湖南气候对全球气候变化的响应

利用湖南省96个台站1960—2010年逐日气象观测资料,在进行均一性检验和订正的基础上对湖南省气候变化事实进行检测分析。结果表明:湖南气候与全球气候变化一致,呈现以变暖为主要特征的变化,且变暖存在季节、地域上的差异,冬、春、秋气温变暖趋势显著,增暖幅度最大的区域在湘北地区;对气候变暖响应敏感的要素主要是与平均气温、冬季气温相关密切的要素,如季平均气温、年平均最低气温、活动积温等;湖南气温在突变时间上具有较好的时间逻辑关系;湖南降水量无显著趋势变化,但极端降水增加,地域性差异明显,湖南东部地区降水量呈现明显增加趋势,日降水量大于等于100 mm的日数呈显著增加趋势;湖南日照时数、风速、相对湿度均呈现显著减少的变化趋势。     

北京1960—2008年气候变暖及极端气温指数变化特征

应用均一化逐日气象观测资料,分析了北京地区1960—2008年气候变暖及主要极端气温指数的统计特征。结果表明：近49年来北京年平均气温增温速率约为0.39℃/10a,最高、最低气温变化具有明显的非对称性。霜冻日数和气温年较差呈现下降趋势,暖夜指数及热浪指数呈现上升趋势,除气温年较差外,其他极端气温指数的气候变率均在加大。北京年平均气温及极端气温指数主要存在21年、15～17年及准10年周期特征。年平均气温与极端气温指数之间存在较强相关性,气候变暖突变发生前后某些极端气温指数发生频率表现出明显差异。自1980年起,北京市区极端最高气温及其增温率明显高于近郊和远郊,高温日数市区多于近郊,近郊多于远郊;近、远郊极端最低气温温差高于城、近郊温差。     

气候变化背景下陆地极端降水和温度变化区域差异

利用月平均地表气候要素数据集(CRU TS 3.22)和百分位的方法定义极端事件,分析了19012012年气候变化背景下极端降水和温度变化的趋势特征以及在气温相对冷暖时段极端事件发生频率的区域差异,重点关注20世纪70年代中后期至90年代末的加速变暖时段和1998 2012年变暖减缓时段。结果表明,在全球平均气温显著上升的112年中,全球极端强降水事件和极端高温事件均表现出增多的趋势,极端低温事件呈现减少的趋势。夏季极端强降水事件发生频率在加速变暖时段的分布与1956 1976年相近,高值区位于北美中高纬、南美洲和欧亚大陆低纬地区,在变暖减缓时段北美中高纬地区变为低值区,而欧亚大陆中纬度地区频率增大。冬季极端强降水事件发生频率大值区在变暖减缓时段位于南美洲北部、欧亚大陆和大洋洲西部地区,北美洲和非洲南部为明显的低值区。全球极端高温事件发生频率在气温偏暖时段明显增大,欧亚大陆中东部地区在加速变暖时段是冬季极端高温事件发生频率大值区。极端低温事件发生频率的变化与极端高温事件相反,但欧亚大陆中纬度地区在相对较暖的1931 1955年是冬季极端低温事件发生频率高值区,大于最冷的1901 1930年和相对较冷的1956 1976年。与加速变暖时段相比,变暖减缓时段大洋洲西北部夏季与冬季的极端低温事件和欧亚大陆中高纬冬季极端低温事件明显增多。     

近57年资源县山区冬季气候变暖特征分析

利用资源县1961~2017年逐日气温观测资料,应用线性倾向估计、t检验及M-K突变检验法对资源县57年冬季气候变暖特征进行了分析。结果表明:近57年资源县冬季、年平均气温上升趋势显著,线性倾向率为0.276、0.19℃/10a,冬季气候变暖趋势明显,对全年气候变暖贡献较大;2月份平均气温显著上升,线性倾向率为0.419℃/10a,对冬季变暖贡献较大;极端最低气温上升趋势更为显著,线性倾向率为0.448℃/10a,对冬季增温影响最显著;冬季平均气温的突变点发生在1996年;20世纪1960~1980年代为冬季低温期,冷冬大多出现在1980年代之前,暖冬1990年代之后呈明显增加趋势。     

