高寒地区抽水蓄能构造物强震损伤分析

为探究复合盐侵蚀、冻融循环、干湿循环三因素对高寒地区抽水蓄能构造物强震失效模式的影响,开展混凝土劣化试验和结构强震损伤分析。根据工程实际,配制高浓度复合盐溶液,确定试验方案,获得混凝土材料力学性能劣化规律;基于试验结果,利用数值方法分析混凝土劣化对结构塔顶位移、应力和损伤分布规律的影响。结果表明：复合盐侵蚀—冻融循环—干湿循环三因素导致混凝土力学性能显著下降;在强震作用下,构造物损伤区域主要分布在塔体与回填混凝土交界处,混凝土劣化改变结构失效模式和损伤分布规律。该结果有助于掌握高寒地区抽水蓄能构造物的材料性能劣化规律,为工程抗震设计提供参考。     

冻融作用下人工劈裂砂岩结构面强度特性研究

寒区岩体破坏主要与结构面力学特性及冻融损伤相关.为探究冻融作用下砂岩结构面的强度特性,采用 小圆弧刀头劈裂制备贯通结构面,对其进行了冻融循环及剪切试验,得到了结构面的剪切强度、内聚力及内摩擦 角的劣化规律.试验结果表明:小圆弧刀头制备的结构面完整、均一,且上下盘吻合度高;岩石的峰值剪切强度与 冻融次数呈负相关,与法向应力呈线性正相关;随着冻融循环次数的增加,内聚力减小趋势变缓,内摩擦角无明显 变化趋势.研究结果对寒区岩体强度特性分析具有参考价值.      

裂隙岩体循环冻融变形特征及影响因素分析

高寒、高海拔地区由于反复冻融导致的岩体变形破坏,对区内工程建设有重大影响。为研究不同裂隙条件下岩体循环冻融特性,在汶马高速沿线选择具有代表性的千枚岩和砂岩,制备了不同裂隙条件（长度、张开度、裂隙组数）试样,在干燥和饱水两种状态下分别进行大温差（-20℃到20℃）循环冻融（50次）试验。试验揭示了饱水裂隙岩样冻融变形过程:冻缩→冻胀→冻缩（冻结阶段）→融胀→融缩→融胀（融化阶段）,干燥裂隙岩样冻融变形过程:冻缩（冻结阶段）→融胀（融化阶段）。进一步,选择冻胀量εd为指标,分析了两类岩样冻融循环次数与εd的关系,揭示了裂隙长度、宽度和组数对εr的影响规律;选择残余变形量εr为指标,揭示了千枚岩和砂岩试样在饱水条件下εr随εd的增加规律,获得了εd与εr间的定量关系;分析了干燥和饱水试样单轴抗压强度随冻融循环次数增加而减小规律,确定了冻融次数与试样劣化间的线性关系。最后,初步讨论了饱水条件、岩性和裂隙条件对岩体冻融循环变形的影响机制。      

冻融循环作用下砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口特征分形研究

寒区岩石的力学特征往往受到冻融循环和荷载的共同影响,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口蕴含着与冻融循环和荷载有关的损伤演化信息,冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口研究对冻融岩石断裂破坏机理分析有重要价值。为研究冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口形貌特征及其与宏观力学参数之间的关联性,通过摄影观测经历不同次数冻融循环的砂岩单轴压缩破坏断口形貌,采用像素点覆盖法计算断口分维值,探究了断口分维值与宏观力学参数之间的关系。结果表明:随着冻融次数的增加,冻融砂岩的力学性能劣化,单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、断口分维值、耗散能密度逐渐减小,峰值应变增大;单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度均与断口分维值之间存在指数关系,断口分维值越大,对应的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、耗散能密度越大。冻融岩石单轴压缩破坏断口分维值可作为寒区岩体断裂破坏机理分析的有效参数。      

