基于条件模拟的城市地质属性建模：以广安市为例

城市地质建模是实现地下空间可视化、认识城市复杂地质条件的重要手段,也是城市地质调查工作的重要任务。前人开展城市地质建模工作时,通常将地下地质体作为均匀介质进行建模和插值,导致地质模型不能反映地下地质体离散型和非均质性,影响了模型的可靠性和未来应用。本研究以四川省广安市为例,通过野外地质调查、资料收集（地形地貌、钻孔、剖面图和柱状图等）和数据分析,选择可以反映地质离散性和非均质性的条件模拟方法,以岩样作为样本数据集,开展研究区三维建模工作。本次工作建立了广安市城市规划区地层构造模型、岩性和属性参数三维模型,并基于层次分析法（AHP）评价了以隧道为开发手段的围岩等级。结果显示,规划区内存在分带特征明显的西南、西、中和南四个工程地质特征带,同时,围岩等级显示全区由深到浅大部分区域都适合以隧道开发为手段来进行地下空间利用,为广安市城市地下空间规划和开发提供了立体地质参考和依据。最后,对城市地质建模未来研究方向进行了探讨。

     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究 ——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点.作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础.通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层...     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点。作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础。通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层三维结构等多个方面构建完成了一套具有多层次结构的三维评价指标体系,并采用层次分析方法对评价指标进行了目标权重的计算、一致性检验、排序和分析。该指标体系可划分为5个准则层21个指标层,相较于二维评价指标体系,通过融合三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法,使评价过程中能够考虑更多的评价因子,更好地描绘地下复杂的三维地质环境,丰富了三维评价结果的内涵。基于模糊综合评价方法的杭州钱江新城二期的三维评价应用成果表明,该指标体系为三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法之间的整合提供了有力的指导,为提升三维尺度下的地下空间开发地质适宜性评价精度和准确性提供了有力的支持。     

基于连续—非连续方法的地质体材料变形—拉裂过程模拟——以岩样紧凑拉伸试验为例

地质体材料易发生拉裂,为了有效模拟地质体材料的变形-拉裂过程,自主研发了一种连续-非连续方法。该方法实质是拉格朗日元法与虚拟裂缝模型的耦合,既能较准确模拟应力应变场,又能较准确模拟连续介质向非连续介质转化的复杂过程。以岩样紧凑拉伸试验为例开展变形-拉裂过程研究,得到以下结果。紧凑拉伸岩样的变形-拉裂过程:在岩样的Ⅴ形缺口尖端附近出现最大主应力集中现象;节点发生分离,虚拟或真实裂缝扩展,最大主应力始终集中于虚拟裂缝的尖端位置;岩样被拉裂成两部分。最大不平衡力发生1次突增对应着1个节点的分离。在峰值之前,岩样的载荷-位移曲线表现出了硬化现象;随着岩样尺寸的增加,应力-应变曲线的峰值有所下降,这与Bazǎnt的尺度律相一致,且峰后应力-应变曲线的陡峭程度增大。目前针对紧凑拉伸试验的模拟结果是合理的,由此在一定程度上说明了提出的连续-非连续方法在连续介质向非连续介质转化模拟方面的突出能力。      

岩溶管道水系统物理模拟——以岩滩水电站板文地下河系为例

从物理模拟的角度出发,论述应用相似原理概化岩溶管道水系统和建立符合能量转化、质量守恒的等效水箱,并采用变径管束组合等效岩溶管道。还介绍了改变模型结构和不改变模型结构的两种模型预报。为解决岩溶地区岩溶管道系统水流运动问题提供很好的方法      

城市地下空间资源开发利用的思考——以上海市为例

地下空间资源作为拓展城市发展空间和优化设施布局的一项宝贵资源是城市规划和建设的热点。本文以上海市为例,对城市地下空间资源的开发利用进行了探讨,以期对国内城市地下空间资源的综合利用有所启示。首先,本文对上海市主城区城市地下空间资源的开发类型、强度、密度和深度进行了分析,对竖向分层开发策略进行了讨论。然后梳理了上海市地下空间资源开发中存在的问题,并从创新开发理念的角度进行了思考,提出关于城市地下空间资源开发利用的一些思考。     

