枯竭气藏型储气库中地质力学问题浅谈

枯竭气藏改建地下储气库具有地层构造已知、建库周期短、投资费用小等优点,但其对密封性及地质条件要求高,潜在的地质力学问题较其它种类储气库要复杂得多。本文总结了枯竭气藏型储气库建设和运行中所面临的地质力学问题及其研究现状,并就H储气库存在的循环注采诱发应力场变化导致地表形变及断层活化的地质力学问题,提出采用区域地震事件研究、地质力学分析以及地质力学耦合建模相结合的思路与方案进行研究,所得结果有利于确定储气库安全运行压力范围,为储气库库容建设提供重要参考。     

地下盐穴储气库泄漏原因及防治措施研究

良好的密闭性能是盐穴储气库安全运营的基本前提,但地质赋存条件复杂、建库实践不足、理论体系不完备等均会导致盐腔遭遇各类泄漏风险。根据国内外的工程实践及事故统计,再结合盐穴储库特有的工程地质条件和运行工况,总结出三大泄漏因素（地质因素、工程因素、人为失误）和4种泄漏类型。地下盐穴储气库潜在的泄漏类型有夹层密闭性不足引起的气体近水平漏失、盖层被突破失效致使气体上窜、井筒完整性不足致使气体逃逸、夹层与断层连通致使气体流向断层。最终,依据各自的泄漏特征提出了相应的预防处置措施,以防止气体泄漏事故的发生和大范围的蔓延。由于我国盐穴储库的发展暂时处于上升期,研究结果对深部盐穴储气库的安全建设具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

盐岩地下储气库风险评价层次分析模型及应用

国内盐矿具有埋藏浅、盐层薄、夹层多、品位低等特点,导致盐岩地下储气库建设和运营面临诸多技术风险。在盐岩地下储气库风险因子模糊综合评价基础上,建立了层状盐岩储气库破坏、油气泄漏、地表沉降的3大事故风险层次分析模型,并构建了风险因子对3大事故影响程度判断矩阵;将建立的模型用于评价江苏金坛盐岩地下储库气的运营风险状况,确定出储气库3大事故风险因子影响权重分布和风险等级。研究结果表明：（1）储气库破坏应重点控制低压运行压力、运行时间和矿柱应力状态;（2）储气库泄漏应重点控制套管靴位置、夹层结合面滑动、高压运行压力和管道阀门受损;（3）储气库地表沉降应重点控制顶板厚度、低压运行压力和运行时间;（4）储气库破坏和泄漏属中等风险水平,储气库地表沉降属高风险水平。油气储库3大事故风险因子权重分布和风险等级的确定,为盐岩地下储气库风险调控提供了理论指导。     

文23枯竭砂岩型储气库微泡钻井液技术

文23储气库是以巨厚盐层为盖层的枯竭砂岩气藏型储气库,具有地层孔隙度高、渗透率变化大、压力系数低、亏空严重等特点,钻井过程中井漏、地层污染等问题突出。为此,研发了发泡剂、稳泡剂,开发了抗温120 ℃防漏型低密度微泡钻井液体系。该体系在120 ℃条件下,经72 h老化后密度变化仅0.04 g/cm³,仅需325 mL承压即可达到10 MPa以上,对地层的渗透率恢复值达87.9%。微泡钻井液先后在文23储气库现场应用66口井,漏失发生率仅为13.6%,施工期间井壁稳定。抗温120 ℃防漏型低密度微泡钻井液在文23储气库建设中表现出了良好的防漏效果,同时有效地保障了井壁稳定,降低了储层伤害,为文23储气库安全、高效开发提供了有力技术保障。     