1961年以来呼和浩特市二十四节气气候变化特征分析

二十四节气凝结着中国人民的勤劳智慧,全面了解本土节气的气候变化特征,对提高农业生产、气象预报水平、灾害防范及医疗健康等方面具有重要意义。文章通过对1961年以来呼和浩特市二十四节气的气温、降水量、日照时数变化特征进行分析得出：（1）呼和浩特市二十四节气平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均呈明显的正态、单峰型特点,且趋势一致;一年中平均气温最高和最低的节气分别是小暑（22.3℃）和小寒（-12.0℃）,清明和立冬节气前后气温的波动最大。（2）降水量表现为明显的单峰型特点,降水量最大出现在大暑（61.9 mm）。（3）一年中平均日照时数最长和最短的节气分别是小满（9.7 h）和冬至（6.2 h）。二十四节气中所有节气的平均气温均呈逐年上升趋势,且春季型节气增暖最为显著。夏秋季节气日照时数呈缩短趋势;自20世纪90年代以来,呼和浩特市的入春时间明显提前。     

1951-2006年包头气温极端事件变化分析

利用包头气象站1951-2006年逐日平均气温资料,建立了高温和低温极端气候事件的阈值,检测了56年来包头逐日气温的极端事件出现频率,分析了极端事件的年、季、月变率。统计了逐日平均气温的各级别出现频数。结果显示：该地区56年里气温显著升高,平均每10年升高0．42℃;在56年时间尺度上平均气温有明显的由冷变暖的突变特征,突变点为1987年;气候变暖后,高温事件明显增多,低温事件明显减少。     

北京西部地区气候变化及气候舒适度特征分析

利用位于北京西部山区的门头沟和斋堂两个国家气象站1980—2021年逐日气温、降水量、相对湿度、日照时数、风速等观测数据，分析北京西部的气象要素变化特征，并通过温湿、风效和舒适度三项指标统计月分布特征和年变化趋势。结果表明：门头沟区域的年平均气温、极端最高气温、年降水量和极端日降水量均呈上升趋势，而年日照时数和雨日呈现缓慢下降趋势。从气候舒适度来看，在全球变暖气候变化的大环境下，门头沟年“最舒适”的日数受影响不大，每年的5—9月最宜居，在此期间的气候条件能达到“大部分人舒适”及以上的标准。     

1951—2005年营口市气温变化特征分析

对1951—2005年营口市年和逐月平均气温和极端气温变化特征的分析表明：近55 a来营口市年平均气温呈递增趋势,其中平均最低气温的增温趋势最强、平均气温次之、平均最高气温最弱。极端最高气温与年平均气温的变化趋势不同,呈现出前30 a递减、近30 a递增,近20 a气候变暖更为突出;各月极端最高气温变率差异不明显。近55 a营口市年极端最低气温呈递增趋势,近30 a较近55 a显著递增,但近20 a则稳定少动;各月极端最低气温均呈递增趋势,冬季递增趋势最强、夏季最弱;城市化发展及工业化引起的热岛效应是营口市显著增温的重要原因,而全球变暖的大背景则进一步加强了增温趋势。     

海阳50a气候特征分析

根据海阳1961—2010年气温、降水量、日照、相对湿度等气象资料,应用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall 突变检测法、滑动t检验法,对海阳市气候变化及规律进行了分析。结果表明：历年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、极端最低气温在过去的50a间呈显著的上升趋势,历年极端最高气温的上升趋势不显著,年代际变化特征突出;年降水量呈缓慢的减少趋势,变化趋势不显著,年代际间分布不均,变化较大,年降水量减少的原因是夏季和秋季降水减少;日照时数呈显著减少趋势,发生突变的时间点是2004年;年平均相对湿度呈现显著减少趋势,发生突变的时间点是1977年,秋季湿度减少最为明显。     

