1960—2013年北京地区冻雨天气过程特征分析

利用地面气象站的观测资料、观象台的探空资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对1960—2013年北京地区20个地面气象观测站冻雨天气过程的特征及其发生条件进行了分析。结果表明:1960—2013年北京地区11月至翌年4月均可能出现冻雨天气,北京东南部的大兴区和通州区、西北部的昌平区为冻雨发生相对较频繁的地区。低层丰富的水汽和抬升条件有利于冻雨天气的出现,大气层结的垂直结构可分为无融化层(整层<0℃)和有融化层(冷—暖—冷)两类,两种类型冻雨出现的概率相当(各占50%)。通过对北京地区冻雨天气过程典型个例的对比研究发现:850—700hPa暖平流对逆温强度的变化有重要影响;无融化层时,云顶高度较高,700hPa以下气层温度为-10~0℃,降水以过冷却水的形式降落至地面发生冻结形成冻雨;有融化层时,湿层较浅薄(位于850hPa以下),暖湿空气在近地层的"冷垫"上滑行,是此类冻雨发生的有利因素之一。     

2008年1月南方一次冰冻天气中冻雨区的层结和云物理特征

2008年1月中下旬, 我国南方经历了四次历史罕见的冰冻雨雪天气。本文针对2008年1月25~29日的一次典型冻雨天气过程, 在实测资料、NCEP再分析资料综合分析的基础上, 利用中国气象科学研究院 (CAMS) 中尺度云分辨模式对1月28日~29日的冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟, 研究了冰冻天气形成的大气层结及云系冻雨区云的宏微观结构特征, 初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程及云物理成因。结果表明, 深厚而稳定的逆温层和低空冷层的存在是大范围冻雨出现的直接原因。此次南方冰冻过程中, 湖南和贵州两地冻雨形成的云物理机理不同, 不同冻雨区上空为两种不同类型的云, 对应两种不同的云微物理结构和大气层结结构。湖南冻雨区云层较厚, 云顶温度较低, 属于混合相云, 云中高层存在丰富的冰相粒子 (雪的比含水量最大)。湖南冻雨在 "冷—暖—冷" 层结下, 通过 "冰相融化过程" 形成, 即在锋面之上的对流层中层水汽辐合中心内形成的雪, 从高空落入暖层, 雪融化形成雨, 再下落到冷层后, 形成过冷雨滴, 最后接触到温度低于 0℃的物体或降落到地面上, 迅速冻结形成冻雨。而贵州冻雨区云层较薄, 云顶温度较高, 属于暖云, 中高层基本无冰相粒子, 低层为云水和雨水 (云水的比含水量最大)。贵州冻雨是在 "暖—冷" 层结下通过 "过冷暖雨过程" 形成的。即水汽沿锋面抬升, 在对流层中低层的水汽辐合中心内, 经过冷却凝结成云滴, 通过碰并云滴增长的雨滴下落到低空冷层, 形成的过冷却雨滴直接冻结形成冻雨。     

南方不同类型冰冻天气的大气层结和云物理特征研究

利用观测资料和CAMS中尺度云分辨模式,对南方3次不同类型冻雨天气过程进行模拟,重点研究了冰冻天气中冻雨区云系宏、微观结构及大气层结特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云物理机制.结果表明:(1)逆温层的存在是冻雨发生的必要条件,低层湿度较大的逆温常与冻雨天气有关.3次冻雨过程的冻雨区都存在逆温层,其中第一、二次过程属于锋面逆温,而第三次过程属于平流逆温.可见,逆温层结有利于冻雨的发生,但逆温层的存在仅是形成冻雨的条件之一.冻雨的发生还与水汽(湿度)、风向风速、地面特征有关.低层有水汽输入到冻雨区、地面温度等于或低于0℃,有利于冻雨形成和过冷雨水的冻结.(2)冻雨的形成需要满足3个主要条件:在对流层中高层存在冻结层,冻结层下要有暖层和逆温层,近地层有一个温度＜0℃的冷却层,并且低层的冷却层相对湿度较高.中高层冻结层主要产生冰相降水粒子,中层的暖层可以确保上层降落下来的固态降水粒子(雪或霰)融化成雨滴或在融化层中直接产生液态降水.这样,雨滴下降到低空冷却层后会逐渐变成过冷雨滴,当过冷却雨滴接触到＜0℃的地面或者其他物体表面时,迅速冻结形成冻雨.(3)不同冻雨区上空存在2种不同类型的云,对应云中有2种明显不同的温度层结:混合相云中的“冷-暖-冷”层结和水云中的“暖-冷”层结.具有2种不同层结特征的不同冻雨区云系,对应2种不同的微物理结构,具有2种不同的冻雨形成的云物理机制.(4)同一类型天气系统中的冻雨区,可以存在不同的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的机制;不同类型天气系统也可以存在特征相同的冻雨区,即冻雨形成的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的物理机制都相同.     

