夏季风降水对黄土高原现生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成的影响

为了深入了解黄土地层中丰富的陆生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐化石氧同位素组成的气候环境指示意义,文章对黄土高原典型气候带的现生蜗牛壳体文石氧同位素进行了测量。结果显示:高原半干旱地区蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成相对于半湿润地区显著富集δ¹⁸ O;壳体δ¹⁸ O值与夏季降水量具有密切负相关关系。对照黄土高原气候特征以及夏季风降水氧同位素组成和降水量的关系,认为:1)夏季风降水δ¹⁸ O丰度是影响蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成变化的主要因素;2) 进一步研究黄土沉积物中蜗牛壳体化石氧同位素组成对重建黄土高原夏季风强度变化的历史具有重要的意义。     

细纹灰尖巴蜗牛壳体氧同位素组成的季节性变化

陆生蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成,理论上取决于壳体生长季节的降水 18O丰度、温度和湿度,对揭示古气候和古环境变化具有巨大的潜力。然而,同一地区不同属种的蜗牛生长季节存在一定的差异,因此,了解不同季节生长的蜗牛壳体氧同位素特征,是其成为重建古气候、古环境变化的工具的关键。为了进一步阐明降水氧同位素组成和气候月际变化对蜗牛壳体 18O的影响,分别对从江苏镇江逐月采集的现生细纹灰尖巴蜗牛(Bradybaena ravida redfieldi)进行了整体壳体及壳口文石氧同位素组成的分析,结果表明： 1)不同月份采集的样品壳口的 δ18O 值变化较大,从－1.92‰至－6.79‰,幅度达4.87‰,其中,4～6月采集的样品 δ18O 值较正,平均 －2.40±0.42‰,7～9月采集的样品明显偏负,平均 －6.41±0.34‰; 2)整个壳体的 δ18O 值差别不大,平均 －2.61±0.47‰,与 4～6月壳口 δ18O 平均值相近; 3)不同月份蜗牛壳口 δ18O 值呈现出与当地的降水氧同位素组成、温度和大气相对湿度等相似的季节性变化模式,其中降水氧同位素组成对壳口 δ18O 变化的影响是主要的。这些特征说明,蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成受其生长时的环境因素(降水 18O丰度,温度和相对湿度)控制,对于中国夏季风影响地区来说,春季生长的蜗牛壳体相对富集 18O,而夏季生长的壳体 18O相对贫化。换句话说,根据蜗牛壳体碳酸盐氧同位素组成能够推测壳体主要生长季节,或降水 18O丰度及气候温湿程度的特征。对于B.ravida redfieldi来说,氧同位素组成显示了壳体主要生长时期为春季的特征。     

贺兰山地区树轮碳氧同位素与夏季风降水的相关性讨论

分析了贺兰山地区油松树轮的稳定碳氧同位素组成对环境因素的响应关系 , 发现树轮碳氧同位素组成均与当年 5～ 9月总降水量具有较好的响应关系 , 碳同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈负相关关系 ,而氧同位素组成与 5～ 9月总降水量呈正相关关系 ,二者都可较好地反映该地区夏季风降水量的变化.同时 ,碳氧同位素的相关性分析表明二者具有一定程度的负相关性.树轮碳氧同位素的分馏机理十分复杂,其同位素组成不仅与降水量有关,同时还受其他环境因素的影响,单纯利用一种同位素指标来提取相应的气候信息,存在很大的不确定性.在本研究中 ,同时采用两种同位素指标来研究其气候意义 ,使得出的结论更加可靠.因此 ,夏季风降水量是控制该地区树轮稳定碳氧同位素组成的主要因素.     