盐岩地下储气库注采气套管运行安全的物理模型试验研究

注采气套管结构是保证盐岩地下储气库注采气正常运行的重要枢纽,在盐岩地下储气库运行过程中,套管混凝土环极易因储库蠕变体积收缩而产生受拉破坏。因此,为了解套管混凝土环的受力和变形特性,采用三维地质力学模型试验技术,对江苏金坛盐岩地下储气库开展了不同采气速率、不同采气内压、储库失压等风险因素影响下的套管运行过程的物理模型试验,通过三维地质力学模型试验较好反映出储气库套管混凝土环的受力和变形特性。研究表明：（1）套管混凝土环的轴向拉应变随采气速率的增加而增大,为保证套管的运行安全,建议储气库的最大采气速率不超过0.65 MPa/d;（2）套管混凝土环的轴向拉应变和套管所受蠕变挤压应力随套管鞋离腔顶距离的减小而增大,为保证储气库运行安全,套管底部距离储库腔顶的距离应大于10 m：（3）套管所受蠕变挤压应力随采气内压的减小而显著增大,储气库的最低运行气压应大于3 MPa,并应最大限度地防止储气库出现失压事故。     

盐岩地下储气库体积收敛失效概率分析与模型试验验证

盐岩地下储气库受盐岩蠕变特性影响会产生较大的体积收缩变形,影响储气库安全稳定运行。目前对地下储气库体积稳定性分析方法和评价准则各国没有统一标准,国内主要采用数值计算的方法来评价储气库体积稳定性。以江苏金坛盐矿地下储气库体积收敛数值分析为基础,借鉴国外盐岩地下储气库稳定性评价标准,建立盐岩地下储气库体积收敛失效风险评价矩阵,采用一次二阶矩法显示功能函数分析储气库体积收敛失效概率,分析得出：储气库在长期恒定内压工况下体积收敛失效概率随内压的增大而减小;在短期调峰低压工况下体积收敛失效概率随内压的减小而增大;最小内压应保持在4.2 MPa以上。通过交变气压条件下层状盐岩地下储气库大型三维地质力学模型试验得出:储气库体积收敛变形随内压的增大而减小;短期运行最小内压应大于4.0 MPa。模型试验结果与失效概率分析结论较为相似。因此,为避免盐岩地下储气库产生体积收敛破坏,应保证调峰短期最小内压在4.0 MPa以上。     

金坛盐岩储气库运营模型试验研究

针对盐岩重度低、低弹强比、高流变性等强度与变形特性,研制出与金坛盐矿盐岩的力学行为较为相似的材料配方;采用地质力学模型试验技术,开展金坛盐岩储气库运行稳定性的模拟试验,研究腔体在周期性注、采气作用下的变形特点与力学分布规律。根据模型试验结果,采用盐岩非线性蠕变损伤本构模型,结合金坛盐岩储气库长期运营进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比,研究分析储气库围岩在循环加卸载下的力学响应特点与盐岩溶腔的长期运营稳定性,得到了在周期性加卸载作用下腔体围岩蠕变变形的特点与规律,研究表明相似模型试验技术可以有效地应用于盐岩储气库运营长期稳定性的研究,其结果对盐岩储气库的建造与运行具有一定的指导意义和工程应用价值。     

莺歌海盆地东方区高温超压气藏盖层封盖机制

莺歌海盆地是一个典型的高温超压盆地,盖层能否及如何有效封闭该盆地内中深层高温超压气藏是一个值得探讨的重要问题。为此,以该盆地东方区为例,通过气田实际资料及理论分析盖层的宏观地质特征及微观封闭能力。研究表明:该区高温超压气藏盖层的封盖机制包括低构造倾角、厚层泥岩封闭、浅海泥岩盖层中泥质粉砂岩与粉砂质泥岩频繁互层、超压间接封闭、高温超压引起的高突破压力与排替压力比值;其中前3者是决定该区高温超压气藏盖层对天然气封闭能力的主导因素和先决条件,后两者则是中深层浅海相泥质碎屑岩盖层具备优质封盖条件的基础。进而对比剖析了DF-A、DF-B超压气田及DF-C含气构造等典型实例,认为:DF-B气田气体充满度高的原因在于上述五个要素的最优配置;而高构造倾角的岩性气藏储层能量相对较高,对盖层封闭能力的要求高,在其他盖层条件相似甚至更差的情况下,气藏遭到破坏的风险大,这也是DF-C含气构造尚未取得商业性突破的重要原因。     