冻融循环及含水率对冰碛土力学特性影响

处在季节性冻土区的冰碛土受冻融循环作用影响显著,极大地影响工程的稳定和安全。为了探究冻融循环作用及初始含水率对冰碛土静力学特性的影响,以川西甘孜州海螺沟的冰碛土为研究对象,通过开展不同冻融循环次数及初始含水率条件下冰碛土不固结不排水三轴试验研究冻融循环作用对冰碛土力学参数的影响。试验结果表明：冻融循环作用下冰碛土应力-应变曲线为弱应变软化型;随冻融循环次数增加,冰碛土弹性模量、抗剪强度均呈现出先快速衰减后趋于稳定的变化趋势,且初始含水率越大其力学指标衰减程度越大,黏聚力呈负指数型函数降低,而内摩擦角无明显变化;采用指数型函数对抗剪强度、弹性模量试验值进行多元非线性拟合,建立冰碛土力学参数与围压、含水率及冻融循环次数的关系表达式,拟合效果理想,可用于推算经历冻融循环后土体力学参数值;冻融循环作用会使冰碛土力学性质显著劣化,且劣化程度与含水率呈正相关。研究成果可为高寒山区工程设计与建设提供科学支撑。     

土层锚杆模型试验研究

针对土层锚杆应力分布的复杂性,进行室内模型试验,利用所得数据,绘制了拉力型锚杆和压力型锚杆杆体全长上的应变分布曲线、同列锚杆锚固段末端点以及坡面处的应变分布曲线.在所得曲线的基础上,对坡体中锚杆的应力分布特征以及变化规律进行了分析及讨论,从而对其工作性能和加固机理进行初步研究.介绍了锚杆上剪应力分布的理论解,并将试验结果与理论分析结果进行了对比,两者基本吻合,验证了本试验结果的合理性和可靠性.     

冻融循环对恐龙化石风化破坏机理的研究

恐龙化石的风化过程比较复杂,造成恐龙化石风化破坏的因素众多,冻融循环是其中一个重要因素。通过室内试验,研究冻融循环导致恐龙化石及围岩风化破坏机理。试验证明冻融循环会降低围岩的强度、弹性模量等,多次冻融循环会使围岩、化石出现质重损失、泥化、掉块等现象;冻融循环是导致化石的风化破坏极其重要的因素。     

循环荷载作用下片麻岩劣化损伤机理与规律试验

新疆塔县地区广泛分布的大规模片麻岩崩塌、滑坡主要是由于长期地震力循环作用下岩体劣化所致。为揭示该地区片麻岩在地震力作用下的劣化损伤机理,采用在不同应力水平条件下对片麻岩岩样进行循环荷载试验和三轴压缩试验的方法,分析了片麻岩阻尼参数及循环加、卸载前后三轴抗压强度的变化规律。研究结果表明:片麻岩阻尼比和阻尼系数随着循环荷载次数的增加而逐渐降低,随着应力水平的升高而增大;循环荷载作用后,片麻岩的三轴抗压强度均明显降低,且应力水平越高,降低的幅度越大;此外,片麻岩内部矿物颗粒的相互摩擦,原生微裂隙、孔洞的张开、闭合以及次生裂隙的产生、发展是导致其劣化损伤的主要机制。总的来说,长期地震力作用下,研究区片麻岩由于内部劣化损伤导致的力学性质降低,是该区域广泛发育大规模崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的主要原因之一。      

高应力区砂岩加卸载条件下能量变化规律及损伤分析

根据高应力区砂岩三轴压缩试验和峰前卸围压试验的结果,分析了砂岩在不同应力路径下的能量变化规律。试验结果表明,相同围压下,峰前卸围压试验的各能量指标(总吸收能、弹性应变能、耗散能)均小于三轴压缩试验,能量变化特征与其初始应力路径密切相关,且随围压的增大而增大。峰前储存的弹性应变能比耗散能多,耗散能只在临近峰值点处才迅速增加。能量的耗散会导致岩石产生损伤,并且使岩性劣化、丧失强度,从能量角度定义的损伤变量,可以得出结论:开始卸荷低围压下的损伤变量大于高围压下,临近破坏时高围压下的损伤变量大于低围压下;卸围压使岩样束缚减小,加速了损伤的发展,岩样所受的应力状态愈趋不平衡。因此,基于能量的角度来表征岩石的损伤演化更符合实际。      