末次冰期黄土中蜗牛壳体碳酸盐同位素组成与其环境指示意义

为了揭示蜗牛化石壳体碳酸盐（文石）稳定同位素组成的古气候和古生态环境指示意义,对采集于河南荥阳邙山末次冰期黄土剖面上部中的粉华蜗牛（Cathaica pulveratrix）化石壳体碳酸盐进行了碳、氧稳定同位素分析,同时还对全岩有机物质（SOM）碳同位素组成以及全岩磁化率和粒度等气候替代指标进行分析,结果显示：剖面中反映蜗牛食物碳同位素组成的壳体δ¹³C_SSA的变化,与反映古植被碳同位素组成的全岩有机物质碳同位素组成（δ¹³C_SOM）无显著的相关关系,但是壳体¹³C相对于SOM的富集程度（Δδ¹³C_SSA-SOM）的变化与石笋氧同位素记录的末次冰期东亚夏季风强度演化同步一致;   壳体δ¹⁸O_SSA的变化不但与黄土磁化率、粒度等气候替代指标变化具有显著相关性,同样也与末次冰期东亚夏季风强度演化同步一致。这些特征,一方面说明受季风环流控制的气候温湿程度变化左右蜗牛夏季活动的几率和食物的类型,干冷气候条件下,相对温湿夏季成为蜗牛活动主要时期,相对富集¹³C苔藓、菌类和植物可能是蜗牛的主要食物;   另一方面暗示蜗牛化石壳体碳酸盐稳定同位素组成能够指示气候温湿程度和生态环境的变化。     

陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素在古环境中的应用综述

陆生蜗牛壳体碳、氧稳定同位素组成分别受蜗牛生长时期植被中碳同位素组成和大气水中氧同位素组成的控制,已成为古气候和古环境重建的重要代用指标.本文详细介绍了蜗牛壳体碳酸盐碳、氧同位素古气候重建的指示机理、样品预处理方法及其在14C测年、古气候和古植被研究中的应用现状.在此基础上讨论了蜗牛壳体碳酸盐碳、氧同位素古气候解释中存在的问题,介绍了该领域未来的研究方向与趋势.     

四川盆地中生代古气候变化:来自深时古土壤证据

定量的古气候重建可为当前及未来可能的气候/环境变化提供基础性参考。发育自四川盆地中生代地层的古土壤蕴藏了丰富的陆相古气候信息,利用古土壤的地球化学指数、钙质古土壤成壤碳酸盐结核深度及其氧同位素组成与年均降水量、温度之间的关系,定量重建四川盆地中生代（晚三叠世晚期—白垩纪）年均降水量与温度的变化。结果表明:四川盆地中生代年均降水量变化较大,为145~1 400 mm;年均温度变化幅度相对较小,为7 °C~15 °C;总体上属于温带干旱—湿润交替的气候环境但以温带半干旱、干旱气候为主。其中晚三叠世晚期年均降水量为1 180~1 400 mm,年均温度为9 °C~15 °C,侏罗纪年均降水量为150~1 140 mm,年均温度为7 °C~15 °C,早白垩世早期与晚白垩世晚期的年均降水量与温度分别为150~720 mm、8 °C~12 °C和150~575 mm、10 °C~11 °C。区域陆相气候变化原因分析显示,波动的气候一方面与东亚季风环流、行星环流、区域构造运动导致的盆地内部山系隆起及古地理格局引起的焚风效应有关,另一方面还与区域构造运动引起海岸山脉裂解有关。     

孟氏螺蛳壳体氧同位素组成记录的季节性温度变化

软体动物壳体的碳酸盐氧同位素组成与周围水体环境密切相关,是重建古气候的重要载体。孟氏螺蛳个体较大,是滇中地区特有的螺蛳属,在滇中地区第四纪湖岸阶地广泛分布,然而其壳体的氧同位素能否用于重建区域季节性气候信号仍不清晰。本研究通过收集杞麓湖的现生孟氏螺蛳壳体,沿着壳体螺旋生长方向连续取样(选取两个壳体,分别采集45个和46个样),测试其壳体的碳酸盐δ¹⁸O值,分析并讨论了壳体δ¹⁸O与湖水温度和湖水δ¹⁸O_w的耦合关系,研究结果表明,1)孟氏螺蛳壳体内部沿生长方向的氧同位素具有显著的季节性的波动特征;2)壳体碳酸盐氧同位素符合平衡沉降条件下的氧同位素分馏特征,其δ¹⁸O值与湖泊温度和湖水δ¹⁸O_w密切相关;3)杞麓湖现代孟氏螺蛳壳体δ¹⁸O值的波动主要受温度的季节性变化控制,在具有湖水δ¹⁸O_w值的情况下,壳体δ¹⁸O值可靠记录了区域季节性湖水温度变化...     

