三峡引水工程秦巴段输水隧洞稳定性分析

三峡引水工程秦巴段隧洞总长占线路总长的80%。为了分析隧洞施工及运营中可能发生的工程地质问题,在地质调查、地应力测量和岩石力学参数测试的基础上,利用Ansys有限元软件对引水工程北部不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的应力重分布情况进行了模拟计算,得到了圆形隧洞、城门形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞围岩的应力分布结果。利用Hoek-Brown强度准则,得到了隧洞围岩的强度/应力比值,进而对不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的稳定性进行了分析。初步认为:隧洞埋深小于1000m时,应优先考虑圆形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞;埋深大于1000m时,应优先考虑城门形隧洞。这项研究成果为引水工程深埋隧洞的设计提供了参考依据。     

南水北调中线穿黄工程隧洞结构设计

介绍了南水北调中线穿黄工程盾构法隧洞设计情况，包括隧洞衬砌结构计算分析，隧洞纵向沉降变形分析，隧洞防水设计的基本情况。     

引水隧洞开挖围岩及支护稳定性研究

为了研究软弱地层下引水隧洞上下台阶分部开挖后围岩稳定性,本文依托引水隧洞,采用三维有限元软件进行了数值模拟计算,分析了隧洞上台阶开挖后以及支护后围岩的位移场分布规律,得到了如下结论：(1)当隧洞上台阶开挖后,但未支护的情况下,会对围岩产生较大扰动,尤其是在隧洞的拱底上方的岩层。(2)在隧洞上方的岩层会产生不均匀的竖向位移,隧洞的正上方地表沉降量为3 mm,而在边缘部分的地表沉降量仅为1 mm。(3)当隧洞上台阶开挖支护后,在引水隧洞的正上方地表沉降量降为1 mm,而在边缘部分的地表沉降量降为0.5 mm。在隧洞周围围岩的变形量均降到了2～2.3 mm。     

复杂地质水文结构的隧洞外水压力研究

参照某隧洞工程实例数据,借助数理模拟方法,对复杂地质水文结构的越岭隧洞掘进中的隧外水压力课题开展专题研究,探讨复杂地质水文条件下越岭隧洞掘进中的外水压力分布及其数理状态,将隧洞外水压力的数值解法与轴对称解进行对比,验证了两者演变规律,揭示了水文地质构造对隧洞外水压力的控制作用,以期为同类隧洞安全开挖施工提供研究和技术参考。     

走滑断层错动影响下跨活断层铰接隧洞破坏机制模型试验

以滇中引水香炉山隧洞为背景工程,通过小尺度物理模型试验,对断层错动模拟过程中的隧洞上覆围岩破裂形态、衬砌破坏形态和裂纹发展、应变分布特征等关键响应特征开展试验分析,深入地研究了走滑断层错动影响下跨活断层铰接隧洞的破坏形式及破坏机制。在铰接隧洞抗错断设计参数作用机制方面,详细研究了衬砌节段长度、衬砌厚度、隧洞直径、隧洞轴线与断层带夹角、隧洞断面形式,衬砌材料力学特性等因素对铰接设计隧洞抗断性能的影响。研究结果表明:(1)当跨活断层隧洞不采用铰接设计时,在断层错动作用下隧洞破坏模式为剪切和弯曲组合破坏,衬砌破坏程度严重,存在剥离脱落现象。隧洞截面呈现椭圆化变形,整体坍塌趋势明显;在当前试验中,无铰接隧洞破坏范围达4W_f (W_f为断层带的宽度)。(2)当跨活断层隧洞采用铰接设计时,在断层错动作用下隧洞整体变形呈现S形,衬砌结构破坏形式为节段间的转动和错台,衬砌节段相对完整,破坏程度较轻;当前试验中,铰接隧洞破坏范围为2.14W_f,相较于无铰接隧洞减少48%,表明铰接设计可改变活断层错断作用下隧洞的变形破坏模式,并减小隧洞结构的...     