多夹层盐矿地下储气库气体渗漏评价方法

我国盐穴地下储气库一般建设于富含泥质夹层的湖相沉积盐岩中,由于泥质夹层的孔隙率和渗透率均大于盐岩,因此其渗透性能对储气库的密闭性起控制作用。夹层的沉积特性一般沿水平展布,据此建立多夹层盐穴储气库渗漏分析理论模型。依据某储气库泥岩夹层的孔渗测试数据,并结合实际运行参数进行天然气渗漏计算。再利用以上研究成果分析气体渗漏范围和泄漏量的影响因素及变化规律,并对储气库选址及设计中的几个关键参数展开适用性评价,如储库离盐矿边界及断层的安全距离、相邻储气库安全矿柱宽度等。研究表明：泥质夹层孔隙压力的变化趋势表现为沿径向先急剧降低,而后趋于稳定;某时刻气体渗流范围和泄漏量由夹层渗透参数、渗透介质以及初始孔隙压力共同决定;渗流的影响范围随着时间的增加而逐渐增大,最终也趋于稳定。研究结果可为多夹层盐穴储气库选址、设计及密封性评价提供理论和技术支撑。     

金坛盐矿老腔储气库长期稳定性分析数值模拟

盐穴储气库作为油气储气库的主要类型之一,已经在发达国家普遍采用。随着“西气东输”工程的进行以及天然气工业的不断发展,我国将会有更多的盐穴地下储气库建成并投入运行,因此怎样科学合理地分析盐穴储气库的稳定性已显得越来越重要。利用国际上著名的有限差分软件FLAC3D,对金坛盐矿某区老腔1号井、2号井建库完成后的腔体稳定性以及腔体蠕变规律进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,储气库在运行期间,流变会引起溶腔体积的减少,溶腔内压对储库的体积减少有直接的作用。并且利用该软件确定了储气库的运行压力在6 MPa～14.5 MPa之间,溶腔的体积缩小率在22 %以内,为储气库的修建及管理提供了指导依据。     

Analysis of fault leakage from Leroy underground natural gas storage facility, Wyoming, USA

Leroy natural-gas storage site is an anticlinal, fault-bounded, aquifer-storage system located in Wyoming, USA. Based on its abundant data, uncontrolled leakage history and subsequent control by the facility operators, a modeling framework was developed for studying reservoir behavior, examining pressure and gas-inventory histories, as well as gas and brine leakage, and evaluating the sensitivity of that behavior to uncertainty about reservoir properties. A three-dimensional model capturing the bounding fault, layered geologic stratigraphy, and surface topography was calibrated by history data of reservoir pressure and gas inventory. The calibrated model predicted gas arrival at the ground surface that was consistent with the timing of observed gas bubbling into a creek. A global sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the parameters influencing fault leakage, and a geomechanical stability analysis was conducted to investigate the likelihood of fault reactivation. In general, it is shown that a discrete leakage pathway is required to explain the observed gas leakage and its subsequent operational control by reducing reservoir pressures. Specifically, the results indicate that fault leakage is a plausible explanation for the observed gas leakage. The results are relevant to other natural-gas storage sites, as well as other subsurface storage applications of buoyant fluids, such as CO₂.     

Seal integrity and feasibility of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> sequestration in the Teapot Dome EOR pilot: geomechanical site characterization