2010年2月辽宁地区冻雨天气诊断分析

应用常规天气资料,从天气、气候及大气物理量场等方面,对2010年2月下旬发生在辽宁地区历史罕见的冰冻雨雪灾害性天气发生发展的成因、主要特征以及造成严重灾害的主要原因进行诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa低涡分裂的小槽东移是冻雨天气的环流背景;700 hPa源源不断的水汽输送和低层辐合作用是降水产生的基本条件。地面强冷空气是冻雨天气的触发机制;高层为冷的冰晶层,对流层中低层有温度t>0℃的暖的融化层,近地面1-2 km为气温t<0℃的冷层,同时地面达到 0℃以下,这种复杂的逆温层是冻雨产生的天气条件。高层暖平流是维持中空暖层结构的重要条件之一,对暖层的建立和破坏起较大作用,暖层消失冻雨天气也随之结束。中低空水汽饱和度、地面温度和中低空上升、下沉运动与冻雨的强度有密切关系。     

中国东北地区两场罕见冻雨过程的对比分析

2020年11月17～20日（过程1）和2021年11月7～11日（过程2）在中国东北地区发生了两场历史罕见的冻雨事件，给吉林和黑龙江两省造成了异常严重的灾害。本文利用NCEP/NCAR和EC-ERA5再分析资料、地面气象要素实况和探空资料，对这两次冻雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明，地面关键影响系统均为北上发展加强的江淮气旋，冻雨区均位于地面暖锋北部冷空气一侧的等压线密集带中。冻雨形成过程存在差异，过程1主要表现为先有地面降温形成“冷垫”，之后气旋携带的暖空气在“冷垫”上爬升并配合850 hPa暖锋维持；过程2则表现为大量暖湿空气向北输送，地面气温回升，850 hPa暖舌发展，被抬升的暖湿空气降落在前期较冷的下垫面上形成冻雨。冻雨发生时，水汽条件丰沛，并伴有上升速度和锋区的明显加强。温度层结呈现“冷—暖—冷”三明治型垂直分布特征，即低空有逆温层且有融化层和近地面有冻结层同时存在。两次过程均符合多数北方冻雨的“冰相融化”机制。过程1逆温层顶高度、逆温强度及最大融化层厚度均强于过程2，且逆温持续时间长，导致电线积冰厚度差异明显。地形对冻雨有一定的影响。最后提炼出一个东北冻雨天气的三维结构模...     

我国冬季冻雨和冰粒天气的形成机制及预报着眼点

利用探空和地面观测资料,通过对2001年冬季至2010年冬季我国不同区域（分为4个区域：北方、江南、华南、西南）的冻雨和冰粒天气形成的物理过程进行分析发现：（1）除北方区域外,我国其他区域的冻雨主要以暖雨机制为主。北方区域的融化类冻雨比例也仅为39％,但纬度越高,出现融化类冻雨的几率高于上述比例。暖层出现是冻雨天气的重要特征,但暖层作用主要是输送水汽和维持锋面系统,以保证降水的发生和持续,低层及地面气温普遍低于0℃可能是最重要的原因。（2）我国冰粒天气的形成机制主要以融化机制为主。冰粒天气的云顶高度普遍高于冻雨天气。冰粒天气的暖层厚度和强度均小于冻雨天气,这主要是由于弱暖层只是部分融化冰晶和雪花,使其重新冻结成为可能。冰粒天气的700hPa风速值普遍小于冻雨天气,这一方面说明冰粒天气对水汽输送条件要低一些,另一方面也反映了冰粒天气暖层较弱的特点。（3）云顶高度、暖层强度和厚度、低层冷层温度露点差、700hPa风速以及地面气温是甄别冻雨和冰粒天气的特征量,但不同区域,这些特征量的有效性不一样。西南区域冻雨和冰粒天气的主要差别在地面气温,其他特征量或差别不明显,或代表性不足,只可以作为辅助判断的因子。     