移动环形荷载作用下饱和土中圆形衬砌隧洞动力响应研究

基于Biot理论,研究了饱和土中带有衬砌的圆形隧洞在移动环形荷载作用下的动力响应。假定衬砌为弹性体,土体为饱和多孔介质,引入两类势函数来表示土体、孔隙水和衬砌的位移,使隧洞的控制方程解耦。结合边界条件及连续条件,通过傅立叶变换得到频率-波数域中衬砌和土体的应力、位移和孔隙水压力解答,最后用傅立叶积分逆变换得到时-空域中的数值解。计算并比较了3种隧洞模型（弹性土体隧洞、饱和土体隧洞和饱和土衬砌隧洞）的动力响应分析。数值分析结果说明：（1）移动荷载速度对3种隧洞动力响应均具有较大影响;（2）弹性土体隧洞和饱和土体隧洞的动力响应具有明显区别,所以在富水地区的隧洞动力响应中土体应该视为饱和土体;（3）衬砌对隧洞动力响应有较大影响,故隧洞的动力分析中不能忽略衬砌作用。     

隧洞的各种施工方法和新奥法

隧洞的施工方法因地质条件，水文条件，隧洞长度，隧洞截面尺寸和形状，开挖设备型式以及隧洞的用途不同而异，在各种影响因素中，地下的地质条件和隧洞断面尺寸是决定隧洞施工方法的主要因素，因此，对于不同的隧洞施工情况已经发展为几种不同的隧洞施工系统。本文将阐述隧洞的开挖方法（传统的方法和利用隧洞掘进机的方法）和包括新奥法在内的在岩层中的开挖隧洞的方法。     

浅埋人防隧洞围岩破坏机理分析

以埋深为6～13 m的某浅埋人防隧洞为研究对象,应用快速拉格朗日有限差分程序（FLAC）对不同跨距、不同岩性的隧洞顶板在不同荷载作用下的破坏规律及破坏机制进行数值模拟研究,确定了隧洞围岩破坏域,并对拱顶敏感块体进行跟踪分析。研究结果表明：隧洞跨距为2 m且顶板岩层为泥岩时,隧洞顶板有一定的承载能力,当上部荷载达到0.7 MPa时隧洞才破坏;隧洞跨距为3 m且顶板岩层为泥岩时,当上部荷载达到0.33 MPa时,隧洞就已经破坏;隧洞顶板为卵石层时,即使上部不施加荷载,在自重应力的作用下,隧洞亦破坏。该研究对类似的浅埋地下工程围岩稳定性分析具有实际意义。     

不同尺寸的圆形隧洞剪切应变局部化过程模拟

利用FLAC模拟了两个不同直径圆形隧洞的剪切应变局部化过程。为了模拟隧洞开挖,利用编写的FISH函数删除隧洞内部的单元。岩石服从莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。本文的模拟分为3步：首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直至达到静力平衡状态;然后,利用编写的FISH函数,开挖隧洞;最后,计算重新开始,直至达到静力平衡状态（对于小孔隧洞）或者塑性流动状态（对于大孔隧洞）。模拟结果表明,多个“狗耳”形或V形坑在小孔隧洞周边附近产生,最终,围岩处于平衡状态。这一结果与陆家佑和王昌明（1994）的实验结果及许多现场观察结果一致。对于大孔隧洞,由于在围岩中出现了多条剪切带,因而隧洞的整个断面均遭到了破坏。这一现象与现场观察到的猛烈破坏现象类似。隧洞的剪切应变局部化受隧洞尺寸的影响。     

引水工程秦巴段隧洞地应力模拟及工程地质问题

利用Ansys有限元软件对三峡引水工程秦巴段线路不同深度、不同截面形态隧洞围岩的应力重分布情况进行模拟计算,得到圆形隧洞、城门形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞围岩的应力数值和等值线图.利用库仑一纳维尔强度准则,对花岗岩区及灰岩区隧洞围岩的剪切破坏进行分析;利用三种岩爆应力判别指标,对岩爆进行初步预测;进而对不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的稳定性进行分析;最后对引水工程隧洞设计中截面形态的选择给出了初步建议.     

