Computer simulation of multibeam echo sounding over rough seafloor

A computer code that simulates multibeam echo‐sounding over realistic (three‐dimensional) bathymetry was used to compare available sounding systems. Two‐dimensional modeling dealt with the resolution of seafloor bathymetry and with the effect of postprocessing algorithms for some typical multibeam systems. The 2‐D bathymetric inputs were idealized bottom features. Three‐dimensional modeling dealt with the gross character of the seafloor, as detected by echo‐sounding systems. The 3‐D bathymetric inputs were realizations of terrain generated by a stochastic model of seafloor roughness. Three‐dimensional modeling indicated that the sounding system may slightly shift the location of peaks within the beam footprint. In addition, the simulated measurements were more sensitive to low‐wavenumber features (i.e., large‐scale roughness) than to high‐wavenumber features (i.e., small‐scale roughness). Resolution gradually decreased with increasing distance from centerline, due to the increasing footprint size of beams at increasing angular distance from the vertical. Lineated terrain was also smoothed by simulated echo‐sounding; lineations may indeed remain undetected if sounding system parameters are not properly selected. Inversion of the simulated measurements indicated that echo‐sounding measurements are dependent not only on the characteristics of the sounding system itself, but on other factors such as the character of the roughness and the orientation of the survey relative to the strike of lineations. The modeling technique provides a way to quantify the system response of a multibeam echo‐sounding system. This work resulted in recommendations as to the most appropriate system for an application in an area of rough bathymetry, and it led to the establishment of criteria for comparing multibeam systems in future applications.     

Analysis of hydrodynamic behaviors of gravity net cage in irregular waves

Based on the lumped-mass method and rigid-body kinematics theory, a mathematical model of a gravity cage system attacked by irregular waves is developed to simulate the hydrodynamic response of cage system, including the maximum tension of mooring lines and the motion of float collar. The normalized response amplitudes (response amplitude operators) are calculated for the cage motion response in heave and surge, and the mooring line tension response, in regular waves. In addition, a statistical approach is taken to determine the motion and tension transfer functions in irregular waves. In order to validate the numerical model of a gravity cage attacked by irregular waves, numerical predictions have been compared with the experimental observations in the time and frequency domain. The effect of wave incident angle on the float collar motion, mooring line tension and net volume reduction of the gravity cage system in irregular waves is also investigated. The results show that at high frequencies, the cage system has no significant heave motion. It tends to contour itself to longer waves. The variation amplitude of mooring line forces decreases as the wave frequency increases. With the increasing of wave incident angle, the horizontal displacement of the float collar increases.     

Extension of Haskind's relations to cylindrical wave fields in the context of an interaction theory

The Direct Matrix Method Interaction Theory (IT) proposed by Kagemoto and Yue [1] speeds up the computation of hydrodynamic coefficients for large arrays of bodies when compared to direct calculations using standard Boundary Element Method (BEM) solvers. One of the most computationally expensive parts of the matrix method is the calculation of two hydrodynamic operators, known as Diffraction Transfer Matrix (DTM) and Radiation Characteristics (RC), which describe the way an isolated geometry scatters and radiates waves, respectively. A third operator, called Force Transfer Matrix (FTM), was introduced by McNatt et al. [2] to facilitate the calculation of the forces exerted on the bodies. In this paper, a novel set of relations between the FTM and RC components is obtained using the Kochin functions specific to the cylindrical basis solutions. They extend the classical Haskind's relations, valid with incident plane waves, to the cylindrical components of the scattered and radiated fields. Moreover, an alternative demonstration of the identities is given, which does not rely on the far-field asymptotic representation of the potential. Additional expressions are provided that relate the hydrodynamic coefficients and the RC for isolated bodies as well as for arrays, and numerical checking of the derived mathematical expressions is presented. These new relations can be used to speed up calculation of the hydrodynamic operators required for the use of the IT and to test its accuracy.     

