化德县2007—2017年春季土壤墒情特征分析

利用内蒙古乌兰察布市化德县5个地段的2007—2017年3月至6月上旬土壤墒情相关资料,对当地土壤墒情的时空变化特征进行统计分析,结果表明:(1)公腊勿洞地段土壤墒情较高,土城子地段土壤墒情相对较低。土壤类型相同时,土壤深度越深土壤墒情越大。(2)化德县土壤墒情2013年最大,为11.4%,2010年土壤墒情最小,为7.7%。土壤墒情呈现出波动的年际变化特征,没有明显的增加或减少趋势。(3)随着月份的逐渐增大,化德县各地段土壤墒情变化特征不一致,其中,3个地段5月土壤墒情比前两个月低,整体上看,化德县土壤墒情4月最高,5月最低。     

The probability distribution of a soil moisture index

Soil moisture budgets for Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. and for Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada were computed using standard climatological data. A non-dimensional soil moisture index (SMI) is defined and good agreement was found between the index computed from climatological data and the index observed from soil moisture data. The frequency distributions of daily, 10-day mean and 30-day mean values of the SMI for both locations are discussed and compared with the Beta probability distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test indicated that the Beta distribution is a good statistical model for approximating the frequency distribution of the SMI in the interval 0–1.The mixed distribution, a more general model with the Beta probability distribution as a component part, is used in those conditions where the SMI exceeds the unity. This mixed distribution was applied to Columbia data and Swift Current data to determine several probabilities and soil moisture index levels.     

土壤水分条件对亚麻生长发育的影响

采用随机区组设计，三次重复，研究了土壤湿度对亚麻生长发育的影响，在生育期间定期取样，分别测定干物重、CAT、POD活性及叶绿素含量，并在收获后分析种子包衣对高度、工艺长度、萌果数、分枝数、原茎数、纤维重及出麻率的影响。结果表明：高水份条件利于亚麻的生长发育，能有效提高CAT和POD的活性，增加抗病抗害能力，促进干物质的积累，在一定程度上提高了亚麻出麻率。     

The impact of soil moisture availability upon the partition of net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes

The impact of soil moisture availability on the Bowen ratio and on the partition of net radiation flux into sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes was investigated by using one-dimensional primitive equations with a refined soil parameterization scheme. Simulation results presented that as soil moisture availability increases, the Bowen ratio and the partition of net radiation flux into sensible and soil heat fluxes decrease. The partition of net radiation flux in-to latent heat flux, however, increases. Quantitative relationships between Bowen ratio and the partitions with soil moisture availability were also given in this study.     

The influence of soil moisture on convective activity: a review

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Soil moisture (SM) influences the initiation and development of convective systems and consequently the generation and development of precipitation through...     

土壤水分测定技术探讨

从土壤水分取样测定、土壤水文常数测定、观测簿的填写等各方面对土壤水分测定技术做一探讨,提出正确开展土壤水分测定应注意的问题,以供各土壤水分测定站观测人员参考。     

The characteristics of turbulent moisture on Huaihe river basin in China

Summary ?A lot of work on near surface turbulence characteristics has been done in the experimental study of atmospheric turbulence, but little work on fluctuating scalar field has been done, especially on some quantities such as moisture and pollution. In this paper, with the methods of statistical theory, Fourier transform, fractal geometry and wavelet transform, the turbulent moisture data obtained from Huaihe River Basin Experiment (HUBEX) are studied to explore the statistical, spectral, fractal and intermittent characteristics of turbulent moisture. The results show that: (1) In the high humid area such as Huaihe river basin, the moisture plays an important role in the surface energy balance, energy transportation and cycle. (2) The energy spectra and cospectra are in agreement with the “−2/3” and “−4/3” scaling power law correspondingly in inertial sub-range. (3) The fractal dimension of turbulent moisture in Huaihe river basin is clearly higher than that in other areas (such as Beijing). (4) The fluctuating moisture field has strong intermittency, and is not in accordance with the Kolmogorov theory. With the orthonormal wavelet transform, the dissipative events of the fluctuating moisture field contributing to inertial sub-range intermittency buildup have been identified. After the dissipative events have been suppressed by introducing a conditioning wavelet sampling scheme, the intermittency that affects the statistical structure of inertial sub-range is restrained. However the repressive effects of intermittency on turbulent moisture field are worse than those on turbulent velocity field. The reason may be either the intermittency of turbulent moisture is strong or some coherence structures exist in the turbulent moisture field. Received April 27, 2001; Revised January 23, 2002     