树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列与降水变化

以长白山红松年轮为气候环境变化的生物记录体，通过分析树轮纤维素的稳定碳同位素组成，从树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列中提取生长环境的降水变化信息。研究结果揭示：树轮稳定碳同位素组成序列与东北地区平均年降水量具有基本平行的变化趋势；在长白山乃至东北地区，降水量沿着自身变化趋势是明显的准22年周期性波动。     

西北干旱区石羊河流域末次冰期晚期气候不稳定性记录

通过对我国西北干旱区石羊河流域三角城末次冰期最盛期晚期-晚冰期地层剖面沉积物中有机质碳同位素分析,表明在季风边缘带的沉积地层中较详细地记录了这一时期气候快速颤动,发生千年至百年尺度的冷干-温湿变化,高分辨的有机质碳同位素组成与GRIP氧同位素组成有较好的可比性,表明与全球古气候变化有明显的联系,也反映在末次冰期最盛期与晚冰期过渡期气候温湿,陆地植被比较发育,可能与东亚季风有关。有机质碳同位素这一指标对气候记录较敏感,是重建干旱区高分辨古气候演化模式十分有效的手段,在季风交汇带能灵敏地记录到气候快速变化。     

淡水软体动物壳化石碳氧同位素组成及其在恢复古气候环境中的应用

本文研究了昆明滇池和太湖无锡湾软体动物壳化石的碳氧同位素组成,利用化石同位素组成,恢复了昆明盆地百万年以来和太湖无锡湾近四万年以来的古气候环境。研究表明:淡水软体动物壳化石氧同位素组成,在不同的环境条件下,最大差值可达7‰;钻孔中的不同层位的贝壳化石碳氧同位素组成与现代贝壳同位素相比,既有富集重碳氧同位素的层段,也有富集轻碳氧同位素组成的层段,氧同位素变化周期为十万年;富集轻碳氧同位素组成层段与湿润期对应,而富集重碳氧同位素组成层段与干燥期对应。化石氧同位素记录了昆明盆地古气候干湿变化有十万年的周期,随时代变新,气候逐渐干燥;以化石碳氧同位素为主,综合沉积物特征,推断太湖无锡湾近20m地层形成于近四万分年至今,气候温和潮湿,环境可能为河口相。     

Paleo-environmental implication of clumped isotopes in land snail shells

Clumped isotopes analyses in modern land snail shells are reported and used to interpret shell oxygen isotopes within the context of terrestrial paleo-climatology. Carbonate clumped isotopes thermometry is a new technique for estimating the temperature of formation of carbonate minerals. It is most powerful as an indicator of environmental parameters in combination with δ¹⁸O, allowing the partitioning of the δ¹⁸O signal into its temperature and water components. Results indicate that snail shell calcification temperatures are typically higher than either the mean annual or the snail activity season ambient temperatures. Small inter- and intra-snail variability suggests that shell aragonite forms at isotopic equilibrium so that the derived temperatures are an eco-physiological parameter reflecting snail body temperature at the time of calcification. We attribute these higher body temperatures to snail eco-physiological adaptations through shell color, morphology, and behavior. In combination with shell oxygen isotope composition, these temperatures allow us to calculate snail body water composition, which is in turn interpreted as a paleo-hydrological indicator, reflecting isotopic composition of local precipitation modified by local evaporation.     

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic variations in modern Rabdotus land snail shells in the southern Great Plains, USA, and their relation to environment

Variations of stable isotopic ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and oxygen (¹⁸O/¹⁶O) were investigated in modern shells of two species of Rabdotus land snails (R. dealbatus and R. alternatus) in the southern Great Plains. Geographic variation in relation to climate and vegetation, microgeographic variation, variability among individuals, and detailed records of seasonal variations within individual shells were studied. Stable carbon isotopic ratios in shell carbonate are primarily a function of the isotopic composition of the diet of the snails, as represented by the isotopic composition of shell organic matter. This in turn reflects the presence or absence of CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) or C₄ plants. Vegetation density may have a small effect on the carbon isotope ratios. Microgeographic variation (samples within 25 to 300 m) is greater than that seen across different climatic regions and points to very local control of isotopic variations, predominantly related to vegetation. Seasonal variations, as assessed through serial analysis of individual shells (up to 35 samples per shell), may provide a means for distinguishing between isotopic influences of perennial CAM vs. annual C₄ plants. Carbon isotopic variations in time-series of shells from a site provide a means of reconstructing temporal changes in environment and climate.Oxygen isotopic values of shell carbonate are uniform across the region and also show no significant microgeographic variation. The oxygen isotopic composition appears to be mainly a function of the rainwater isotopic composition, with no direct influence of rainfall amount or evaporative effects. The δ¹⁸O values are only 2‰ enriched relative to estimated equilibrium with rainwater. Variability is low (SD of 0.8‰ among sites), so the isotopic composition of fossil Rabdotus shells can provide a precise record of changes in the isotopic composition of rain over time.     