Multi-Innovation Gradient Iterative Locally Weighted Learning Identification for A Nonlinear Ship Maneuvering System

This paper explores a highly accurate identification modeling approach for the ship maneuvering motion with fullscale trial. A multi-innovation gradient iterative (MIGI) approach is proposed to optimize the distance metric of locally weighted learning (LWL), and a novel non-parametric modeling technique is developed for a nonlinear ship maneuvering system. This proposed method's advantages are as follows: first, it can avoid the unmodeled dynamics and multicollinearity inherent to the conventional parametric model; second, it eliminates the over-learning or underlearning and obtains the optimal distance metric; and third, the MIGI is not sensitive to the initial parameter value and requires less time during the training phase. These advantages result in a highly accurate mathematical modeling technique that can be conveniently implemented in applications. To verify the characteristics of this mathematical model, two examples are used as the model platforms to study the ship maneuvering.     

Effect of Wave Headings on the Dynamic Response of the Continuous Mating Operation of Floatover Installation

The topside floatover installation is always a great challenge and is sensitive to environmental conditions.In this study,experimental analysis on the mating operation of the floatover installation in different wave headings is presented.The continuous mating operation using the rapid transfer technique was experimentally simulated with the assistance of the jacking system and the ballast system.In the continuous transfer modeling,the topsides loads were transferred onto the jacket by several consecutive steps,including the first rapid jack-down for the 30%loads,continuous 30%?70%load transfer and the second repaid jack-down for the remaining 30%loads.Motions of the barge and the topsides as well as loads on the Deck Support Unite(DSU)and the Leg Mating Unite(LMU)in different wave headings were measured.Experimental results illustrated the complex motion behavior and load characteristics of the continuous transfer operation.Results indicate that the rapid jack-down operations will lead to impact loads and larger lateral DSU loads.The bow quartering seas are much more dangerous as it gives rise to the larger motions and loads.Comparisons with the traditional steady-state modeling indicate that the continuous transfer modeling has greater advantages over the steady-state modeling on predicting the loads.     

Characterizing the seasonal and directional varying properties in a marine environment

With noticing an increasing number of failure events for offshore structures in the present days, it is now realized that modeling the marine environment especially for exceptional environmental conditions is quite important. It is recognized that a possible improvement in the traditional modeling of environmental characteristics, which are the basis for the load models for structural analysis and design, may be needed. In this paper, the seasonal and directional varying properties in modeling the ocean parameter, the wave height, are studied. The peak over threshold (POT) method is selected to model the extreme wave height by utilizing a non-stationary discrete statistical extreme model. The varying parameters are taken into account with a changing pattern to reflect the seasonal and directional dependent behavior. Both the magnitude and the occurrence rate of the extreme values are investigated. Detailed discussion on the continuity of the established model is also given. The importance of the proposed model is demonstrated in reliability analysis for a jacket structure. The sensitivity to the changing marine environment in reliability analyses is investigated.     

Wave-tide-surge coupled simulation for typhoon Maemi

The main task of this study focuses on studying the effect of wave-current interaction on currents, storm surge and wind wave as well as effects of current induced wave refraction and current on waves by using numerical models which consider the bottom boundary layer and sea surface roughness parameter for shallow and smooth bed area around Korean Peninsula. The coupled system (unstructured-mesh SWAN wave and ADCIRC) run on the same unstructured mesh. This identical and homogeneous mesh allows the physics of wave-circulation interactions to be correctly resolved in both models. The unstructured mesh can be applied to a large domain allowing all energy from deep to shallow waters to be seamlessly followed. There is no nesting or overlapping of structured wave meshes, and no interpolation is required. In response to typhoon Maemi (2003), all model components were validated independently, and shown to provide a faithful representation of the system’s response to this storm. The waves and storm surge were allowed to develop on the continental shelf and interact with the complex nearshore environment. The resulting modeling system can be used extensively for prediction of the typhoon surge. The result show that it is important to incorporate the wave-current interaction effect into coastal area in the wave-tide-surge coupled model. At the same time, it should consider effects of depth-induced wave breaking, wind field, currents and sea surface elevation in prediction of waves. Specially, we found that: (1) wave radiation stress enhanced the current and surge elevation otherwise wave enhanced nonlinear bottom boundary layer decreased that, (2) wind wave was significantly controlled by sea surface roughness thus we cautiously took the experimental expression. The resulting modeling system can be used for hindcasting (prediction) the wave-tide-surge coupled environments at complex coastline, shallow water and fine sediment area like areas around Korean Peninsula.     