青藏高原土壤湿度的变化特征及其对中国东部降水影响的研究进展

青藏高原土壤湿度受积雪与冻土的共同影响,能够记忆长时间的陆面干湿过程,是气候变化的重要因子,对随后的中国东部降水有预测意义。由于高原观测站点稀少,土壤湿度观测资料匮乏,致使现有相关研究大多是基于再分析资料、模式资料和卫星遥感资料(统称替代资料)进行的,且所得结论既有差异,也存在不确定性。因此本文首先综述了各种土壤湿度替代资料的适用性对比研究,进而讨论了青藏高原地区土壤湿度的变化特征及其对我国东部气候的影响。现有研究表明:1)资料对比研究指出,现有的各种替代资料对高原土壤湿度存在明显的高估或低估现象,且评估结论受评估指标和插值方法不同的影响。相对而言,SSM/I和风云3B的土壤湿度产品与实际观测资料相关性较好。2)高原土壤湿度具有多时间尺度变化特征和空间非均匀性,在年变化上具有显著的融冻特征,年代际变化趋势和年际特征呈现显著的区域性差异。SSM/I资料表明春季高原主体土壤湿度的年代际变化趋势呈现为增加的特征,与高原的增暖相一致;年际变率存在东、西两个高值区,与其相关的潜热、感热通量能共同激发遥相关波列影响我国长江流域降水;同时高原土壤湿度在垂直方向上具有一致性,在空间分布上具有南部边缘最大、由东南向西北递减的特征。3)前人对高原土壤湿度影响中国东部降水的结论各有不同,其可能原因之一是采用的替代资料及其适用性不同,其二是模式试验中忽略土壤湿度的空间差异性而带来的误差等。相关问题需要进一步深入研究。     

Influence of soil moisture on simulations of katabatic flow

Summary Simulations of katabatic flow with a two-dimensional dynamic numerical model with a soil parameterization indicate that downslope flow developed over a moist slope is weaker than that over a dry slope. This agrees with earlier findings that daytime anabatic (upslope) flow is weaker over a moister slope. But, whereas the weaker anabatic flow is produced because surface evaporation prevents the moist slope from heating as much as a dry slope, the weaker katabatic flow is produced over moist slopes because (1) the soil thermal conductivity is greater in moist soil, and (2) downward longwave radiation flux from the atmosphere to the surface is greater because of higher humidity in the air near the surface from evaporation. The higher thermal conductivity allows warmer soil temperatures (heat) to diffuse upward to the soil surface and prevents the surface temperature from becoming as cold in the moist run as in the dry run.With 6 Figures     

黑土区土壤水分含量对大豆产量构成因素的影响

本研究旨在分析黑土区（黑龙江）土壤有效水分贮存量对大豆产量构成因素的影响,以期为大豆生产防灾减灾提供科学依据。利用1994—2017年黑龙江省大豆主产区的发育期、土壤水分、产量结构资料分析了大豆不同发育阶段土壤有效水分贮存量的时空分布规律、基于土壤相对湿度指数（R_sm）的干旱等级划分规律及有效水分贮存量对大豆不同发育阶段产量结构各因素的影响。结果表明：1994—2017年研究区各发育阶段平均有效水分贮存量在14—18 mm之间变化,共发生干旱82站次,其中轻旱77站次,中旱5站次,没有发生重旱和特旱,其中开花—结荚期、结荚—鼓粒期发生干旱频次较高,且1994—2017年研究区域发生干旱的频次是逐年降低的。大豆的气象产量、株结实粒数、株籽粒重与不同发育期的各层次的土壤有效水分贮存量相关性不大;百粒重与三叶至开花期的20—50 cm土层、结荚—鼓粒期的0—20 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大;茎秆重与播种至出苗期的30—50 cm土壤有效水分贮存量呈显著正相关;播种至开花期土壤中的有效水分贮存量尤其是深层土壤在一定范围内越多,株荚数越多;空秕荚率与播种至出苗期的0—20 cm和30—40 cm、出苗至三叶期的30—40 cm土壤有效水分贮存量相关性较大。     

渭河流域土壤湿度异常特征与我国若干气候背景的联系

利用中国1981—2007年土壤湿度资料、地面气象观测旬资料及东亚夏季风强度指数、NCEPⅡ再分析资料,通过诊断分析探讨了土壤湿度变化的敏感区——渭河流域土壤湿度异常与我国若干气候背景的联系。合成分析显示,渭河流域土壤湿度异常干年,中国北方中东部大部分地区土壤偏干,降水量偏少,蒸发皿蒸发偏强,空气相对湿度偏小,湿年反之;大气环流也呈完全相反的形势,干年亚洲中高纬位势高度距平分布西正东负,湿年反之。滞后相关分析表明,土壤湿度的变化可引起500 h Pa大气高度场的变化,从而使定常波的位置和强度发生变化,进而导致降水场的变化;渭河流域13—16旬土壤湿度与17—20旬500 h Pa大气环流表现出欧亚—太平洋遥相关(EUP)型,表明土壤湿度对大气的影响可通过大气遥相关的作用传播到其他区域;土壤湿度蒸发对低层大气水汽通量有正贡献,但这种贡献对产生降水所需的水汽而言是次要的,在我国中东部,前期土壤湿度对夏季降水的影响小,对秋季降水则有明显影响;渭河流域前一年秋季和当年春季土壤湿度与东亚夏季风强度指数显著正相关,表明秋季和春季陆面土壤湿度状况对东亚夏季风的强弱有正反馈的作用。     