Stable isotope records of plant cover change and monsoon variation in the past 2200 years: evidence from laminated stalagmites in Beijing, China

Two stalagmites collected from the Shihua cave in the southwestern suburb of Beijing were dated by annual layer counting. The results are consistent with thermal ionization mass spectrometry 230 Th dating. Stable carbon isotope variation of stalagmites is dominated by plant cover change, which largely reflects climate change and monsoon variation. Oxygen isotopes are mainly affected by precipitation, which is related to summer and winter monsoon intensity. The combination of carbon and oxygen isotopes can therefore be a proxy of plant cover change and monsoon variation. Our stable isotope results show that lower carbon isotope values of the stalagmites between 200 BC and AD 1000 probably imply dense plant cover and an episode dominated by humid summer monsoon. From ~1000 to AD 1450, the dominant monsoon alternated between the winter monsoon and the summer monsoon. Since ~AD 1450, a significant jump in carbon isotope ratios and increasing oxygen isotope ratios has been demonstrated, indicating less plant cover and the probable dominance of dry winter monsoon. The results are consistent with historical documents of the region.     

Oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of modern land snail shells as environmental indicators from a low-latitude oceanic island

Land snails provide a unique opportunity to study terrestrial paleoenvironments because their shells, which are generally highly abundant and well-preserved in the fossil record, contain a temporal record of environmental change in the form of isotope codes. To evaluate the utility of this approach for a low-latitude oceanic setting, 207 modern shells of 18 species of land snail were analyzed for their oxygen and carbon isotope composition along a north and south facing altitudinal gradient (10-2160 m a.s.l.) in Tenerife Island (∼28°N) of the Canary Archipelago.Shells collected at each locality showed a relatively large range in isotope composition which was greater along the south facing transect (drier and hotter), suggesting that the variance in shell isotope values may be related to water-stress. Although pooled isotope values did not generally show strong relationships with environmental variables (i.e., altitude, temperature and precipitation), mean isotope values were strongly associated with some climatic factors when grouped by site. The mean δ¹⁸O value of the shell (δ¹⁸O_shell) by site displayed a negative correlation with elevation, which is consistent with the positive relationship observed between temperature and the δ¹⁸O value of rain (δ¹⁸O_rain). Calculated δ¹⁸O values of the snail body water (δ¹⁸O_body) derived from observed temperatures and δ¹⁸O_shell values (using the equation of Grossman and Ku [Grossman E. L. and Ku T. L. (1986) Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in biogenic aragonite. Chem. Geol. (Isotope Geosci. Sec.)59, 59-74]) displayed a trend with respect to altitude that was similar to measured and hypothetical δ¹⁸O values for local rain water. The calculated δ¹⁸O_body values from the shell declined 0.17‰ (VSMOW) per 100 m, which is consistent with the “altitude effect” observed for tropical rains in Western Africa, and it correlated negatively with rainfall amount. Accordingly, lower δ¹⁸O_shell values indicate lower temperatures, lower δ¹⁸O_rain values and possibly, higher rainfall totals. A positive correlation between the mean δ¹³C values of shells (δ¹³C_shell) and plants by site suggests that shells potentially record information about the surrounding vegetation. The δ¹³C_shell values varied between −15.7 and −0.6‰ (VPDB), indicating that snails consumed C₃ and C₄/CAM plants, where more negative δ¹³C_shell values probably reflects the preferential consumption of C₃ plants which are favored under wetter conditions. Individuals with more positive δ¹³C_shell values consumed a larger percentage of C₄ plants (other potential factors such as carbonate ingestion or atmospheric CO₂ contribution were unlikely) that were more common at lower elevations of the hotter and drier south facing transect. The relatively wide range of shell isotope values within a single site requires the analysis of numerous shells for meaningful paleoclimatic studies. Although small differences were observed in isotope composition among snail species collected at a single sampling site, they were not significant, suggesting that isotope signatures extracted from multi-taxa snail data sets may be used to infer environmental conditions over a broad range of habitats.     