锚杆不确定性对加固边坡失稳概率的影响

为了探究锚杆不确定性对加固边坡失稳概率的影响, 建立了施加锚杆后的边坡模型, 通过以下两种途径来考虑锚杆的不确定性: 其一是假定锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上的单位表面摩擦力为对数正态分布变量, 其二是引入锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上的单位表面摩擦力衰减系数来考虑运营过程中锚杆的不确定性。采用极限平衡分析法并结合蒙特卡罗抽样法, 计算并对比分析了两种途径下锚固边坡失稳概率变化曲线, 最后以深圳假日酒店基坑边坡支护工程为例, 证明所提方法的有效性。结果表明: 对于途径一, 在相同土体统计参数下, 随着锚杆与锚固体之间接触面上单位表面摩擦力变异系数的增加, 加固边坡的失稳概率缓慢增加, 增幅介于18.03%~41.90%之间。对于途径二, 随着锚杆衰减系数自1.0逐步减小至0, 加固边坡失稳概率迅速增加, 增幅介于55.64%~124.90%之间; 在同一衰减系数下, 加固边坡失稳概率随着锚杆衰减根数的增加而增大。研究结果可以为锚杆施工与运营期间的管理提供决策支持。      

Bearing mechanism of a tunnel-type anchorage in a railway suspension bridge

A tunnel-type anchorage(TTA) is one of the main components in suspension bridges: the bearing mechanism is a key problem. Investigating the deformation characteristics, development law, and failure phenomenon of a TTA under load can provide the theoretical basis for a robust design. Utilizing the TTA of the Jinsha River suspension bridge at Lijiang Shangri-La railway as a prototype, a laboratory model test of the TTA was carried out for three different contact conditions between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock. The stress and deformation distribution law of the anchorage body and its surrounding rock were studied, and the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mode of the TTA were analyzed. The test results show that the compressive stress level is highest at the rear part of the anchorage body. Moving away from the rear portion of the body, the stress decays in a negative exponential function. Based on the load transfer curve, the calculation formula for the shear stress on the contact surface between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock was derived, which shows that the distribution of the shear stress along the axial direction of the anchorage body is not uniform. The distance from the maximum value to the loading surface is approximately 1/3 of the length of the anchorage body, and the stress decreases as the distance from the loading surface increases. Furthermore, the contact condition between the anchorage body and surrounding rock has a great influence on the bearing capacity of the TTA. The increase in the anti-skid tooth ridge and radial anchor bolt can improve the cooperative working capacity of the anchorage body and the surrounding rock, which is approximately 50% higher than that of the flat contact condition. The main function of the anchor bolt is to increase the overall rigidity of the TTA. The contact condition between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock will lead to a change in the failure mode of the TTA. With an increase in the degree of contact, the failure mode will change from shear sliding along the interface to trumpet-shaped inverted cone-shaped failure extending into the surrounding rock.     

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study,red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with 0,4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.     

Freeze-thaw effects on sorption/desorption of dissolved organic carbon in wetland soils

The effects of freeze-thaw cycles on sorption/desorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in two wetland soils and one reclaimed wetland soil were investigated. DOC concentrations added were 0-600 mg/L. Laboratory incubations of sorption/desorption of DOC had been carried out at -15℃ for 10 h, and then at +5℃ for 13 h. Soil samples were refrozen and thawed subsequently for 5 cycles. Initial Mass model was used to describe sorption behavior of DOC. The results indicate that freeze-thaw cycles can significantly increase the sorption capacity of DOC and reduce the desorption capacity of DOC in the three soils. The freeze-thaw effects on desorption of DOC in soils increase with the increasing freeze-thaw cycles. The conversion of natural wetlands to soybean farmland can decrease the sorption capacity and increase the desorption capacity of DOC in soils. Global warming and reclamation may increase DOC release, and subsequently increase the loss of carbon and the emission of greenhouse gas.     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验.结果表明:秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土(岩)相对位移为4~8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土(岩)相对位移为3~8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%~70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%~65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数.     