区域地下水流数值模拟的方法和实践 ——以华北平原为例

平原(盆地)和流域尺度的地下水流数值模拟对于区域地下水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。本文在总结分析国内外区域地下水资源数值模型特点的基础上,重点介绍了华北平原区域地下水流数值模型,并指出了区域地下水流数值模拟中存在的问题。     

基于地质要素分析的地下空间适宜性评价——以江门新会为例

在综合分析江门市新会区地质环境条件的基础上,从地形地貌、构造地质、岩土体、水文地质和不良地质等五方面,构建了由地形地貌类型、断裂构造缓冲距离等8个指标组成的地下空间地质环境适宜性评估指标体系,采用了层次分析法与多目标线性加权函数法相结合的方法进行分区评价。评价结果表明：次浅层、次深层地下空间的地质环境适宜性整体较好;制约浅层地下空间开发利用的主要影响因素为地表水及软土问题等;次浅层和次深层岩土体条件较好,受含水砂层富水性及断裂构造等影响较大;适宜性差区域主要分布于潭江、西江水道附近。该成果可为地区地下空间开发规划和建设提供科学依据。     

古构造应力场数值模拟方法探讨——以山西省晋城成庄煤矿区为例

从构造模拟目标、构造模型建立、构造模拟三个方面探讨了古构造应力场数值模拟的方法。以山西省晋城成庄煤矿区为例, 根据野外调查和微观构造形迹, 建立平面应力模型和三维地质模型, 确定岩体力学参数、边界条件及岩石破裂准则, 采用大型数值模拟软件ANSYS和FLAC计算, 确定外力的大小及加载顺序。通过分析研究, 揭示了山西晋城成庄煤矿区历史上曾发生先东西向、后南北向的两期大的构造运动, 加载外力为先东西向加载60 MPa, 再南北向加载110~180 MPa, 这个结果能解释多数地表剪节理和3#煤中剪节理同时发生。该分析对矿区的危险性分区及瓦斯突出区的预测具有重要的意义。      

Geochemistry and origin of sour gas accumulations in the northeastern Sichuan Basin, SW China

Significant natural gas reserves have recently been discovered in the Lower Triassic oolitic reservoirs from northeastern Sichuan Basin, SW China. In the wake of the December 2003 sour gas well blow-out, this study presents an overview on the petroleum geology and geochemistry of the sour gas accumulations in the study area. Two types of natural gas accumulations were identified in the Lower Triassic oolitic reservoirs, both containing highly mature thermogenic gases, with their hydrocarbon source rocks in Upper Permian strata. Natural gases from the area south of the ancient Kaijiang-Liangping Seaway are generally sweet gases formed as the result of thermal maturation, whereas those discovered from north of the Seaway are products of both thermal maturation and thermochemical sulfate reduction of early accumulated oils in the Feixianguan Formation reservoirs. The proposed origins of the gases are supported by their chemical and stable carbon isotope compositions, as well as the presence or absence of pyrobitumens in the reservoir. The distribution of gas accumulations is controlled predominantly by the combination of lithologic and structural factors. The regional variation in the concentrations of H₂S in the gases appears related to the presence and thickness of anhydrite-bearing evaporitic rocks interbedded or intercalated with the oolitic reservoirs.     

Formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow: a case study from Wenjia gully in Mianzhu, Sichuan, SW China

During the three flood seasons following the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, two catastrophic groups of debris flow events occurred in the earthquake-affected area: the 2008-9-24 debris flow events, which had a serious impact on rebuilding; and the 2010-8-13/14 debris flow events, which destroyed much of the progress made in rebuilding. The Wenjia gully is a typical post-earthquake debris flow gully and at least five debris flows have occurred there. As far as the 2010-8-13 debris flow is concerned, the deposits of the Wenjia gully debris flow reached a volume of 3.1 × 10⁶ m³ in volume and hundreds of newly built houses were buried. This study took the Wenjia gully debris flow as an example and discussed the formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow on the basis of field investigations and a remote sensing interpretation. The conclusions drawn from the investigation and analysis were as follows: (1) Post-earthquake debris flows were a joint result of both the earthquake and heavy rainfall. (2) Gully incision and loose material provision are key processes in the initiation and occurrence of debris flows and a cycle can be presented as the following process: runoff—erosion—collapse—engulfment—debris flow—further erosion—further collapse—further engulfment—debris flow enlargement. (3) The amount of rainfall that triggered debris flows from the Wenjia gully was significantly less than the average daily rainfall, while the intraday rainfall threshold decreased by at least 23.3%. (4) The occurrence mechanism of Wenjia gully debris flow was an erosion type and there was a positive relationship between debris flow magnitude and rainfall, which fitted an exponential model. (5) There were five representative characteristics of Wenjia gully debris flow: the long duration of the occurring process; the long distance of deposition chain conversion during the process of damage; magnification in the scale of debris flow; and the high frequency of debris flow events.     

Stability evaluation of underground gas storage salt caverns with micro-leakage interlayer in bedded rock salt of Jintan,China

Acta Geotechnica - Recent in situ pressure test indicates that there is a mudstone interlayer with high permeability in the open hole of the underground gas storage (UGS) salt caverns in Jintan,...     

页岩气水平井含气性定量评价方法研究 ——以涪陵页岩气田为例

页岩气水平井含气性评价是页岩气开发评价的难点之一。以四川盆地涪陵页岩气田奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩为主要研究对象,依据大量页岩气水平井钻井及生产数据,结合研究区探井含气性主控因素的分析结果,优选出4项有效评价页岩气水平井含气性的参数:全烃校正值、孔隙压力系数、测井解释孔隙度及测井解释含气量。选取涪陵页岩气田焦石坝区块的压裂施工参数相当的53口水平井作为样本井,采用赋值法和极大值法对各项参数值统一量纲,再通过灰色关联系数方法计算各项参数的权重,最终建立水平井含气性计算方程。基于计算结果的概率累积曲线,建立了页岩气水平井含气性分级模型。整体上形成了一套能够定量评价页岩气水平井含气性的方法体系。对研究区样本井之外的页岩气水平井进行含气性定量评价,结果与实际生产数据吻合度较高,证实该方法能较好地反映页岩气水平井的含气能力,可以有效预测气井测试产量。     

Geochemical comparison between gas in fluid inclusions and gas produced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation,Sichuan Basin,SW China

Natural gas in the Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin is dominated by hydrocarbon (HC) gas, with 78–79% methane and 2–19% C₂₊ HC. Its dryness coefficient (C₁/C_1–5) is mostly < 0.95. The gas in fluid inclusions, which has low contents of CH₄ and heavy hydrocarbons (C₂₊) and higher contents of non-hydrocarbons (e.g. CO₂), is a typical wet gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogen. Gas produced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (here denoted field gas) has light carbon isotope values for methane (δ¹³C₁: −45‰ to −36‰) and heavier values for ethane (δ¹³C₂: −30‰ to −25‰). The case is similar for gas in fluid inclusions, but δ¹³C₁ = −36‰ to −45‰ and δ¹³C₂ = −24.8‰ to −28.1‰, suggesting that the gas experienced weak isotopic fractionation due to migration and water washing. The field gas has δ¹³C_CO2 values of −15.6‰ to −5.6‰, while the gas in fluid inclusions has δ¹³C_CO2 values of −16.6‰ to −9‰, indicating its organic origin. Geochemical comparison shows that CO₂ captured in fluid inclusions mainly originated from source rock organic matter, with little contribution from abiogenic CO₂. Fluid inclusions originate in a relatively closed system without fluid exchange with the outside following the gas capture process, so that there is no isotopic fractionation. They thus present the original state of gas generated from the source rocks. These research results can provide a theoretical basis for gas generation, evolution, migration and accumulation in the basin.     