Characterizing the Seasonal and Directional Varying Properties in A Marine Environment

With noticing an increasing number of failure events for offshore structures in the present days, it is now realized that modeling the marine environment especially for exceptional environmental conditions is quite important. It is recognized that a possible improvement in the traditional modeling of environmental characteristics, which are the basis for the load models for structural analysis and design, may be needed. In this paper, the seasonal and directional varying properties in modeling the ocean parameter, the wave height, are studied. The peak over threshold (POT) method is selected to model the extreme wave height by utilizing a non-stationary discrete statistical extreme model. The varying parameters are taken into account with a changing pattern to reflect the seasonal and directional dependent behavior. Both the magnitude and the occurrence rate of the extreme values are investigated. Detailed discussion on the continuity of the established model is also given. The importance of the proposed model is demonstrated in reliability analysis for a jacket structure. The sensitivity to the changing marine environment in reliability analyses is investigated.     

Performance Analysis for Matched-Field Source Localization: Simulations and Experimental Results

Matched-field methods concern estimation of source locations and/or ocean environmental parameters by exploiting full wave modeling of acoustic waveguide propagation. Typical estimation performance demonstrates two fundamental limitations. First, sidelobe ambiguities dominate the estimation at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), leading to a threshold performance behavior. Second, most matched-field algorithms show a strong sensitivity to environmental/system mismatch, introducing biased estimates at high SNR. In this paper, some theoretical developments on matched-field performance analysis are summarized, including Bayesian performance bounds and probabilistic ambiguity analysis, both incorporating environmental/system uncertainty/mismatch. Performance analysis is then implemented for source localization in a typical shallow water environment chosen from the Shallow Water Evaluation Cell Experiments (SWellEX). The performance predictions describe the simulations of the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE) well, including the mean-square error (MSE) in all SNR regions as well as the bias at high SNR. The threshold SNR and bias predictions are also validated through SWellEX experimental data processing. The results suggest the current environmental, acoustic, and statistical modeling has developed to such a level that the optimum theoretical matched-field performance can be achieved in a well-controlled experiment.     

南海北部次表层叶绿素最大值年际变化特征分析*

次表层叶绿素最大值(subsurface chlorophyll maxima, SCMs)广泛存在于全球各海域, 该最大值层往往具有较高的海洋初级生产力和新生产力, 因此研究其年际变化特征对深入理解气候变化影响下海洋生态系统变化有重要意义。本文采用一维物理-生态耦合模型(one-dimensional physical-biological coupled model, MEM-1D)较好地模拟了1994—2019年南海北部海盆区海温、盐度、营养盐和叶绿素的垂向分布, 并采用3种统计方法, 分别从整体趋势、不同时间尺度及显著变化三方面分析了SCMs特征因子(强度、深度和厚度)的年际变化特征。总体而言1994—2019年SCMs强度整体减小趋势较弱(趋势斜率S<0), 具体表现为先减小(1994—2004年)后增大(2005—2012年)再减小(2013—2019年), 其中1999—2004年显著变小; SCMs深度呈变深趋势(趋势斜率S>0), 1994—2011年逐渐变深, 之后逐渐变浅, 但变化不显著; SCMs厚度整体呈增大趋势, 1999年起显著变大。相关分析发现, 海表面温度在年际变化上与SCMs特征因子间不存在相关性(P>0.05); 海表面温度对SCMs的影响主要表现在季节尺度上, SCMs深度和强度均与海表面温度呈一致性变化。季节性差分自回归滑动平均模型对SCMs三个特征因子的拟合效果较好, 平均绝对百分比误差分别为5.33%(强度)、0.62%(深度)、2.49%(厚度), 模型可用于对SCMs特征因子变化趋势的预测。     

A Simulation Model for the Evaluation of the Electrical Power Potential Harnessed by a Marine Current Turbine