不同气候背景下我国冬夏两季极端气温特征分析

利用全国175个测站1960—1999年间的日平均气温资料,分别选取1960—1989年(气候态A)、1970—1999年(气候态B)作为气候背景,采用蒙特卡洛显著性检验法检验了这两个气候态背景下我国冬夏两季季节平均气温的差异显著性。并在此基础上利用气候百分位法分别分析了在这两个气候态背景下2000—2010年间我国冬夏两季的极端气温特征。分析结果表明,相对于夏季,冬季气候态A、B背景下季节平均气温的差异更为显著。冬夏两季,我国大部分地区极端低温事件的发生频率相对较低,而极端高温事件的发生频率相对较高。由于气候态B包含了全球变暖特征最为显著的20a,故在气候态B背景下,冬夏两季极端低(高)温事件的发生频率要高(低)于气候态A,这与全球变暖的趋势相吻合。     

观测序列的不均一性对估算北京和上海的平均温度与极端温度变化趋势的影响

根据北京和上海气象观测站的详细历史资料，修正了两站逐日温度序列的不均一性，并分析这种不均一性对长期气候变化趋势估计的影响。对北京序列，不同时期的主要修正幅度在－０．３３－０．６℃；对上海序列则为－０．３３－０．３℃。从逐日序列计算出年平均温度和年极端温度序列，并把修正之前和修正之后的序列趋势进行比较，修正之后的两站年平均温度序列自２０世纪初起呈现出０．５℃／百年的变暖趋势，自２０世纪６０年代起这一趋势增强为２．０℃／百年。相比之下，上海的未修正资料显示出两倍于此的趋势；北京的未修正资料几乎没有长期趋势，而对近期的变暖趋势则高估了５０％－３０％。北京温度序列在２０世纪４０年代至７０年代呈变冷趋势，极端事件的频率降低；此后又呈变暖趋势，极端事件的频率增加。上海温度极端事件的变化趋势基本呈相反趋。这意味着即使区域性平均温度变化一致，区域性强天气波动的变化趋势也会有所不同。     

北京地区暴雨气候特征及其变化分析

利用1961～2007年北京地区降水资料,采用气候倾向率、多项式曲线拟合和Morlet小波分析方法,对北京地区暴雨的气候特征及变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:1）北京地区暴雨有明显的月变化特征,8月上旬(北京奥运会开幕式前后)是北京地区暴雨出现最为集中的时期。2）1961～2007年北京地区暴雨日数总体表现为波动式的缓慢下降,沙河暴雨日数的下降趋势最不明显,西郊居中,南苑暴雨日数的下降趋势最明显。3）暴雨日数的增减变化具有阶段性特征,1990年前南苑暴雨日数的变化与沙河、西郊有着完全相反的变化趋势。4）北京地区暴雨日数变化具有多重周期性,南苑、西郊和沙河暴雨周期日数不同。       

Changes of atmospheric circulation in central Europe and their influence on climatic trends in the Czech Republic

This work deals with the influence of changes of atmospheric circulation on observed trends of 11 climatic elements at 21 stations in the Czech Republic in the period 1961–1998. Atmospheric circulation in central Europe is described by the German (Hess-Brezowsky) and Czech-Slovak (Brádka’s) subjective catalogues of synoptic types. In the study period there is a strong downward trend in the occurrence of anticyclonic types in Brádka’s catalogue in all seasons, this trend being most prominent in autumn. Westerly and northwesterly types become more frequent in autumn and winter, less frequent in spring and summer under both classifications. In the Hess-Brezowsky catalogue, the occurrence of anticyclonic types increases in winter, spring, and summer. To assess the effect of circulation changes on observed climate trends we have used the method of “hypothetical” seasonal trends that are calculated from a daily series, constructed by assigning the long-term monthly average of the given climatic element under a specific circulation type to each day classified with this type. The ratio of these circulation-conditioned trends and observed seasonal trends shows that changes in atmospheric circulation are the primary cause of massive winter warming and autumn cooling, which is connected with increasing precipitation and humidity. Summer climate trends are unrelated to changes in atmospheric circulation. Simultaneous use of more circulation classifications for the detection of climatic changes is highly recommended, as the long-term circulation trends depend on the catalogue applied.     