盐岩地下储气库风险评价层次分析模型及应用

国内盐矿具有埋藏浅、盐层薄、夹层多、品位低等特点,导致盐岩地下储气库建设和运营面临诸多技术风险。在盐岩地下储气库风险因子模糊综合评价基础上,建立了层状盐岩储气库破坏、油气泄漏、地表沉降的3大事故风险层次分析模型,并构建了风险因子对3大事故影响程度判断矩阵;将建立的模型用于评价江苏金坛盐岩地下储库气的运营风险状况,确定出储气库3大事故风险因子影响权重分布和风险等级。研究结果表明：（1）储气库破坏应重点控制低压运行压力、运行时间和矿柱应力状态;（2）储气库泄漏应重点控制套管靴位置、夹层结合面滑动、高压运行压力和管道阀门受损;（3）储气库地表沉降应重点控制顶板厚度、低压运行压力和运行时间;（4）储气库破坏和泄漏属中等风险水平,储气库地表沉降属高风险水平。油气储库3大事故风险因子权重分布和风险等级的确定,为盐岩地下储气库风险调控提供了理论指导。     

Stability and tightness evaluation of bedded rock salt formations for underground gas/oil storage

The presence of interfaces has a critical influence on the stability and tightness of underground gas/oil storages. In China, these energy storages are constructed mainly in bedded salt formations and are widely distributed. Therefore, it is necessary to study the sedimentary rhythm and mechanical characteristics of the interfaces between beds. The petrologic study of core samples from exploratory wells in Yunying Salt Mine, Hubei Provence, China, reveals a sedimentary rhythm and multiple interfaces of bedded salt formations: (1) Mudstone–anhydrite–glauberite–Glauber’s salt–salt rock–mudstone are periodically deposited in sequences. Chemical deposition, the predominant formation mechanism, and mechanical deposition appear alternately and result in the formation of sedimentary multicycles; (2) depending on whether a certain component of the rhythm is lacking or not, interfaces are divided into sequential depositional interfaces and intermittent depositional interfaces. Depending on the deposition frequency, interfaces can also be classified into dominant interfaces and secondary interfaces. Depending on whether the mineral composition changes gradually or abruptly, interfaces can be divided into gradual transition interfaces and discrete discontinuous interfaces. Based on the classification of the interfaces together with scanning electron microscope analyses, the cementation state and strength of the interfaces are discussed. Both field investigations and laboratory tests show that the strengths of the chemical deposition interfaces are higher than those of the mechanical deposition interfaces. Specifically, interfaces of mudstone and rock salt are mostly weak. Taking into account the presence of weak interfaces, the strength of interbedded salt formations around caverns can be represented by a U-shaped lower-bound strength envelope curve, which means that shear failure may occur more easily at the haunches of the cavern. Therefore, when setting the range of the internal operating pressures, more attention should be paid to the shear strength of the weak interlayers and weak interfaces, in particular those at the haunches of the cavern, to ensure the stability and tightness of underground gas/oil stores.     

Carbon storage in desertified lands: A case study from North China

Based on the organic and carbonate carbon levels of the top 1 m of soil from desertified soils of Northern People's Republic of China, climatic and vegetative cover zones have been derived for some 334000 km² of desertification-prone lands. Regional accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were examined relative to precipitation, altitude, and temperature. The largest accumulations of pedogenic carbonates were found in Calcic soils in warm, arid areas. Accumulated organic carbon predominated in soils under Betula platyphylla. In the naturally desertified lands of China, for example, the top 1.0-m soil layer contains some 7.84 Pg of organic carbon and 14.9 Pg of carbonate carbon. Total stored carbon, including carbonate carbon, is 1.8-fold more than organic carbon alone. The carbon released through land desertification in China may be an important factor affecting changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases worldwide.     

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.