This paper deals with the development of a Matlab-Simulink model of a marine current turbine system through the modeling of the resource and the rotor. The simulation model has two purposes: performances and dynamic loads evaluation in different operating conditions and control system development for turbine operation based on pitch and speed control. In this case, it is necessary to find a compromise between the simulation model accuracy and the control-loop computational speed. The blade element momentum (BEM) approach is then used for the turbine modeling. As the developed simulation model is intended to be used as a sizing and site evaluation tool for current turbine installations, it has been applied to evaluate the extractable power from the Raz de Sein (Brittany, France). Indeed, tidal current data from the Raz de Sein are used to run the simulation model over various flow regimes and yield the power capture with time.     

A supplementary note on the completeness of the Rossby normal modes in a rectangular basin

In previous studies of the completeness of Rossby normal modes in a closed basin, proofs have been obtained by rather technical methods based on the Green's function for the Laplacian operator or based on the theory of compact self-adjoint operators. This short note (1) gives a much simpler proof by the use of only the norm relations between the sine functions and the Rossby normal modes and (2) clarifies the relations between the two different sets of eigenfunctions and between the ordinary norm and the Dirichlet norm, though the validity of the present method is restricted to a special one-dimensional case. The expansion theorem is also derived from the completeness theorem with the aid of transformation laws, where the assumption about the smoothness of the expanded function is weaker than in the elementary proof of Masuda (1987a). Both the set of Rossby normal modes and that of sine functions are shown to be complete for the Dirichlet norm as well.     

Estuarine classification and response to nitrogen loading: Insights from simple ecological models

Estuaries exhibit a large range in their responses to nitrogen loadings determined in part by characteristics of the driver, such as magnitude and frequency, but also by such intrinsic characteristics as physical/chemical factors (e.g., depth, volume, hypsometry, salinity, turbidity) and biological factors (e.g., nature of ecological communities, trophic interactions). To address the richness of estuarine response to driver variables, the aim ultimately is to establish a simple estuarine classification scheme, beginning with a river-dominated subset of estuarine systems and focusing on the role of water residence time in the estuary. Residence time (or flushing time) is related to other drivers (streamflow, nutrient, and sediment loads) and drives much of the biological response of estuaries because of flushing effects on plankton, temperature, nutrients, and light. Toward this goal, nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton (NPZ) models have been used to examine a range of subjects including effects of nutrient limitation and zooplankton predation on phytoplankton dynamics and fish predation. This class of model can admit a wide range of behavior, including multiple steady-states and oscillatory behavior. The NPZ equations include terms for nutrient recycling, phytoplankton settling, benthic regeneration, and zooplankton mortality. Analysis of the equations suggests that both the nature of nitrogen loading (i.e., whether it is correlated with discharge or independent of it) and residence time are critical in determining the steady-state response of the system.     

Developing a new grey dynamic modeling system for evaluation of biology and pollution indicators of the marine environment in coastal areas

Pollution of the marine environment leads to corresponding changes within the ecosystem. Thus, evaluation of the marine environment for management purposes, which is a procedure complicated by multi-hierarchy, multi-factors, and multi-uncertainty, should be considered from both ecological and environmental standpoints. Currently, the lack of consideration of the relationship between bio-indicators and water pollution in marine environmental evaluation hinders the efforts of conventional modeling approaches in this field. This paper presents an innovative dynamic modeling system that we call the grey dynamic modeling system (GDMS). This system synthesizes the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), grey target theory (GTT), and grey forecasting modeling approaches (GM(1,1)), and it takes both ecological and environmental factors into account during evaluation and forecasting of the marine environment in coastal areas. To effectively eliminate the subjective errors of the traditional AHP process, the GTT analysis is used to replace expert scoring, which defines the grey relational grades of the bio-indicator indices(BI) and the water pollution indices(WPI).The structure of the AHP then is applied to link the bio-indicators and pollution, which enables the system to generate the primary factors necessary for the evaluation of the marine environment from both ecological and pollution perspectives. The new modeling system was used to evaluate and forecast the marine eco-environment in the Tianjin section of Bohai Bay, China. This case study highlights the key features of the approach. The bio-indicator indices(BI) and water pollution indices(WPI) monitoring data from 2002 to 2007 of 8 monitoring sites are input to this dynamic modeling system and the results illustrate the following: Pollution of the study area is currently serious and tends to be worse in the future, and the worst areas are sites 2, 3, and 4 based on their key pollution indices biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)) which have the main effects on marine eco-system. These results can be used as the basis for marine environmental manager to define the key pollution factors, key pollution sites and the pollution trends of the marine environment of the whole study area.     