呼伦贝尔市2012年1月下旬低温天气统计分析

文章利用呼伦贝尔市16个国家气象观测站的温度资料,并选择上海、北京与海拉尔3个代表站温度资料进行统计分析,重点对呼伦贝尔市2012年1月下旬出现的持续低温天气进行统计分析。结果表明:近50a气温整体趋势是在上升的,但海拉尔气温上升的幅度比较小。在气候变暖的背景下,气候变的比较异常,极端事件也在增多,甚至出现持续性极端低温天气。     

近54年京津冀地区热浪时空变化特征及影响因素

基于1960—2013年京津冀及周边地区34个气象站逐日最高气温和相对湿度资料,利用高温热浪模型,辅以趋势分析、突变检验及相关分析等方法,研究近54年京津冀地区热浪时空变化特征,探讨城市化对热浪变化的影响,并尝试寻找对热浪异常具有稳定指示意义的环流因子。结果表明:1960—2013年京津冀地区热浪变化具有明显的阶段性,以20世纪70年代中期为转折,热浪呈先减少后增加趋势;京津冀地区热浪空间格局变化整体呈南减北增,东南平原区热浪呈下降趋势,北部生态涵养区呈现增加趋势;在区域尺度上,城市化或迁站影响并未改变北京极端热浪变化趋势,主要影响以轻度和中度热浪变化为主;西太平洋副热带高压和青藏高原反气旋环流与京津冀地区热浪异常关系最为显著,对热浪异常是一种稳定且强烈的指示信号。当青藏高原高空反气旋环流异常偏强,西太平洋副热带高压明显偏北,京津冀地区发生超级热浪可能性较大。     

Trends in Canadian Short‐Duration Extreme Rainfall: Including an Intensity–Duration–Frequency Perspective

Short-duration (5 minutes to 24 hours) rainfall extremes are important for a number of purposes, including engineering infrastructure design, because they represent the different meteorological scales of extreme rainfall events. Both single location and regional analyses of the changes in short-duration extreme rainfall amounts across Canada, as observed by tipping bucket rain gauges from 1965 to 2005, are presented. The single station analysis shows a general lack of a detectable trend signal, at the 5% significance level, because of the large variability and the relatively short period of record of the extreme short-duration rainfall amounts. The single station 30-minute to 24-hour durations show that, on average, 4% of the total number of stations have statistically significant increasing amounts of rainfall, whereas 1.6% of the cases have significantly decreasing amounts. However, regional spatial patterns are apparent in the single station trend results. Thus, for the same durations regional trends are presented by grouping the single station trend statistics across Canada. This regional trend analysis shows that at least two-thirds of the regions across Canada have increasing trends in extreme rainfall amounts, with up to 33% being significant (depending on location and duration). Both the southwest and the east (Newfoundland) coastal regions generally show significant increasing regional trends for 1- and 2-hour extreme rainfall durations. For the shortest durations of 5–15 minutes, the general overall regional trends in the extreme amounts are more variable, with increasing and decreasing trends occurring with similar frequency; however, there is no evidence of statistically significant decreasing regional trends in extreme rainfall amounts. The decreasing regional trends for the 5- to 15-minute duration amounts tend to be located in the St. Lawrence region of southern Quebec and in the Atlantic provinces. Additional analysis using criteria specified for traditional water management practice (e.g., Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF)) shows that fewer than 5.6% and 3.4% of the stations have significant increasing and decreasing trends, respectively, in extreme annual maximum single location observation amounts. This indicates that at most locations across Canada the traditional single station IDF assumption that historical extreme rainfall observations are stationary (in terms of the mean) over the period of record for an individual station is not violated. However, the trend information is still useful complementary information that can be considered for water management purposes, especially in terms of regional analysis.     