中国中新元古代重要沉积地质事件及其意义

地球曾经历了3次超大陆演化过程,其中2次超大陆(哥伦比亚(Columbia)和罗迪尼亚(Rodinia))旋回涉及中新元古代,并与一系列区域性事件相联系,形成了多成因的超大陆演化模型。华北中东部新元古代沉积事件、扬子和塔里木新元古代裂谷事件、雪球事件等都被视为Rodinia超大陆的裂解响应,它们对定时三大陆块相互关系及定位其在全球超大陆的位置具有至关重要的作用,也反映了重要沉积地质事件在超大陆研究中不可或缺的作用和意义。此外,在中新元古代的Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化过程中,还伴随发育具有广泛区域性甚至全球意义的巨厚白云岩与碳酸盐岩微生物(岩)、红层与黑色页岩、全球性臼齿亮晶碳酸盐岩和埃迪卡拉纪盖帽碳酸盐岩等沉积事件群及元素(同位素)漂移等地球化学异常事件,也包括特殊且重要的磷块岩、锰、铁矿等沉积成矿事件。由于不断显示出来在全球古大陆重建和古地理恢复方面的重要作用,它们越来越得到学术界的广泛关注和研究。文中通过系统分析中国中新元古代超大陆旋回演化中发育的部分重要或关键地质事件(群)时空发育与分布特征,并结合作者团队的实际资料和测试数据,以期揭示超大陆演化过程与重要沉积地质事件的内在联系,为超大陆聚散旋回演化和时空定位及原型沉积盆地的发育和评价提供科学证据。     

Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere

The evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and the Alpine orogen is discussed on the base of a set of palaeotectonic maps and two retro-deformed lithospheric transects which extend across the Western and Central Alps and the Massif Central and the Rhenish Massif, respectively.During the Paleocene, compressional stresses exerted on continental Europe by the evolving Alps and Pyrenees caused lithospheric buckling and basin inversion up to 1700 km to the north of the Alpine and Pyrenean deformation fronts. This deformation was accompanied by the injection of melilite dykes, reflecting a plume-related increase in the temperature of the asthenosphere beneath the European foreland. At the Paleocene–Eocene transition, compressional stresses relaxed in the Alpine foreland, whereas collisional interaction of the Pyrenees with their foreland persisted. In the Alps, major Eocene north-directed lithospheric shortening was followed by mid-Eocene slab- and thrust-loaded subsidence of the Dauphinois and Helvetic shelves. During the late Eocene, north-directed compressional intraplate stresses originating in the Alpine and Pyrenean collision zones built up and activated ECRIS.At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the subducted Central Alpine slab was detached, whereas the West-Alpine slab remained attached to the lithosphere. Subsequently, the Alpine orogenic wedge converged northwestward with its foreland. The Oligocene main rifting phase of ECRIS was controlled by north-directed compressional stresses originating in the Pyrenean and Alpine collision zones.Following early Miocene termination of crustal shortening in the Pyrenees and opening of the oceanic Provençal Basin, the evolution of ECRIS was exclusively controlled by west- and northwest-directed compressional stresses emanating from the Alps during imbrication of their external massifs. Whereas the grabens of the Massif Central and the Rhône Valley became inactive during the early Miocene, the Rhine Rift System remained active until the present. Lithospheric folding controlled mid-Miocene and Pliocene uplift of the Vosges-Black Forest Arch. Progressive uplift of the Rhenish Massif and Massif Central is mainly attributed to plume-related thermal thinning of the mantle-lithosphere.ECRIS evolved by passive rifting in response to the build-up of Pyrenean and Alpine collision-related compressional intraplate stresses. Mantle-plume-type upwelling of the asthenosphere caused thermal weakening of the foreland lithosphere, rendering it prone to deformation.     

中国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位的划分

十多年来全球和我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层研究取得很大进展 ,在前人所积累的大量成果和资料的基础上 ,结合近年来的研究 ,厘定了我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位系统 ,建议分别以吉林浑江大阳岔 (或江西武宁或湖北宜昌黄花场 )、湖北宜昌黄花场、浙江常山黄泥塘、新疆柯坪大湾沟和湖北远安苟家垭剖面为界线层型 ,将中国奥陶系自下而上划分为 :新厂阶 (或特马豆克阶 )、道保湾阶、大湾阶、达瑞维尔阶、艾家山阶和钱塘江阶。为了客观反应我国奥陶系的特点 ,同时便于与全球年代地层单位界线对比 ,建议将上述各个阶底界的的界线依次划在 R.taojiangensis( =R.praeparabola) / H .simplex、 O.communis、 B.triangularis/ T.laevis、 U.austrodentatus、 N .gracilis和 N ankinolithus带的底部 ;中下奥陶统和中上奥陶统之间的界线分别定在道保湾阶 /大湾阶和达瑞维尔阶 /艾家山阶之间。建议下志留统最下部两个年代地层单位——龙马溪阶和大中坝阶——以湖北宜昌王家湾剖面为界线层型 ,分别以 A.ascensus和 D .triangulatus的首现为划分标志。对每一个阶的命名、含义、界线层型剖面的岩性特征、界线划分的生物标志、与全球相关年代地层单位层型和点 ( GSSP)的对比 ,以及与过去曾经建议或使用过?     