Nitrogen cycle in the earth climatic system and its modeling

Investigations into the nitrogen cycle in the climatic system of the earth are reviewed with special emphasis on the biospheric nitrogen cycle. Approaches to modeling the biogeochemical nitrogen turnover are described. Excluding the nitrogen cycle from consideration when probable consequences of climate change are analyzed can lead to inaccurate estimates of the ecosystem response, in particular, for regions where mineral compounds of soil nitrogen are a limiting factor for the development of vegetation cover. Numerical experiments with climatic models point to a substantial influence of the nitrogen turnover on the feedback between climatic characteristics and the carbon cycle. Models of the combined dynamics of carbon and nitrogen make it possible to obtain realistic estimates of present-day resources and fluxes of these elements in ecosystems, as well as to estimate their changes during possible climatic changes.     

Stationary variational expressions for radiated and scattered acoustic power and related quantities

The construction of stationary expressions for quantities of physical interest such as radiated power and target strength is discussed broadly for acoustic problems involving radiation or scattering from finite objects of arbitrary shape. The Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral corollaries of the wave equation, which express acoustic pressure at either interior or exterior points in terms of pressure and its normal derivative over any closed surface, yield for both interior and exterior problems two mathematically dissimilar but related functional relations between surface field quantities. One of these is the better known surface Helmholtz integral equation; the other is a differential-integral relation which involves the tangential derivatives of pressure on the surface. The four linear operators involved in these functional relations are studied and it is found that two are self-adjoint, while the other two are an adjoint pair. A general technique for constructing variational expressions recently developed by Gerjuoy et al. [28] is adapted to acoustic radiation and scattering problems with the functional relations taken as the primary governing relations. Included examples are stationary expressions for the radiated power when either the normal velocity or the pressure are specified on the surface (the other quantity being unknown) and the target strength for scattering from a rigid object. The adjoint relations allow simple physical interpretations for the Lagrange multipliers that arise in the theory, such that the guesses for good trial functions can take advantage of existing physical insight. It is demonstrated with a specific example (transversely vibrating disk) that the resulting estimate for radiated power is substantially more accurate than that of the trial function for surface pressure which was inserted into the stationary expression.     

涠西南凹陷L1段油藏特征及规律统计分析

涠西南凹陷L1段以断块和岩性油藏为主,不同区域、不同深度油藏特征差异明显,且油水关系复杂。对L1段56个具有独立油水系统的油藏进行统计分析,结果显示L1段油藏特征具有较好的统计规律。原油物性统计表明：地下原油黏度与地面原油物性之间具有较好的相关性,由此建立的黏度预测公式,可以用于L1段地下原油黏度预测;产能研究表明：L1段产能主要受沉积微相、孔隙度、渗透率、原油黏度以及井筒温度的直接或间接影响,不同因素与产能之间的回归关系较好,可以用于指导今后L1段未测试探井的产能预测工作。     

海底沉积物声学特征定量分析及其智能分类研究

海底底质特性描述及分类是当今浅海声学的研究热点,海底沉积物的物理结构特性与其声学响应特征密切相关。在分析海底沉积物声传播特性的基础上,应用现代计算机信号分析技术手段,对海底沉积物声学响应波形提取了4个特征参数:声速、波幅指数、波形关联维分形指数和声波频谱的频率矩。以这4个特征参数作为输入向量,海底沉积物的结构类型作为输出向量,建立径向基概率神经网络模型。研究表明建立的神经网络模型具有较强的海底沉积物分类预报能力。