This paper reports a preliminary investigation of CO₂ sequestration and seal integrity at Teapot Dome oil field, Wyoming, USA, with the objective of predicting the potential risk of CO₂ leakage along reservoir-bounding faults. CO₂ injection into reservoirs creates anomalously high pore pressure at the top of the reservoir that could potentially hydraulically fracture the caprock or trigger slip on reservoir-bounding faults. The Tensleep Formation, a Pennsylvanian age eolian sandstone is evaluated as the target horizon for a pilot CO₂ EOR-carbon storage experiment, in a three-way closure trap against a bounding fault, termed the S1 fault. A preliminary geomechanical model of the Tensleep Formation has been developed to evaluate the potential for CO₂ injection inducing slip on the S1 fault and thus threatening seal integrity. Uncertainties in the stress tensor and fault geometry have been incorporated into the analysis using Monte Carlo simulation. The authors find that even the most pessimistic risk scenario would require ∼10 MPa of excess pressure to cause the S1 fault to reactivate and provide a potential leakage pathway. This would correspond to a CO₂ column height of ∼1,500 m, whereas the structural closure of the Tensleep Formation in the pilot injection area does not exceed 100 m. It is therefore apparent that CO₂ injection is not likely to compromise the S1 fault stability. Better constraint of the least principal stress is needed to establish a more reliable estimate of the maximum reservoir pressure required to hydrofracture the caprock.     

油气沿不同时期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及其识别方法

为了研究含油气盆地断裂发育区油气分布规律,在确定油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层发生渗滤散失机理的基础上,针对油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及识别方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是活动期断裂在盖层内上下连接分布,作为油气穿过泥岩盖层的输导通道;油气沿静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是下伏储层油气剩余压力大于断层岩排替压力。通过比较泥岩盖层断接厚度与油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需最小断接厚度的相对大小和下伏储层剩余压力与断层岩排替压力的相对大小,分别建立了油气是否沿活动期断裂和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷南堡5号构造天然气能否通过活动期和静止期NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别。结果表明：在断裂活动期,仅在L2和L8测线处天然气可以沿着NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,其余测线处(L1、L3、L4、L5、L6、L7、L9)则不能;但是在断裂静止期,天然气不能沿NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,与目前南堡5号构造东二段泥岩盖层之下已发现的天然气分布相吻合,表明这2种方法分别用于识别油气是否通过静止期断裂和活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失是可行的。     

Numerical simulation of carbon dioxide injection for enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR) in Altmark natural gas field

This paper studied the CO₂-EGR in Altmark natural gas field with numerical simulations. The hydro-mechanical coupled simulations were run using a linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D. In order to consider the gas mixing process, EOS7C was implemented in TOUGH2MP. A multi-layered 3D model (4.4 km × 2 km × 1 km) which consists of the whole reservoir, caprock and base rock was generated based on a history-matched PETREL model, originally built by GDF SUEZ E&P Deutschland GmbH for Altmark natural gas field. The model is heterogeneous and discretized into 26,015 grid blocks. In the simulation, 100,000 t CO₂ was injected in the reservoir through well S13 within 2 years, while gas was produced from the well S14. Some sensitivity analyses were also carried out. Simulation results show that CO₂ tends to migrate toward the production well S14 along a NW–SE fault. It reached the observation wells S1 and S16 after 2 years, but no breakthrough occurred in the production well. After 2 years of CO₂ injection, the reservoir pressure increased by 2.5 bar, which is beneficial for gas recovery. The largest uplift (1 mm) occurred at the bottom of the caprock. The deformation was small (elastic) and caprock integrity was not affected. With the injection rate doubled the average pressure increased by 5.3 bar. Even then the CO₂ did not reach the production well S14 after 2 years of injection. It could be concluded that the previous flow field was established during the primary gas production history. This former flow field, including CO₂ injection/CH₄ production rate during CO₂-EGR and fault directions and intensity are the most important factors affecting the CO₂ transport.     

徐家围子断陷安达凹陷火石岭组天然气成藏条件分析

DS28井的勘探研究表明徐家围子断陷火石岭组具有良好的勘探前景.笔者通过对岩芯地化测试、铸体薄片、孔隙度测试等资料的分析,探究安达凹陷火石岭组天然气的气源条件、储层特征、盖层条件和成藏模式,以期深入认识松辽盆地北部火石岭组天然气富集规律,指出有利勘探区带和勘探方向.研究表明,安达凹陷火石岭组具备天然气藏形成的基本地质条...     