克拉玛依特强大风的气候特征及天气分析与预报

分析1971—2006年克拉玛依11级以上特强大风天气的气候特征,总结了年代际变化及月、季分布特点。研究显示,在全球气候变暖造成极端天气事件明显增多的大气候背景下,克拉玛依特强大风天气呈明显减少趋势。在这种气候背景下,利用NCEP资料,分析了克拉玛依发生特强大风的主要天气形势特征,提出预报思路,给出预报经验指标,提高对特强大风的防范意识和预报能力     

An evaluation of the CORDEX regional climate models in simulating future rainfall and extreme events over Mzingwane catchment,Zimbabwe

The study evaluated CORDEX RCMs’ ability to project future rainfall and extreme events in the Mzingwane catchment using an ensemble average of three RCMs (RCA4, REMO2009 and CRCM5). Model validation employed the statistical mean and Pearson correlation, while trends in projected rainfall and number of rainy days were computed using the Mann-Kendall trend test and the magnitudes of trends were determined by Sen’s slope estimator. Temporal and spatial distribution of future extreme dryness and wetness was established by using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). The results show that RCMs adequately represented annual and inter-annual rainfall variability and the ensemble average outperformed individual models. Trend results for the projected rainfall suggest a significant decreasing trend in future rainfall (2016–2100) for all stations at p < 0.05. In addition, a general decreasing trend in the number of rainy days is projected for future climate, although the significance and magnitude varied with station location. Model results suggest an increased occurrence of future extreme events, particularly towards the end of the century. The findings are important for developing proactive sustainable strategies for future climate change adaption and mitigation.     

Analysis of climatic variability and snow cover in the Kaligandaki River Basin,Himalaya, Nepal

Various remote sensing products and observed data sets were used to determine spatial and temporal trends in climatic variables and their relationship with snow cover area in the higher Himalayas, Nepal. The remote sensing techniques can detect spatial as well as temporal patterns in temperature and snow cover across the inaccessible terrain. Non-parametric methods (i.e. the Mann–Kendall method and Sen's slope) were used to identify trends in climatic variables. Increasing trends in temperature, approximately by 0.03 to 0.08 °C year^?1 based on the station data in different season, and mixed trends in seasonal precipitation were found for the studied basin. The accuracy of MOD10A1 snow cover and fractional snow cover in the Kaligandaki Basin was assessed with respect to the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-based snow cover area. With increasing trends in winter and spring temperature and decreasing trends in precipitation, a significant negative trend in snow cover area during these seasons was also identified. Results indicate the possible impact of global warming on precipitation and snow cover area in the higher mountainous area. Similar investigations in other regions of Himalayas are warranted to further strengthen the understanding of impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources and extreme hydrologic events.     

Changes in daily climate extremes in the arid area of northwestern China

There has been a paucity of information on trends in daily climate and climate extremes, especially for the arid region. We analyzed the changes in the indices of climate extremes, on the basis of daily maximum and minimum air temperature and precipitation at 59 meteorological stations in the arid region of northwest China over the period 1960–2003. Twelve indices of extreme temperature and six indices of extreme precipitation are examined. Temperature extremes show a warming trend with a large proportion of stations having statistically significant trends for all temperature indices. The regional occurrence of extreme cool days and nights has decreased by ?0.93 and ?2.36 days/decade, respectively. Over the same period, the occurrence of extreme warm days and nights has increased by 1.25 and 2.10 days/decade, respectively. The number of frost days and ice days shows a statistically significant decrease at the rate of ?3.24 and ?2.75 days/decade, respectively. The extreme temperature indices also show the increasing trend, with larger values for the index describing variations in the lowest minimum temperature. The trends of Min Tmin (Tmax) and Max Tmin (Tmax) are 0.85 (0.61) and 0.32 (0.17)?°C/decade. Most precipitation indices exhibit increasing trends across the region. On average, regional maximum 1-day precipitation, annual total wet-day precipitation, and number of heavy precipitation days and very wet days show insignificant increases. Insignificant decreasing trends are also found for consecutive dry days. The rank-sum statistic value of most temperature indices exhibits consistent or statistically significant trends across the region. The regional medians after 1986 of Min Tmin (Tmax), Max Tmin (Tmax), warm days (nights), and warm spell duration indicator show statistically more larger than medians before 1986, but the frost days, ice days, cool days (nights), and diurnal temperature range reversed. The medians of precipitation indices show insignificant change except for consecutive dry days before and after 1986.