环境因素对蜗牛Achatina fulica壳体碳酸盐δ13C 组成影响的实验研究

陆生蜗牛化石稳定同位素组成是一种良好的古环境信息载体,常被用于古环境古气候的重建。由于缺少古环境因子 对蜗牛壳体稳定同位素组成机理性的结论,因此越来越多的研究侧重于对现代蜗牛壳体的环境效应进行探讨。实验室蜗牛 饲养实验则可以通过控制环境因素来确定其对壳体碳酸盐稳定同位素组成的影响程度,从而得到较为确切的结果。该文在 前人的研究基础上,利用Achatina fulica 进行实验室饲养实验。结果表明,在相同的温、湿度下,同种食物喂养的蜗牛壳体 有非常稳定的分馏值,不同食物类型的结果有一定的差异,莴苣叶、玉米粉和饲料喂养的蜗牛壳体相对于食物的分馏值分 别为16.70‰±0.2‰,10.57‰±0.2‰和10.65‰±0.2‰;在20~30℃实验条件下,壳体δ13C并不受环境温度的影响,主要受食 物的影响,并得到两者之间的回归方程为δ13Cs=0.6665δ13Cv+6.2302（n=26）;无机碳酸盐对Achatina fulica 壳体文石δ13C值影 响很少;根据端元组分分析方法的统计结果显示,食物是Achatina fulica 壳体碳同位素组成的主要影响因素,贡献值约为 80％±5％,除此以外,大气CO2的贡献值约为20％±5％。     

A stable isotope record from freshwater lake shells of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China, during the past two centuries

Lake Xingcuo is a small, closed, hardwater lake situated in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Stable isotope data (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) from the freshwater snail Gyraulus sibirica (Dunker) in a 34-cm-long, radioactive isotope-dated sediment core represent the past 200 years of Lake Xingcuo environmental history. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the shells of the snail yield information on the isotopic composition of the water in which the shell was formed, which in turn relates to climatic conditions prevailing during the snail's life-span. Living and fossil shells from Lake Xingcuo were collected. δ¹⁸O values in the living shells from Lake Xingcuo are in equilibrium with ambient waters, while δ¹³C values may trace snail dietary carbon. On comparing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C in the shell of Gyraulus sibirica with monitored data for the period 1954-1995, we found that the δ¹⁸O composition in the shell is an efficient proxy revealing air temperature during the warmer months from April to September. There is a positive correlation between the δ¹⁸O in the shells of Gyraulus sibirica and the running average temperature of the warmer months. Climatic variability in the eastern Tibetan Plateau for the past two centuries has been inferred from the δ¹⁸O record from the freshwater snails in the sediments of Lake Xingcuo. As such, the last 200 years' palaeoclimatic record for this region can be separated into three periods representing oscillations between warm and cool conditions consistent with the Guliya ice record in the Tibetan Plateau.     

淡水软体动物壳质氧同位素组成与气候环境

研究现代及第四纪淡水软体动物一些属种的氧同位素组成,显示如下规律:与海相软体动物相比,淡水软体动物富集轻氧同位素组成,δ16<-5‰;相同水域生活的不同属种的氧同位素组成相差较小（萝卜螺等例外）,不同水域生活的软体动物壳质氧同位素相差较大;全贝壳氧同位素主要继承生活时的水体的氧同位素组成,受气候干湿程度影响;第四纪化石也富集轻氧同位素组成,δ16O分布范围较宽;湿润期,化石富集16O,凉干期,化石富集16O。     

Pacific coral oxygen isotope and the tropospheric temperature gradient over the Asian monsoon region: a tool to reconstruct past Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Having recognized that it is the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient rather than the land–ocean surface temperature gradient that drives the Indian monsoon, a new mechanism of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) monsoon teleconnection has been unveiled in which the ENSO influences the Indian monsoon by modifying the TT gradient over the region. Here we show that equatorial Pacific coralline oxygen isotopes reflect TT gradient variability over the Indian monsoon region and are strongly correlated to monsoon precipitation as well as to the length of the rainy season. Using these relationships we have been able to reconstruct past Indian monsoon rainfall variability of the first half of the 20th century in agreement with the instrumental record. Additionally, an older coral oxygen isotope record has been used to reconstruct seasonally resolved summer monsoon rainfall variability of the latter half of the 17th century, indicating that the average annual rainfall during this period was similar to that during the 20th century. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.