Subsidence Modeling Validation Through Back Analysis for an Italian Gas Storage Field

The multi-disciplinary work described in the paper was aimed at analyzing and predicting the cyclical ground surface movements induced by underground gas storage (UGS) activities in a depleted gas field located in the Po Plain (Italy). The field has been operated as a storage facility for nearly three decades. Currently, the possibility of delta-pressuring the reservoir (i.e. to increase the maximum operating pressure above the initial reservoir pressure) to enhance the storage performance is being considered. Significant information was collected over time: 2/3D seismic surveys, geological and sedimentological studies, 60+ logged wells, geotechnical lab tests and 50+ years of production history and monitoring were available for the development of a fully integrated static–dynamic–geomechanical analysis. The mechanical aspects of the study are the focus of this paper. The data coming from different sources at different scales were analysed and integrated to set up and characterize a 3D finite element method mechanical model to calculate the surface movements induced by UGS activity by adopting an elasto-plastic constitutive law. The model was then calibrated via a back analysis approach, i.e. the model parameters were fine-tuned so that the simulated subsidence/uplift would compare satisfactorily with the ground movements collected over nearly 10 years of monitoring via interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis in the region under investigation. Eventually, the calibrated model was used as a forecasting tool for subsidence evaluation under different future storage strategies, including delta-pressuring conditions. Results proved that no significant subsidence is expected even if the maximum operating pressure reached 120 % of the initial formation pressure.     

Thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of carbon dioxide injection for enhanced gas-recovery (CO2-EGR): a benchmarking study for code comparison

The objective of this paper was to investigate the THM-coupled responses of the storage formation and caprock, induced by gas production, CO₂-EGR (enhanced gas recovery), and CO₂-storage. A generic 3D planer model (20,000?×?3,000?×?100?m, consisting of 1,200?m overburden, 100?m caprock, 200?m gas reservoir, and 1,500?m base rock) is adopted for the simulation process using the integrated code TOUGH2/EOS7C-FLAC3D and the multi-purpose simulator OpenGeoSys. Both simulators agree that the CO₂-EGR phase under a balanced injection rate (31,500?tons/year) will cause almost no change in the reservoir pressure. The gas recovery rate increases 1.4?% in the 5-year CO₂-EGR phase, and a better EGR effect could be achieved by increasing the distance between injection and production wells (e.g., 5.83?% for 5?km distance, instead of 1.2?km in this study). Under the considered conditions there is no evidence of plastic deformation and both reservoir and caprock behave elastically at all operation stages. The stress path could be predicted analytically and the results show that the isotropic and extensional stress regime will switch to the compressional stress regime, when the pore pressure rises to a specific level. Both simulators agree regarding modification of the reservoir stress state. With further CO₂-injection tension failure in reservoir could occur, but shear failure will never happen under these conditions. Using TOUGH-FLAC, a scenario case is also analyzed with the assumption that the reservoir is naturally fractured. The specific analysis shows that the maximal storage pressure is 13.6?MPa which is determined by the penetration criterion of the caprock.     

Numerical modelling of regional faults in land subsidence prediction above gas/oil reservoirs

The stress variation induced by gas/oil production may activate pre‐existing regional faults. This may enhance the expected land subsidence due to the generation of mechanically weak points close to the producing field. A class of elasto‐plastic interface elements (IE), specifically designed to address the mechanical behaviour of faults over a regional scale, is integrated into a finite element (FE) geomechanical model and used to investigate the role exerted by active faults in anthropogenic land subsidence. The importance of regional faults depends on a variety of factors including depth of the depleted reservoir, fault number, orientation and size, geomechanical properties of porous medium, pore pressure drawdown induced by fluid production, etc. With the aid of some representative examples, a useful indication is provided as to where and how fault activation may influence both magnitude and extent of the land subsidence bowl above producing gas/oil reservoirs, pointing to a generally limited impact on the ground surface. The simulation of a real faulted gas reservoir in a complex 3‐D setting shows that the proposed IE can be simply and efficiently incorporated into a FE geomechanical model, thus improving the quality of the stress and displacement prediction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.