岩质边坡生态防护客土持水性与渗透性耦合作用试验研究

对于岩质边坡而言,生态边坡防护技术的关键在于植被的形成。为保证植物的生长,客土应同时具备良好的持水性 与渗透性。文章通过室内渗透实验以及蒸发实验研究了不同黄土、硅藻土、秸秆配比条件下渗透性及持水性的耦合关系。 结果表明硅藻土与秸秆的添加能有效降低混合土密度,有利于减小混合物的自重应力、提高边坡稳定性。硅藻土和秸秆单 独掺入时混合土的渗透系数呈指数形式增加,在同等材料用量时,硅藻土对于渗透系数的提高更有效,但当硅藻土和秸秆 以相近的比例掺入时,彼此之间没有形成相互增益,而是此消彼长。硅藻土及秸秆的添加均能增加混合土的持水性,但总 体上使用硅藻土的效果优于秸秆。添加硅藻土、秸秆能够延长土壤的定常蒸发阶段,极大提高了黄土的抗旱能力。     

冻融红砂岩损伤演化多尺度分析

以红砂岩为研究对象,进行冻融循环、CT扫描及力学特性试验,采用图像处理技术结合遗传算法寻优模型实现了0、5、10、20、40 次冻融循环后 CT 扫描图像的去噪、增强、分割及三维重构处理,通过对同一对象跨尺度的损伤识别与对比研究,建立了基于细观损伤的弹性模量劣化预测公式,并从材料细观结构的物理本质诠释了冻融红砂岩宏观力学行为。结果表明：基于图像最大熵值的遗传算法能够快速精确地选取阈值进行图像分割,实现对岩石细观结构中基质和缺陷的识别;随着冻融次数增加,岩石孔隙率上升、孔隙分维下降,细观尺度上呈现出孔隙扩展、数量增多,但结构复杂程度下降的演化行为;传统方法以有效承载面积、弹性模量为度量基准定义的宏、细观损伤变量未能全面考虑损伤物理机制和材料内部结构信息,宏细观损伤演化曲线差异较大;基于2种物理机制定义细观损伤变量和考虑岩石天然损伤定义宏观损伤变量,实现了损伤的宏-细观结合。最后通过冻融循环过程中细观结构演化与宏观力学响应之间的关系,提出了弹性模量劣化预测公式,并分析冻融砂岩孔隙大小及孔隙结构形态变化在损伤过程中占据的不同主导作用,根据细观结构的物理机制解释宏观砂岩冻融破坏的力学机制。     

Quality and durability assessments of the armourstones for two rubble mound breakwaters (Mersin,Turkey)

Due to economic reasons, natural stones (armourstones) of various sizes and qualities are very frequently used for the constructions of the breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions. Deterioration of the armourstones with time in the form of abrasion and disintegration may end up with the damage of the structures. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the long-term performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be sound and durable. Mersin and Kumkuyu harbours were constructed using four different limestones obtained from two quarries. The limestones have different characters and site performances. In this study, the material and mass properties of the limestones taken from the quarries with known site performances as armourstones are investigated. The site performances and durability of the limestones are compared with the field measurements and laboratory works. Thus, the information obtained is used to assess long-term durability of the armourstones. The long-term performance of the Degirmencayi and Tirtar upper level limestones are observed to be good whereas it is rather poor for the Tirtar middle and lower level limestones. Comparison between the predicted and observed durabilities of the armourstones indicated that CIRIA/CUR, RDI_d, RERS, and wet to dry strength ratio give better results based on their field performances. However, the prediction of the durability of the limestones is poor in case RDIs, average pore diameter, and saturation coefficient are used.     

Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) stratigraphy and structure of the Walterstown-Kentstown area,Co. Meath,Ireland

Stratigraphic units are defined and described for the Lower Carboniferous succession in the Walterstown-Kentstown area of Co. Meath, Ireland. A complete (unexposed) Courceyan succession from the terrestrial red bed facies of the Baronstown Formation to the Moathill Formation of the Navan Group has been penetrated in several boreholes. Although the lower part of the sequence is comparable with the Courceyan succession at Navan and Slane, the middle part of the sequence differs markedly in the Walterstown-Kentstown area and two new members, the Proudstown and Walterstown Members, are defined in the upper part of the Meath Formation. Syndepositional faulting was initiated during the Courceyan, probably in latest Pseudopolygnathus multistriatus or early Polygnathus mehli latus time. Movement on the ENE trending St. Patrick's Well Fault influenced the deposition of the Walterstown Member and the overlying Moathill Formation and was probably associated with the development of the East Midlands depocentre to the south of the area. A second episode of tectonism in the latest Courceyan or early Chadian resulted in uplift and erosion and the development of ‘block and basin’ sedimentation. Subsequent transgression of the uplifted block led to the establishment of the Kentstown Platform, bounded to the north, west and south by rocks of basinal facies. The Milverton Group (Chadian-Asbian), confined to this platform, unconformably overlies Courceyan or Lower Palaeozoic strata and is subdivided into three formations: Crufty Formation (late Chadian), Holmpatrick Formation (late Chadian-Arundian) and Mullaghfin Formation (late Arundian-Asbian). The Walterstown Fault controlled the western margin of the Kentstown Platform at this time. Contemporaneous basinal sediments of the Fingal Group (Lucan and Naul Formations) accumulated to the west of the Walterstown Fault and are much thicker than age-equivalent platform facies. Platform sedimentation ceased in latest Asbian to early Brigantian time with tectonically induced collapse and drowning of the platform; platform carbonates of the Mullaghfin Formation are onlapped northwards by coarse proximal basinal facies of the Loughshinny Formation. A distinct gravity anomaly in the Kentstown area suggests the presence of a granitoid body within the basement. The Kentstown Platform is therefore considered to have formed on a buoyant, granite-cored, footwall high analogous to the Askrigg and Alston Blocks of northern England.     

土石坝混凝土防渗墙的非线性分析

采用Duncan-Chang E-B模型描述土的非线性特性,接触单元模拟防渗墙和土石坝之间的相互作用,利用非线性有限元程序计算了土石坝和防渗墙的应力和变形。结果表明：坝体应力状态和变形性质主要取决于坝体断面设计形式,防渗墙在一定范围内起作用;防渗墙材料不同对坝体应力与变形的影响主要由材料的刚度决定,刚性防渗墙对垂直沉降的制约作用明显;柔性防渗墙适应变形的能力强,但对位移的影响较大。对坝体稳定,刚性防渗墙的垂直变形是主要控制因素,关键部位在墙的底部;柔性防渗墙的水平位移是主要控制因素,关键部位在坝体的中下部。     

The Variscan Millares granite (central Pyrenees): Pluton emplacement in a T fracture of a dextral shear zone

This work deals with the magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy (AMS) in the Variscan Millares pluton in the Central Pyrenees. The zonation of low-field magnetic susceptibility is consistent with the concentric arrangement of rock-types, with more basic compositions at the external areas. Magnetic foliations defined from AMS strike NE-SW and dip gently towards the NW. Magnetic foliations are mainly perpendicular and oblique to the elongation of the pluton in map view (NW-SE) and show a concentric pattern at the central part, where the more acid rocks crop out. Magnetic lineations are scattered between NW-SE and NE-SW and plunge shallowly to the N. In map view magnetic lineations are distributed in domains normal to the elongation of the pluton. The contours of P' (degree of magnetic anisotropy) are oriented NE-SW and bands of oblate and prolate ellipsoids alternate perpendicular to the elongation of the pluton in map view. P' is between 1.009 and 1.055 in 93% of the specimens. Such low values are currently recorded in granites having magmatic fabrics and for which the anisotropy is mainly carried by biotite. The attitude of the magnetic foliation and the magnetic lineation, the geometry of the pluton, and their relationship with the host-rock structure suggest an intrusion contemporary with a transpressional regime, syntectonic with the late stages of the Variscan orogeny.