法;在时频域中,针对槽波水平双分量信号建立自适应协方差矩阵;利用矩阵对应特征值和特征向量,计算椭圆率和方位角参数来描述槽波极化振动特征;依据极化参数建立极化滤波函数,对槽波地震信号进行波场分离。经过理论合成信号和实际数据测试表明,该方法可以有效地从槽波地震记录中提取出勒夫型槽波,避免其它类型地震波在槽波数据处理过程中产生的干扰,为槽波地震勘探数据处理提供新的技术手段。      

三峡库区上地壳横波速度结构

为了更好地了解三峡库区的稳定性, 利用三峡库区的流动宽频地震仪台阵于2011年4~5月期间观测的背景噪声数据, 采用互相关方法提取了瑞利面波的格林函数, 用多重滤波方法获得了瑞利面波的群速度频散曲线.利用走时层析成像方法获得了0.5~10.0 s周期的纯路径频散曲线, 进而反演获得了沿巴东-茅坪-土门方向的横波速度结构剖面, 揭示了三峡地区上地壳的速度变化情况.研究表明: (1)研究区地下速度结构与地质构造关系密切, 速度剖面上很好地反映了一个以黄陵背斜核部为中心的背斜构造; (2)九畹溪及其周边区域下方较快的速度变化可能与对应的区域断裂构造、地震活动性密切相关; (3)三斗坪地区上地壳表现为高速, 表明三峡坝区处于构造稳定区域.