The soil moisture of China in a high resolution climate-vegetation model

1. Introduction The soil moisture plays an important role in in- fluencing the climate change by altering the surface albedo, soil heat capacity and the heat flux between air and land (Ma et al., 2001). Near-surface soil mois- ture controls the partitioni…     

富裕县农田土壤湿度变化及其对玉米发育期和产量的影响

本文旨在分析黑龙江省富裕县农田土壤相对湿度对玉米发育期和产量的影响,以期为松嫩平原西部玉米生产提供科学参考。以黑龙江省富裕县为研究区域,利用1982—2017年土壤相对湿度资料、1995—2017年玉米发育期资料、玉米产量资料,采用对比分析、相关分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验法,分析土壤相对湿度变化特征,研究土壤相对湿度对玉米发育期和产量的影响。结果表明：富裕县近36 a土壤相对湿度呈增加—减小—增加的趋势。播种期—出苗期、拔节期—抽雄期、乳熟期—成熟期土壤干旱平均每4—6 a一遇,抽雄期—乳熟期每2—3 a一遇,出苗期—拔节期土壤基本无旱。各发育期土壤相对湿度减小的突变年在1987年前后,增加的突变年在2013年前后。20世纪80年代土壤较适宜,干旱轻,90年代土壤相对湿度迅速下降,干旱最重,之后随着年代的推移土壤干旱逐渐减轻。玉米主要发育期中播种期—出苗期、出苗期—拔节期土壤干旱对产量影响较小,拔节期—成熟期是土壤干旱影响产量的主要时期。     

Influence of soil moisture on the Sahelian climate prediction II

Summary The sensitivity of short-term climate to soil moisture parameterization has been investigated using the Florida State University Global Spectral Model. This is done through the implementation of a simple and realistic soil moisture availability in a prognostic equation for the surface temperature.The results from two seasonal simulations between 11 May and 31 August 1979 are discussed with an emphasis on the Sahelian regions. These experiments indicated that most of the significant changes that resulted from the new parameterization occurred at and near the surface. Above the surface, land surface effects were strongly diffused and for most of the cases were not conclusively discernible. At the surface, however, soil moisture appeared to be a parameter of large influence. Important modulations in the surface temperature were obtained. The time dependence of the soil moisture availability has led to an evolution of the surface heat sources in the model resulting in an apparent northward propagation of the centers of maximum temperature as the rainfall season progressed over the north African continent from May to August. This has had an important effect on the distribution of the primary variables and showed significant departures from the control.The interaction introduced by the new scheme between the physical processes parameterized in the model, has resulted in a differential modification of the rainfall distribution, and the changes in the hydrological cycle have remarkably affected the summer Sahelian rainfall.With 20 Figures     

The temporal variability of soil wetness and its impact on climate

The temporal variability of soil wetness and its interactions with the atmosphere were studied using a general circulation model of the atmosphere. It was found that time series of soil wetness computed by the model contain substantial amounts of variance at low frequencies. Long time-scale anomalies of soil moisture resemble the red noise response of the soil layer to white noise rainfall forcing. The dependence of the temporal variability of soil moisture on potential evaporation and precipitation is discussed.     

Mapping surface soil moisture with microwave radiometers

Summary Water stored in the soil serves as a reservoir for the evapotranspiration (ET) process on land surfaces, therefore knowledge of the soil moisture content is important for partitioning the incoming solar radiation into latent and sensible heat components. There is no remote sensing technique which directly observes the amount of water in this reservoir, however microwave remote sensing at long wavelengths (>10 cm) can give estimates of the moisture stored in the surface 5-cm layer of the soil. This approach is based on the large dielectric contrast between water and dry soil, resulting in emissivity changes from 0.96 for a dry smooth soil to less than 0.6.In this paper, basic relationships between soil moisture and emissivity are described using both theory and observations from various platforms. The ability of the approach to be extended to large regions has been demonstrated in several aircraft mapping experiments, e.g., FIFE, Monsoon 90, Washita 92 and HAPEX Sahel. Some results from Monsoon 90 are presented here. Applications of these soil moisture maps in runoff prediction, rainfall estimation, determining the direct evaporation from the soil surface and serving as a boundary condition for soil profile models are presented.With 10 Figures     

Influence of persistence and oceanic forcing on global soil moisture predictability

Climate Dynamics - Soil moisture is a key variable of the land surface and its variations are an important issue in climate studies. In this study, we employed the Community Earth System Model...