Mechanism of slope failure in loess terrains during spring thawing

Slope failure in loess terrains of Northern China during spring thawing period is closely related to the freeze-thaw cycling that surface soils inevitably experienced. Field surveys were carried out on natural and artificial slopes in thirteen surveying sites located in the Northern Shaanxi, the center of Loess Plateau, covering five characteristic topographic features including tablelands, ridges, hills, gullies and valleys. Based on the scale that is involved in freeze-thaw cycling, the induced failures can be classified into three main modes, i.e., erosion, peeling and thaw collapse, depending on both high porosity and loose cementation of loess that is easily affected. Model tests on loess slopes with gradients of 53.1°, 45.0° and 33.7° were carried out to reveal the heat transfer, water migration and deformation during slope failure. The surface morphology of slopes was photographed, with flake shaped erosion and cracks noted. For three slope models, time histories for the thermal regime exhibit three obvious cycles of freeze and thaw andthe maximum frost depth develops downwards as freeze-thaw cycling proceeds. Soil water in the unfrozen domain beneath was migrated towards the slope surface, as can be noticed from the considerable change in the unfrozen water content, almost synchronous with the variation of temperature. The displacement in both vertical and horizontal directions varies over time and three obvious cycles can be traced. The residual displacement for each cycle tends to grow and the slopes with higher gradients are more sensitive to potentially sliding during freeze-thaw cycling.     

Supporting characteristics analysis of constant resistance bolts under coupled static-dynamic loading

To study the tensile mechanical properties of constant resistance bolts, the RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis) statics software is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a constant resistance bolt. The numerical test results show that the plastic strain value is 12 times the magnitude of the elastic strain. During plastic deformation, the fluctuation in the stress magnitude is relatively stable, indicating that the bolt has good constant resistance characteristics. The numerical test results are in good agreement with the laboratory test results of M.C. He, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical test method are verified. Therefore, the RFPA software with coupled static-dynamic loading is further adopted to study the supporting effects of traditional bolts and constant resistance bolts under coupled staticdynamic loading. The numerical comparison of the test results show that the constant resistance bolts can effectively control the deformation amount and rate of the laneway surrounding rock, reduce the total and rate of increase in the accumulated acoustic emissions,decrease the stress on the units in the model and protect the stability of the laneway. This paper verifies that a constant resistance bolt has better impact resistance mechanical properties than those of a traditional bolt and provides an effective way to control rock burst and soft rock that is prone to large deformation damage.     

Cyclic load testing of pre-stressed rock anchors for slope stabilization

The objective of this research was to assess the characteristics of seismic induced damage and the deformation patterns of pre-stressed cement-grouted cables that are used for rock slope stabilization projects subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading. The experimental configuration includes the installation of 15 pre-stressed cables in a slope model made of concrete blocks (theoretically rigid rock mass) on top of a pre-existing sliding surface. The study showed that: (i) The pre-stressed cables exhibited great seismic performance. Rapid displacement of the model blocks was observed after the complete loss of the initial pre-stress load under continued applied cyclic loads and exceedance of the state of equilibrium, which implies the higher the initial pre-stress load, the better the seismic performance of the rock anchor; (ii) The failure of the pre-stressed cables was due to fracture at the connection of the tendons and cable heads under cyclic loading. The sequence of failure had a distinct pattern. Failure was first observed at the upper row of cables, which experienced the most severe damage, including the ejection of cable heads. No evidence of de-bonding was observed during the cyclic loading; (iii) The stress distribution of the bond length for pre-stressed cables was highly non-uniform. High stress concentrations were observed at both the fixed end and the free end of the bond length both before and immediately after the state of equilibrium is exceeded. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the overall performance of pre-stressed rock anchors subject to seismic loading and their potential as rockfall prevention and stabilization measures.