一次寒潮过程的多种相态降水机理分析

利用气象站观测资料、NCEP分析资料和中尺度模式WRF-V3,从环流形势、动力机制、温湿特征等方面对2010年2月9-11日江苏一次雨、雪、冻雨、冰雹等不同相态的寒潮过程进行分析。结果表明,冻雨和雪的大气层结有明显差异,冻雨发生时在对流层中低层有融化层,融化层内温度为1~2℃,近地面气温低于0℃;降雪发生时,整层大气温度都在0℃以下。对流层中低层大量的水汽平流和暖平流是造成冬季对流性天气的主要原因,冬季产生冰雹的"高架雷暴"位于近地面冷池之上,冰雹出现前对流层中上层有干空气侵入。WRF-V3模式数值模拟结果表明,降雨和冻雨出现时对流层低层都有雨滴存在,降雪时对流层低层的雨滴消失。     

2021年11月8日雨雪冰冻灾害天气过程分析

2021年11月7日夜间-9日白天黑龙江省出现大范围雨雪、大风、降温天气。此次天气过程中南部地区雨雪相态转换频繁,出现了罕见的冻雨天气。本文通过对高低空环流演变以及大气温度垂直变化的分析,认为主要是极地冷空气向南爆发的过程中,与低层暖湿空气北上强迫产生斜压不稳定,在地面低压北侧暖锋抬升作用下出现的大范围雨雪天气。分析探空资料可以看出大气边界层起到了冷垫作用,后期地面暖锋沿低层冷垫抬升,大气温度垂直分布出现“上暖下冷”的逆温结构。此外,边界层暖湿平流的输送增加了暖层的厚度,地形影响使“冷垫”作用加强。     

冻雨形成的天气条件分析

应用常规观测资料和1°×1°的NCEP资料,对2008年1月中旬河南出现的一次冻雨天气过程的环流形势和影响系统的演变及气温垂直分布特征的分析结果表明:中层西南暖湿气流叠加在华北入侵强冷空气之上非常有利于冻雨天气的产生.因此,冷、暖、冷的大气温度垂直结构特征和中层暖平流的活动是冻雨产生、维持的必要条件;冻雨强度和地面的温、风、湿及降水强度均有密切的关系.     

基于CloudSat卫星观测的贵州冻雨形成机制分析

利用CloudSat卫星观测资料,从云物理观测和温度垂直结构角度对贵州地区冻雨形成机制进行分析。结果表明,对冰相机制的冻雨,CloudSat卫星的CPR雷达反射率、云冰含量和温度廓线产品能够描述冰相降水粒子在融化层中相变为液态水的"融冰"过程,雷达反射率回波0℃层亮带是该过程的直接反映,云冰含量产品也能够反映融化层对冰相降水粒子的融化作用。对"过冷暖雨"机制的冻雨,CloudSat卫星能够描述降水粒子在整层气温低于0℃的环境中保持过冷水状态下落的过程。研究基于云物理观测证实贵州冻雨存在一种具有融化层的暖雨机制,其大气存在着具有融化层的逆温结构,降水粒子在融化层中为普通液态水,在温度略低于0℃的环境中为过冷水,过冷水下落经过融化层时升温变为普通液态水,再继续下落进入次冻层冷却,最后与低于0℃的地面物体碰并冻结形成冻雨。冻雨形成机制不能通过融化层区分。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.